<mets:mets LABEL="Eprints Item" OBJID="eprint_15744" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/METS/ http://www.loc.gov/standards/mets/mets.xsd http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-3.xsd" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:mets="http://www.loc.gov/METS/"><mets:metsHdr CREATEDATE="2026-06-14T08:37:15Z"><mets:agent TYPE="ORGANIZATION" ROLE="CUSTODIAN"><mets:name>Munich Personal RePEc Archive</mets:name></mets:agent></mets:metsHdr><mets:dmdSec ID="DMD_eprint_15744_mods"><mets:mdWrap MDTYPE="MODS"><mets:xmlData><mods:titleInfo><mods:title>Exchange Market Pressure in Central Europe: An Application of the Girton-Roper Model</mods:title></mods:titleInfo><mods:name type="personal"><mods:namePart type="given">Daniel</mods:namePart><mods:namePart type="family">Stavarek</mods:namePart><mods:role><mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm></mods:role></mods:name><mods:name type="personal"><mods:namePart type="given">Marek</mods:namePart><mods:namePart type="family">Dohnal</mods:namePart><mods:role><mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm></mods:role></mods:name><mods:abstract>This paper applies the Girton-Roper model of exchange market pressure (EMP) on four Central European economies (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia) over the period 1995-2008. The results suggest that there is a strong negative relation between domestic credit and EMP in all countries. We also found evidence of positive effect of domestic income on EMP in most of the countries. The paper reveals that EMP in the Czech Republic and Hungary was mostly absorbed by changes of exchange rate while changes in reserves absorbed EMP in Slovakia. The levels of EMP estimated do not pose a significant threat for fulfilment of the exchange rate stability convergence criterion.</mods:abstract><mods:classification authority="lcc">C32 - Time-Series Models ; Dynamic Quantile Regressions ; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models ; Diffusion Processes ; State Space Models</mods:classification><mods:classification authority="lcc">F31 - Foreign Exchange</mods:classification><mods:classification authority="lcc">F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration</mods:classification><mods:originInfo><mods:dateIssued encoding="iso8601">2009-06-15</mods:dateIssued></mods:originInfo><mods:genre>MPRA Paper</mods:genre></mets:xmlData></mets:mdWrap></mets:dmdSec><mets:amdSec ID="TMD_eprint_15744"><mets:rightsMD ID="rights_eprint_15744_mods"><mets:mdWrap MDTYPE="MODS"><mets:xmlData><mods:useAndReproduction>
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