2024-03-29T07:33:59Z
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/cgi/oai2
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:90
2019-10-05T15:41:43Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D49:4932:493231
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/90/
Schooling and the distribution of wages in the european private and public sectors
Budria, Santiago
I21 - Analysis of Education
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
International research has shown that schooling enhances within-groups wage dispersion. This assessment is typically based on private sector data and, up to date, the inequality implications of schooling have not been documented for the public sector. This paper uses recent data from eight European countries to explicitly take into account differences between the private and public sectors. Using quantile regression, the paper describes the effects of schooling on the location and shape of the conditional wage distribution in each sector. While the average impact of schooling on wages is similar across sectors, the impact of schooling on within-groups dispersion is found to be substantially larger in the private sector than in the public sector. This finding warns that the effects of the European educational expansion on overall within-groups dispersion may be lower than previously thought.
2006-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/90/1/MPRA_paper_90.pdf
Budria, Santiago (2006): Schooling and the distribution of wages in the european private and public sectors.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:91
2019-09-27T20:43:52Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4332:433239
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/91/
Educational Qualifications and Wage Inequality: Evidence for Europe
Budria, Santiago
Telhado-Pereira, Pedro
C29 - Other
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
This paper explores the connection between education and wage inequality in nine European countries. We exploit the quantile regression technique to calculate returns to lower secondary, upper secondary and tertiary education at different points of the wage distribution. We find that in most countries returns to tertiary education are highly increasing when moving from the lower to the upper quantiles. This finding suggests that an educational expansion towards tertiary education is expected to increase overall within-groups inequality in Europe. In turn, returns to secondary education are quite homogeneous across quantiles, suggesting that an educational expansion towards secondary education is expected to have only a limited impact on within-groups dispersion. Using data from the last decades, we describe changes in the conditional wage distribution of the surveyed countries. A common feature in Europe is that over the last years wage dispersion increased within the high educated.
2005
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/91/1/MPRA_paper_91.pdf
Budria, Santiago and Telhado-Pereira, Pedro (2005): Educational Qualifications and Wage Inequality: Evidence for Europe.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:92
2019-09-29T04:36:37Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4332:433239
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/92/
Can over-education account for the positive association between education and within-groups wage inequality? A note
Budria, Santiago
C29 - Other
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
International evidence shows that returns to education are increasing when moving up along the wage distribution. While researchers have focused on the inequality implications of this finding, little attention has been paid to its causes. This paper asks whether the over-education phenomenon is responsible for the observed pattern. To that purpose, recent data from the European Community Household Panel and several measures of over-education based on the worker’s self-assessment are used. The results show that over-education is not a convincing explanation.
2005
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/92/1/MPRA_paper_92.pdf
Budria, Santiago (2005): Can over-education account for the positive association between education and within-groups wage inequality? A note.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:93
2019-09-26T10:13:50Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4332:433239
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93/
Education, Educational Mismatch, and Wage Inequality: Evidence for Spain
Budria, Santiago
Moro-Egido, Ana
C29 - Other
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
In this paper we explore the connection between education and wage inequality in Spain for the period 1994-2001. Drawing on quantile regression, we describe the conditional wage distribution of different populations groups. We find that higher education is associated with higher wage dispersion. According to this, the educational expansion that took place in Spain over the last years contributed to raise wage inequality through the within- dimension. A contribution of the paper is that we explicitly take into account the fact that workers who are and workers who are not in jobs commensurate with their qualifications have a different distribution of earnings. We differentiate between three different types of educational mismatch: ‘over-qualification’, ‘incorrect qualification’, and ‘strong mismatch’. We find that while over-qualification and incorrect qualification are not associated with lower wages, strong mismatch carries a pay penalty that ranges from 13% to 27%. Thus, by driving a wedge between matched and mismatched workers, the incidence of strong mismatch contributes to enlarge wage differences within education groups. We find that over the recent years, the proportion of strongly mismatched workers rose markedly in Spain, contributing towards further within-groups dispersion.
2004
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93/1/MPRA_paper_93.pdf
Budria, Santiago and Moro-Egido, Ana (2004): Education, Educational Mismatch, and Wage Inequality: Evidence for Spain.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:209
2019-09-26T19:50:49Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443633
7375626A656374733D44:4433
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/209/
Accounting for inequality in the EU: Income disparities between and within member states and overall income inequality
Papatheodorou, Christos
Pavlopoulos, Dimitris
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
D3 - Distribution
In fighting inequality and poverty in the EU emphasis has been placed in reducing
differences between countries and/or regions regarding certain macroeconomic
indicators, such as the GDP per capita. However, from a policy perspective it is
important to know the extent to which overall inequality in the EU is attributed to
inequality between the individual countries and the extent to which it is attributed to
inequality within them. In addition, it is important to know the extent to which income
disparities in each individual member state contribute to overall EU inequality.
Following certain assumptions, hypotheses and alternative scenarios, this paper
investigates the above questions, employing a decomposition analysis of inequality by
population subgroup and utilizing data and information provided by the CHER
programme. A number of alternative inequality indices were used to capture the
different aspects of inequality and test the robustness of the estimates. The suggested
typologies of welfare state regimes were also examined to explain the differences in
income inequality between countries and their contribution to overall EU inequality.
Policy analysts and policy makers could benefit greatly from such information in
evaluating, designing and implementing interventions to deal with inequality and
poverty in the EU.
2003
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/209/1/MPRA_paper_209.pdf
Papatheodorou, Christos and Pavlopoulos, Dimitris (2003): Accounting for inequality in the EU: Income disparities between and within member states and overall income inequality. Published in: CHER Working paper 9, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange, G.-D. Luxemburg (2003)
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:364
2019-10-23T04:48:10Z
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:1098
2019-10-11T05:58:01Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D4A:4A33:4A3331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1098/
Education and Inequality: Evidence from Spain
Budria, Santiago
J31 - Wage Level and Structure ; Wage Differentials
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
How do the family and personal characteristics of an individual influence his/her edu-cational attainment? How do the labour market prospects change when he/she receives further education? This article intends to answer these two questions. To that purpose, it reviews the most recent literature for the Spanish case. The goal is to obtain fresh in-sights into the connection between education and economic inequality.
2006-06-20
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1098/1/MPRA_paper_1098.pdf
Budria, Santiago (2006): Education and Inequality: Evidence from Spain. Published in: Education and Wage Inequality in Europe: A Literature Review, Rita Asplund and Erling Barth (eds.) (2005): pp. 408-436.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:1099
2019-10-01T17:05:32Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D4A:4A33:4A3331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1099/
Education and Wage Inequality in Portugal
Budria, Santiago
Nunes, Celso
J31 - Wage Level and Structure ; Wage Differentials
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
This article summarises the recent literature on the relationship between inequality in wages and education for Portugal. The main conclusions are the following. First, Portu-gal is one of the OECD countries with lowest educational level. At the same time, re-turns to education are large, and suggest that skills are particularly valuable in the Por-tuguese labour market. Second, over the last two decades returns to education increased steadily, which suggests that skill-biased technological change is partly responsible for the observed pattern. Analysis of the returns across educational levels and the dispersion of returns over the wage distribution reveals that education may have helped to increase both between-group and within-group inequality. Third, the recent evolution of average years of education has lead to a considerable increase in the standard measures of over-education, particularly among younger cohorts. Since schooling mis-matches are associated with lower wages, recent changes in the educational composition of the workforce may have conse-quences for the wage distribution. Fourth, some conclusions can also be established on the interaction between formal education and acquired skills. Most forms of training are associ-ated with higher wages and appear to act as remedial education. Less educated individuals are less likely to get trained. However, once trained, they obtain larger returns. Finally, analysis of employment opportunities and school-to-work transitions suggests that more edu-cated individuals benefit from better job opportunities and receive more job offers.
2005-06
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1099/1/MPRA_paper_1099.pdf
Budria, Santiago and Nunes, Celso (2005): Education and Wage Inequality in Portugal. Published in: Education and Wage Inequality in Europe: A Literature Review, Rita Asplund and Erling Barth (eds.) (2005): pp. 299-320.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:1126
2019-09-27T15:38:20Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1126/
Sparfähigkeit und Vorsorge gegenüber sozialen Risiken bei Selbständigen: Einige Informationen auf der Basis der Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe 1998
Fachinger, Uwe
I31 - General Welfare, Well-Being
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
The aim of the paper is to analyse the ability of persons or households, with earnings mainly out of independent work, to save money and to look on the specific kind of provisions they have made against so called social risks. To characterise the ability to save, the income and wealth distribution of households with a self−employed head are determined. For this and for judging the type of the household or the household situation has to be taken into account. This is to be done on the basis of a scientific use file of the Income and Expenditure Survey (IES ’98) of the Federal Statistical Office Germany of the year 1998.
The result on the basis of the cross section analysis is cum grano salis, that on average the ability of households with a self−employed head to save money does not much differs from that of the households with employed heads. Furthermore it becomes obvious, that the IES ’98 is only partly suitable to analyse the provisions of private households against social risks.
Nevertheless it is possible to gain some evidence on the heterogeneity of the group of self−employed households concerning the provisions against a loss of income and / or an additional financial burden in consequence of the occurrence of a general risk of life. So nearly all persons do have a health insurance, a long term care insurance, and around 84.7 % have an old age security. Further it has to be taken into account, that the possibility of provision against a phase without income due to the lack of orders or against insolvency does not exist.
2002
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1126/1/MPRA_paper_1126.pdf
Fachinger, Uwe (2002): Sparfähigkeit und Vorsorge gegenüber sozialen Risiken bei Selbständigen: Einige Informationen auf der Basis der Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe 1998.
de
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:1223
2019-09-28T05:24:19Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3232
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443732
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3236
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1223/
The Single-Mindedness Theory: Micro-foundation and Applications to Social Security Systems
canegrati, emanuele
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
D72 - Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
J26 - Retirement ; Retirement Policies
The central purpose of this paper is to introduce a new political
economy approach which explains the characteristics of Social Security
Systems. This approach is based on the Single-Mindedness Theory
(SMT), which assumes that the more single-minded groups are
able to exert a greater power of influence on Governments and eventually
obtain what they ask. Governments are seen as voting-maximizer
policy-makers, whose unique goal is winning elections. Using an OLG
model and a probabilistic voting approach, I analyse a society divided
into two groups, the old and the young, which only dier for their
preferences for leisure. I show that, to win elections, the Government
sets the marginal tax rates taking into account the numerosity and the
density of groups; eventually, the old receive a positive transfer, whose
burden is entirely borne by the young. Furthermore, the more singleminded
group (the old) is taxed with higher tax rates; this result can
be explained by the necessity that the old have to find a way out to
solve a free-riding problem amongst its members. Indeed, higher tax
rates induce the old to retire earlier, so that retirees may have more
time to participate in political activities and support the old group’s
goals.
2006-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1223/1/MPRA_paper_1223.pdf
canegrati, emanuele (2006): The Single-Mindedness Theory: Micro-foundation and Applications to Social Security Systems.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:1298
2019-09-28T13:21:47Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3236
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3232
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443732
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1298/
The Single-Mindedness Theory: Micro-foundation and Applications to Social Security Systems
Canegrati, Emanuele
J26 - Retirement ; Retirement Policies
J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
D72 - Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
The central purpose of this paper is to introduce a new political economy approach which explains the characteristics of Social Security Systems. This approach is based on the Single-Mindedness Theory (SMT), which assumes that the more single-minded groups are able to exert a greater power of influence on Governments and eventually obtain what they ask. Governments are seen as voting-maximizer policy-makers, whose unique goal is winning elections. Using an OLG model and a probabilistic voting approach, I analyse a society divided into two groups, the old and the young, which only differ for their preferences for leisure. I show that, to win elections, the Government sets the optimal policy vector taking into account the preferences for leisure of both groups; eventually, the young gain a fiscal benefit, whilst the old have such an high marginal tax rate that they prefer to retire and spend all their time in leisure, a fraction of which is used in undertake political activities whose aim is the capture of politicians.
2006-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1298/1/MPRA_paper_1298.pdf
Canegrati, Emanuele (2006): The Single-Mindedness Theory: Micro-foundation and Applications to Social Security Systems.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:1648
2019-09-27T13:34:43Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443733
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31:4F3137
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483236
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D42:4231:423134
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453634
7375626A656374733D50:5032:503230
7375626A656374733D5A:5A31:5A3133
7375626A656374733D4B:4B34:4B3432
7375626A656374733D50:5032:503236
7375626A656374733D48:4834:483430
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1648/
Price adjustment under the table: Evidence on efficiency-enhancing corruption
Levy, Daniel
D73 - Bureaucracy ; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations ; Corruption
O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors ; Shadow Economy ; Institutional Arrangements
H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
D30 - General
B14 - Socialist ; Marxist
E64 - Incomes Policy ; Price Policy
P20 - General
Z13 - Economic Sociology ; Economic Anthropology ; Social and Economic Stratification
K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
P26 - Political Economy ; Property Rights
H40 - General
Based on first-hand account, this paper offers evidence on price setting and price adjustment mechanisms that were illegally employed under the Soviet planning and rationing regime. The evidence is anecdotal, and is based on personal experience during the years 1960–1971 in the Republic of Georgia. The description of the social organization of the black markets and other illegal economic activities that I offer depicts the creative and sophisticated ways that were used to confront the shortages created by the inefficient centrally-planned command economic price system with its distorted relative prices. The evidence offers a glimpse of quite explicit micro-level evidence on various types of behavior and corruption that were common in Georgia. Rent-seeking behavior, however, led to emergence of remarkably well-functioning and efficiency enhancing black markets. The evidence, thus, underscores once again the role of incentives in a rent-seeking society.
2007-01-16
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1648/1/MPRA_paper_1648.pdf
Levy, Daniel (2007): Price adjustment under the table: Evidence on efficiency-enhancing corruption.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:1667
2019-09-28T19:01:08Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483231
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3236
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3138
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443732
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483535
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443634
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443738
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3134
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3232
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1667/
The Single-Mindedness theory: micro-foundation and applications to social security systems
Canegrati, Emanuele
H21 - Efficiency ; Optimal Taxation
J26 - Retirement ; Retirement Policies
J18 - Public Policy
D72 - Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
D64 - Altruism ; Philanthropy
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation
J14 - Economics of the Elderly ; Economics of the Handicapped ; Non-Labor Market Discrimination
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
H31 - Household
The central purpose of this paper is to introduce a new political economy explanation to modern Social Security Systems. This approach is based on the Single-Mindedness Theory (SMT), which assumes that the more single-minded groups are able to exert a greater power of influence on Governments (and eventually obtain what they require) than those groups which dissipate their mindedness on several issues. Governments are considered as voting-maximizer policymakers, whose unique goal is winning elections. Using an OLG model
and a probabilistic voting approach, I will analyse a society divided into two groups, the old and the young, which only dier for their preferences for leisure. I will show that, in order to win elections, the Government sets the optimal policy vector taking into account preferences for leisure of both groups; eventually, the old obtain a lower
eective marginal tax rate and retire earlier, so that they can spend all their time in leisure, a fraction of which is used to undertake political activities whose aim is the capture of politicians.
2006
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1667/1/MPRA_paper_1667.pdf
Canegrati, Emanuele (2006): The Single-Mindedness theory: micro-foundation and applications to social security systems.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:1730
2019-09-26T20:18:03Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4435:443538
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1730/
Constructing Indonesian Social Accounting Matrix for Distributional Analysis in the CGE Modelling Framework
Yusuf, Arief Anshory
D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
D30 - General
The distributional impact of policies analyzed in the CGE modelling framework have been constrained in part by the absence of a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) with disaggregated households. Since Indonesian official SAM does not distinguish households by income or expenditure size, it has prevented accurate assesment for the distributional impact, such as calculation of inequality or poverty incidence. This paper describes how the Indonesian SAM for the year 2003, with 181 industries, 181 commodities, and 200 households (100 urban and 100 rural households grouped by expenditure per capita centiles) was constructed. The SAM (with the size of 768x768 accounts) constitutes the the most disaggregated SAM for Indonesia at both the sectoral and household level. SAM Construction is an essential part of CGE modeling, and this documentation provides greater transparency as well as replicability for further improvement.
2006-11-30
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1730/1/MPRA_paper_1730.pdf
Yusuf, Arief Anshory (2006): Constructing Indonesian Social Accounting Matrix for Distributional Analysis in the CGE Modelling Framework.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:1784
2019-09-27T22:27:39Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4A:4A33:4A3331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1784/
Economic Inequality in Portugal: A Picture in the Beginnings of the 21st century
Budria, Santiago
J31 - Wage Level and Structure ; Wage Differentials
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
This article uses data from the 1994-2001 waves of the European Community Household Panel to study economic inequality in Portugal. It reports data on the Portuguese distributions of income, labor earnings, and capital income, and on related features of inequality, such as age, employment status, educational attainment, marital status and economic mobility. It also documents changes in inequality from 1994 to 2001, a period of economic expansion in Portugal. The statistical significance of the observed changes is assessed using non-parametric tests based on bootstrap techniques. The paper shows that income, earnings, and, very especially, capital income are very unequally distributed in Portugal. It also shows that over the sample years income and earnings inequality decreased, whilst capital income inequality tended to increase.
2007
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1784/1/MPRA_paper_1784.pdf
Budria, Santiago (2007): Economic Inequality in Portugal: A Picture in the Beginnings of the 21st century.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:1946
2019-09-26T20:18:04Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4435:443538
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1946/
Searching for Equitable Energy Price Reform for Indonesia
Yusuf, Arief Anshory
Resosudarmo, Budy P.
D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
D30 - General
Economic structure, households energy consumption pattern, and household's pattern of factor income in developing countries may typically be different with those of the developed countries, hence the distributional impact of energy price reforms could be. This may be portrayed using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model with disaggregated households that allows for rich and accurate distributional story. Using this method, counter-factual scenarios analysis of recent energy price reform in Indonesia is carried out. The result suggests that vehicle fuels subsidy is regressive but increasing the price of domestic fuel (such as kerosene) tends to increase inequality, unless accompanied by a proper and effective compensation scheme. Distributional impact does depend on compensation scheme, its form and its effectiveness. Cash transfers to the poor with moderate ineffectiveness, for example, could not even prevent the increase in poverty nation-wide. Giving more cash to urban poor than to rural poor might have been better than a simple uniform cash transfers, due to urban poor's dependence on kerosene. The result also suggests that non-cash compensation, by subsidizing the poor's education and health spending may not be effective to mitigate the reform despite its desirability as longer-term poverty alleviation programs.
2007-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1946/1/MPRA_paper_1946.pdf
Yusuf, Arief Anshory and Resosudarmo, Budy P. (2007): Searching for Equitable Energy Price Reform for Indonesia.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:2052
2019-09-26T17:25:06Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443633
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483533
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2052/
Universal Basic Income and Negative Income Tax: Two Different Ways of Thinking Redistribution
Davide, Tondani
D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
This article examines two redistributive programs: Negative Income Tax and Universal Basic Income. Its aim is to show that, even if the two programs – through the implementation of an appropriate tax-benefit system – can get the same distributive outcome, they are deeply different both from an economic point of view and an ethic perspective. The approach adopted integrates positive and normative analysis so that an explicit attention to ethical issues can provide a more complete descriptive economics. We show that Negative Income Tax scheme is consistent with the libertarian idea of distributive justice, while Basic Income matches with the egalitarian thought.
2007-03-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2052/1/MPRA_paper_2052.pdf
Davide, Tondani (2007): Universal Basic Income and Negative Income Tax: Two Different Ways of Thinking Redistribution.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:2254
2019-09-29T04:46:09Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3230
7375626A656374733D48:4836:483633
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3236
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483231
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483535
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443738
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3138
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443633
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3232
7375626A656374733D48:4831:483131
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3134
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443634
7375626A656374733D48:4836:483630
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443731
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443732
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2254/
On redistribution effects of public debt amongst single-minded generations
Canegrati, Emanuele
J20 - General
H63 - Debt ; Debt Management ; Sovereign Debt
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
J26 - Retirement ; Retirement Policies
H21 - Efficiency ; Optimal Taxation
H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions
D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation
J18 - Public Policy
D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
J14 - Economics of the Elderly ; Economics of the Handicapped ; Non-Labor Market Discrimination
D64 - Altruism ; Philanthropy
H60 - General
D71 - Social Choice ; Clubs ; Committees ; Associations
D72 - Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
In this paper I will introduce a new political economy model,
where there exists a competition amongst two political candidates,
which aim to set a policy which enables them to win elections, max-
imising the probability of winning. I will show that, if taxes neces-
sary to repay the debt are not lump sum but proportional to income,
we have dramatic distorting effect on the labour supply. The prob-
lem is exacerbate once we take into account that the Government
set taxes in order to favour the most in‡uencing social group. As a
consequence, effective marginal tax rates are differentiated amongst
social groups and thus the burden of public debt is not equally borne.
2007-03-14
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2254/1/MPRA_paper_2254.pdf
Canegrati, Emanuele (2007): On redistribution effects of public debt amongst single-minded generations.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:2350
2019-09-26T20:18:04Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4435:443538
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2350/
Searching for Equitable Energy Price Reform for Indonesia
Yusuf, Arief Anshory
Resosudarmo, Budy P.
D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
D30 - General
Indonesian government implemented a massive fuel price increase in 2005. While the benefit of the reform from efficiency ground had been widely acknowledged, whether or not such reform was equitable still open for debate. In this paper, this question is answered using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model with disaggregated households that allows for rich and accurate distributional story. With this method, various counter-factual scenarios analysis of the recent energy price reform in Indonesia (October 2005 Package) is carried out. The simulations suggest that the reform could have been progresive if it only increases `vehicle fuel' prices. However, if at the same time it also increase the price of domestic fuel (kerosene), it tends to increase inequality, especially in urban area. Proper and effective compensation matters in mitigating the distributional cost or poverty impact of the reform. Uniform cash transfers to poor households disregarding poor households' heterogenity tends to over compensate rural but undercompensate urban poor. Other results suggest that non-cash compensation, by subsidizing the poor's education and health spending may not be effective to mitigate the reform despite its desirability as longer-term poverty alleviation programs.
2007-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2350/1/MPRA_paper_2350.pdf
Yusuf, Arief Anshory and Resosudarmo, Budy P. (2007): Searching for Equitable Energy Price Reform for Indonesia.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:2548
2019-10-01T09:50:54Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483530
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443633
7375626A656374733D48:4836:483631
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443732
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493338
7375626A656374733D48:4831:483131
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483535
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3133
7375626A656374733D44:4431:443131
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D43:4337:433732
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483533
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3236
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443731
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483331
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32
7375626A656374733D48:4836:483630
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3232
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443734
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2548/
A Single-Mindedness model with n generations
Emanuele, Canegrati
H50 - General
D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
H61 - Budget ; Budget Systems
D72 - Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
J13 - Fertility ; Family Planning ; Child Care ; Children ; Youth
D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory
D30 - General
C72 - Noncooperative Games
H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
J26 - Retirement ; Retirement Policies
D71 - Social Choice ; Clubs ; Committees ; Associations
H31 - Household
J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor
H60 - General
J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
D74 - Conflict ; Conflict Resolution ; Alliances ; Revolutions
In this paper I will analyse the redistribution of income amongst n
generations using the Single-mindedness Theory. I will introduce a new
expression for the balanced-budget constraint, no longer based on lump-
sum transfers as in the traditional literature, but rather on more realistic
labour income taxation. Since the Government has to clear the budget,
some generations obtain a benefit, whilst some other must pay the entire
cost of social secutiry systems. I will demonstrate that generations which
are more single-minded on leisure are the most better off since they are
more able to capture politicians in the political competition. Further-
more, it could be the case that candidates are not forced to undertake the
same policies in equilibrium and I will demonstrate that this result holds
only once an endogenous density function for individual preferences for
politicians is considered.
2007-04
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2548/1/MPRA_paper_2548.pdf
Emanuele, Canegrati (2007): A Single-Mindedness model with n generations.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:2798
2019-09-28T04:36:56Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D45:4531:453137
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453634
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31:4F3132
7375626A656374733D44:4430:443031
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2798/
Modeling the evolution of Gini coefficient for personal incomes in the USA between 1947 and 2005
Kitov, Ivan
E17 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
E64 - Incomes Policy ; Price Policy
J1 - Demographic Economics
O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
The evolution of Gini coefficient for personal incomes in the USA between 1947 and 2005 is analyzed and modeled. There are several versions of personal income distribution (PID) provided by the US Census Bureau (US CB) for this period with various levels of resolution. Effectively, these PIDs result in different Gini coefficients due to the differences between discrete and continuous representations. When all persons of 15 years of age and over are included in the PIDs, Gini coefficient drops from 0.64 in 1947 to 0.54 in 1990. This effect is observed due to a significant decrease in the portion of people without income. For the PIDs not including persons without income, Gini coefficient is varying around 0.51 between 1960 and 2005 with standard deviation of 0.004, i.e. is in fact constant. This Gini coefficient is practically independent on the portion of population included in the PIDs according to any revision of income definitions.
The driving force of the model describing the evolution of individual incomes (microeconomic level) and their aggregate value (macroeconomic level) is the change in nominal GDP per capita. The model accurately predicts the evolution of Gini coefficient for the PIDs for people with income. The model gives practically unchanged (normalized) PIDs and Gini coefficient between 1947 and 2005.
The empirical Gini curves converge to the predicted one when the number of people without income decreases. Asymptotically, the empirical curves should collapse to the theoretical one when all the working age population obtains an appropriate definition of income. Therefore the model Gini coefficient potentially better describes true behavior of inequality in the USA because the definitions of income used by the US Census Bureau apparently fail to describe true income distribution.
2007-04
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2798/1/MPRA_paper_2798.pdf
Kitov, Ivan (2007): Modeling the evolution of Gini coefficient for personal incomes in the USA between 1947 and 2005.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:3006
2019-09-28T04:58:40Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443333
7375626A656374733D44:4431:443131
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3006/
Maximisation postulates and their efficacy for Islamic economics
Hasan, Zubair
D33 - Factor Income Distribution
D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory
This paper examines the nature and role of maximization postulates concerning profit and utility in the mainstream price theory formation from a methodological perspective. Mainstream economics retains these postulates, despite much criticism, mainly for two reasons. Firstly, they help establish cause-effect linkages among economic variables and markets. In that they greatly facilitate predictions and their empirical verification over a wide field of inquiry. Secondly, no other behavioral rule has so far been established that gives equally valid, if not superior, results over such range.
It is argued in this paper that the postulates are required in Islamic economics as well for the same reasons. Maximization, per se, is not un-Islamic: what is maximized, how and for what purpose are the real issues to investigate for passing judgment. Contrary to the current position in the literature, we find it preferable to include moral values and social considerations of Islam in the assumptions of economic theorems, rather than attempting to include them in the objective elements of the models, until Islamic economics evolves as an independent subject. For maximization is a mathematical concept, and cannot fruitfully accommodate what cannot somehow be measured.
2002
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3006/1/MPRA_paper_3006.pdf
Hasan, Zubair (2002): Maximisation postulates and their efficacy for Islamic economics. Published in: American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences , Vol. 19, No. 1 (2002): pp. 95-118.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:3012
2019-09-26T20:30:00Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443333
7375626A656374733D44:4433
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3012/
Profit Theory: the Islamic viewpoint
Hasan, Zubair
D33 - Factor Income Distribution
D3 - Distribution
In view of a unique relationship of unity and divergence between Islam and capitalism, the paper takes a hurried look at the current state of profit theory in the mainstream economics. Here it identifies a few issues which include the concept of profit, its source and its relationship with the notion of entrepreneurship. It argues that profit theory with reference to these issues has run into confusion and controversy with the rise into prominence of the modern corporations. Profit as a surplus over costs arises because of dynamic change and is institutional in its appropriation going largely to the block of shareholders that controls the corporation.
1983
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3012/1/MPRA_paper_3012.pdf
Hasan, Zubair (1983): Profit Theory: the Islamic viewpoint. Published in: Journal of Islamic Economics , Vol. 1, No. 1 (1983): pp. 3-14.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:3145
2019-09-26T09:50:18Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3234
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D44:4439:443931
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3145/
Positive self-image over time
Santos-Pinto, Luís
J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D91 - Intertemporal Household Choice ; Life Cycle Models and Saving
This paper incorporates egocentric comparisons into a human capital accumulation model and studies the evolution of positive self image over time. The paper shows that the process of human capital accumulation together with egocentric comparisons imply that positive self image of a cohort is first increasing and then decreasing over time. Additionally, the paper finds that positive self image: (1) peaks earlier in activities where skill depreciation is higher, (2) is smaller in activities where the distribution of income is more dispersed, (3) is not a stable characteristic of an individual, and (4) is higher for more patient individuals.
2005-08-28
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3145/1/MPRA_paper_3145.pdf
Santos-Pinto, Luís (2005): Positive self-image over time.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:3420
2019-09-29T16:36:17Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3420/
Where in the world are you? Assessing the importance of circumstance and effort in a world of different mean country incomes and (almost) no migration
Milanovic, Branko
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
Suppose that all people in the world are allocated only two characteristics: country where they live and social class within that country. Assume further that there is no migration. We show that 90 percent of variability in people’s global income position (percentile in world income distribution) is explained by only these two pieces of information. Mean country income (circumstance) explains 60 percent, and social class (both circumstance and effort) 30 percent of global income position. But as at least 1/3 of the latter number is due to circumstance as well, the overall part of circumstance is unlikely to be under 70 percent. On average, “drawing” one-notch higher social class (on a twenty-class scale) is equivalent to living in a twelve-percent richer country. Once people are allocated their social class, it becomes important, not only whether the country they are allocated to is rich or poor, but whether it is egalitarian or not. This is particularly important for the people who “draw” low or high social classes; for the middle classes, income distribution is much less important than mean country income.
2007-06-06
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3420/1/MPRA_paper_3420.pdf
Milanovic, Branko (2007): Where in the world are you? Assessing the importance of circumstance and effort in a world of different mean country incomes and (almost) no migration.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:3638
2019-10-01T14:29:30Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3236
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443732
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3232
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3638/
The Single-Mindedness Theory: Micro-foundation and Applications to Social Security Systems
Canegrati, Emanuele
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
J26 - Retirement ; Retirement Policies
D72 - Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
The central purpose of this paper is to introduce a new political economy approach which explains the characteristics of Social Security Systems. This approach is based on the Single-Mindedness Theory (SMT), which assumes that the more single-minded groups are able to exert a greater power of influence on Governments and eventually obtain what they ask. Governments are seen as voting-maximizer policy-makers, whose unique goal is winning elections. Using an OLG model and a probabilistic voting approach, I analyse a society divided into two groups, the old and the young, which only differ for their preferences for leisure. I show that, to win elections, the Government sets the optimal policy vector taking into account the preferences for leisure of both groups; eventually, the young gain a fiscal benefit, whilst the old have such an high marginal tax rate that they prefer to retire and spend all their time in leisure, a fraction of which is used in undertake political activities whose aim is the capture of politicians.
2006-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3638/1/MPRA_paper_3638.pdf
Canegrati, Emanuele (2006): The Single-Mindedness Theory: Micro-foundation and Applications to Social Security Systems.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:3760
2019-09-27T10:01:54Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4331:433133
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483331
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31:4F3137
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453632
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3760/
A model to estimate informal economy at regional level: Theoretical and empirical investigation
Albu, Lucian-Liviu
C13 - Estimation: General
H31 - Household
O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors ; Shadow Economy ; Institutional Arrangements
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
E62 - Fiscal Policy
Many problems emerge since it is widely believed that high tax rates and ineffective tax collection by government are the main causes contributing to the rise of the informal economy. Already the economists have established a relationship between tax rates and tax evasion or size of the informal economy. The higher is the level of taxation, the greater incentive is to participate in informal economic activities and escape taxes.
At the macroeconomic level, there is a number of so-called indirect methods used to estimate the size and dynamics of informal economy, reported in literature as “Monetary Approach”, “Implicit Labour Supply Method”, “National Accountancy”, “Energy Consumption Method”, etc. Unfortunately, many times there are huge differences among the estimated shares of informal or underground economy obtained by various methods. For instance, in case of Romania the figures are between about 20% of GDP, obtained on the base of the energy consumption method and more than 45% computed by using the monetary approach. Also, the figures reported by the National Institute for Statistics (NIS), based on national accounts methodology, increased (mainly due to changes in methodology) from about 5% in 1992, to 18% in 1997 and to 20-22% after 2000. Adding to these figures about 7% of GDP, representing the estimated level for self-consumption in case of a rural household, legal non-registered but informal, resulted that last years the informal economy is responsible of 27-29% of national economy.
In this article, coming from certain general accepted finding of the theory in matter of modelling underground economy, we concentrate on evaluating analytically the limit-values of certain important parameters involved in models used to estimate the size of underground economy and to explain the mechanisms of its dynamics. Then we shall simulate some exercises on available data. The second goal of the paper is to report some conclusions of our investigation based on data supplied by special surveys organised in Romania. Also, in order to see since certain hypotheses (referring to the complex transmission mechanism from the tax policy decisions to the effective implication of agents into informal economy) are statistically verified and to extend the study from the aggregate level to a deep research inside the population set in regions, we used data supplied by this special large survey, which already were processed and are available in our database.
2007
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3760/1/MPRA_paper_3760.pdf
Albu, Lucian-Liviu (2007): A model to estimate informal economy at regional level: Theoretical and empirical investigation.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:3944
2019-09-28T02:16:23Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4431:443139
7375626A656374733D44:4431:443130
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443333
7375626A656374733D44:4431:443132
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3944/
Income, gender and consumption: A study of Malawian households
Davies, Simon
D19 - Other
D10 - General
D33 - Factor Income Distribution
D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
This paper uses 1998 household level data from urban Malawi to look at the impact on consumption patterns of the share of total household income accruing to different individuals within the household. Specifically, male and female income shares and other factors which may influence intra-household bargaining such as education are analysed. The study finds that for some categories of good such as personal and household hygiene and clothing, unitary household models are unsuitable as intra-household relationships and differing preferences of individuals play a key role in consumption choices. Overall the results indicate that females favour household hygiene, vehicle repair and girls’ clothing while males favour male clothing. Consumption choices are influenced by both the income and education of the main male and female members, and crucially, the impact of income shares on household consumption is non-linear.
2006-11-06
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3944/1/MPRA_paper_3944.pdf
Davies, Simon (2006): Income, gender and consumption: A study of Malawian households.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:4176
2019-09-30T00:04:07Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463131
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463136
7375626A656374733D44:4433
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4176/
Openness and Inequality in Developing Countries: A New Look at the Evidence
Gourdon, Julien
F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade
F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions
D3 - Distribution
Integration to world markets is expected to help developing countries to access prosperity. At the same time, increasing opportunities to trade are likely to affect income distribution and whether or not increasing openness to trade is accompanied by a reduction or an increase inequality is highly controversial. This paper brings new evidence on this issue in using a data set covering a large sample of developing countries and a model with improved controls for omitted variables and a new index of trade openness. Trade liberalization increases inequality in countries that relatively well-endowed in capital. Our model assumes that it might be fruitful to breakdown unskilled labor into non-educated and primary-educated as suggested by Wood (1994). The results show that trade liberalization increases inequality in highly educated abundant countries whereas it decreases inequality in primary educated abundant countries. However it increases inequality in non educated abundant countries, suggesting that this part of population does not benefit from trade openness since it is not included in export oriented sectors.
2006-12
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4176/1/MPRA_paper_4176.pdf
Gourdon, Julien (2006): Openness and Inequality in Developing Countries: A New Look at the Evidence.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:4409
2019-09-27T11:36:53Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493331
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493338
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493332
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4409/
The role of household income and public provision of social services in satisfaction of basic needs in Pakistan: A cross district analysis
Siddiqui, Rizwana
I31 - General Welfare, Well-Being
I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
Is household income enough for human development or government should heed to direct provision of social services to improve capabilities of individual. The former emphasized by the World Bank and later by the UNDP. This paper tests the argument by estimating a basic need policy model for Pakistan using cross district data. The results are consistent with the view that government provision of social services affects human capabilities significantly. However, the ultimate constraints on the sustainable capability development are material resources.
2007
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4409/1/MPRA_paper_4409.pdf
Siddiqui, Rizwana (2007): The role of household income and public provision of social services in satisfaction of basic needs in Pakistan: A cross district analysis.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:4454
2019-09-27T02:33:21Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:4435:443531
7375626A656374733D45:4532
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443333
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4454/
Salient features of social accounting matrix of Pakistan for 1989-90: Disaggregation of the households sector
Siddiqui, Rizwana
Iqbal, Zafar
D51 - Exchange and Production Economies
E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy
D33 - Factor Income Distribution
This report compiles a latest social accounting matrix (SAM) of Pakistan for the year 1989-90. The SAM framework provides useful information about the structure of Pakistan’s economy. Within this framework, the preferred classifications of various accounts are undertaken according to the policy objectives and later model building. The SAM presents four types of accounts: factor account, institution account, production account, and capital account. Theses accounts are disaggregated on the basis of requirement and availability of data. The account of factors of production is disaggregated into labour and capital. Institution accounts consist of households, firms, government, and rest of the world. Household account is further disaggregated by four income categories for rural and urban areas. Production account is disaggregated into agriculture, industry, education, health and other sectors. Further disaggregation of production account is also made on the basis of goods for domestic market and for export market. Finally, it presents consolidated capital account.
This study also aims to undertake a multiplier analysis, which provides backward and forward linkages in production, consumption, distribution, and accumulation accounts of the economy. The multipliers for all endogenous accounts imply a high degree of integration of the accounts. For the production sectors, backward linkages are strongest for the education, followed by agriculture, health, other sector and industry. The largest forward linkage multipliers are found for industry, followed by other sectors, agriculture, health and education. Regarding the households income groups, the largest backward linkage is found for the urban poorest and smallest for the rural rich. While, the largest forward linkage is for the rural poorest and smallest for the urban poorest.
1999-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4454/1/MPRA_paper_4454.pdf
Siddiqui, Rizwana and Iqbal, Zafar (1999): Salient features of social accounting matrix of Pakistan for 1989-90: Disaggregation of the households sector. Published in: MIMAP Technical Paper Series No. MIMAP Technical Paper Series no 1 (January 1999): pp. 1-48.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:4463
2019-09-26T23:37:34Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31:4F3138
7375626A656374733D44:4431:443139
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4463/
Remittances as insurance for idiosyncratic and covariate shocks in Malawi: The importance of distance and relationship
Davies, Simon
O18 - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis ; Housing ; Infrastructure
D19 - Other
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
This paper uses Malawian panel data to show the importance of geography and family relationships when studying remittances. We do not test any hypothesis as such, but instead demonstrate the significance of the source of remittances in testing hypotheses. When remittances are viewed from an insurance perspective, geography matters. Covariate (community) shocks tend to be insured further from home than idiosyncratic ones. When viewed from a motivational perspective, family relationship and culture matter. Furthermore, gift exchange amongst unrelated households can be as important as remittance flows amongst members of the same family in insuring shocks. Inter-household remittances are closely linked to social networks, with business and religious groups being particularly important (perhaps due to trust). Remittance flows are often reciprocal – receiving households often being the main senders, emphasizing their insurance nature.
2007-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4463/1/MPRA_paper_4463.pdf
Davies, Simon (2007): Remittances as insurance for idiosyncratic and covariate shocks in Malawi: The importance of distance and relationship.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:4670
2019-10-03T02:24:58Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483535
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D44:4431:443132
7375626A656374733D44:4431:443133
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483533
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4670/
Managing risks: what Russian households do to smooth consumption?
Notten, Geranda
Neubourg, Chris de
H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
The increasing availability of rich (panel) data provides many opportunities to test theories on consumption smoothing behaviour. At the same time, the informational requirements in terms of data and modelling are high and very context specific, thus requiring a filtering of essential explanatory ingredients. In this paper we show how conceptual and exploratory empirical analysis can contribute to this filtering process. We develop a conceptual framework to analyze possible smoothing arrangements of households distinguishing between various smoothing mechanisms, institutional smoothing partners and required assets. Subsequently, we apply this framework to Russian survey data to explore how Russian households may smooth consumption. We select and analyze a broad set of indicators from household survey data to study what actions Russian households take and how these actions reflect the existence and prevalence of particular smoothing channels. The results can be used to formulate hypotheses on household smoothing behaviour and to delineate the features of a more rigorous analysis. The picture that emerges is one in which financial markets play a limited role as a smoothing channel in Russia, regardless of the smoothing mechanism used (saving, lending, insurance). Instead, households seem to use internal strategies, their family, social networks and the state to smooth consumption through capital accumulation, gift giving, the provision of loans and (pension) benefits. Furthermore, we find some evidence that old age pensions may be used for intergenerational risk-sharing within families while other findings point towards the use of household food production as an income smoothing strategy as opposed to a shock-response strategy.
2007-08
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4670/1/MPRA_paper_4670.pdf
Notten, Geranda and Neubourg, Chris de (2007): Managing risks: what Russian households do to smooth consumption?
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:4695
2019-10-25T17:05:44Z
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:4700
2020-01-01T05:37:46Z
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:4923
2019-09-29T11:13:01Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4331:433133
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493332
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4923/
La Fissazione della International Poverty Line: una nuova proposta applicata al Vietnam
Pansini, Rosaria Vega
C13 - Estimation: General
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
The poverty line, which has been set by the World Bank in 1990 at 1.08USD/day PPA contains three major errors: it does not refer to a clear definition of poverty; it uses wrong PPA factors converting national poverty lines and it is based on limited data from two countries with the highest poverty incidence. All these errors lead to a systematic underestimate of world poverty. The objective of the paper is be then to evaluate the accuracy of international poverty estimates produced by the World Bank.
The case study analyzed in the paper is Vietnam, a country which experiences impressive achievements in term of poverty reduction in the last twenty years. The specific aim of this study is then twofold. Firs, it will construct a new international poverty line using different PPA conversion factors giving more weight to goods consumed by the poorest people. Second, it will design a poverty map for Vietnam using this new poverty threshold. Results indicate that using more accurate PPA conversion factors poverty rates are much higher than the current estimates and this suggest a general revision in the method of setting an international poverty threshold.
2004-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4923/2/MPRA_paper_4923.pdf
Pansini, Rosaria Vega (2004): La Fissazione della International Poverty Line: una nuova proposta applicata al Vietnam.
it
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:5314
2019-09-30T12:15:15Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D44:4431:443132
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493332
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5314/
Poverty risk and consumption smoothing abilities in Russia
Notten, Geranda
de Crombrugghe, Denis
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
This paper investigates to what extent Russian households have been able to protect their consumption against income shocks during the transition and in what manner the ability to smooth consumption is related to poverty risk. We use data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (1994-2004). Empirical analyses of such panels have often been based on differenced data in order to eliminate individual household effects. An innovative aspect of this study is that we model households smoothing behaviour by means of an Error Correction Mechanism (ECM); this model explicitly distinguishes between short and long run dynamics of consumption and income and thus better exploits the information in the level data. We find that households are only partially able to protect their consumption from income shocks and that income shocks have a smaller impact on food consumption than on non-food consumption. The results also suggest that the population is not homogeneous in terms of consumption smoothing abilities; partial estimations show that consumption smoothing ability improve as the living standard increases. However, below average consumption smoothing abilities are not always associated with higher poverty risk; rural households, who have a high poverty risk, manage to smooth food expenditures quite well, most likely because they have more opportunities to produce their own food. These exploratory results suggest that development and social protection policies should not only play a role in terms of poverty reduction but also influence households' abilities to manage risks.
2006-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5314/1/MPRA_paper_5314.pdf
Notten, Geranda and de Crombrugghe, Denis (2006): Poverty risk and consumption smoothing abilities in Russia.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:5372
2019-09-29T06:01:43Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31:4F3132
7375626A656374733D44:4430:443031
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3130
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453634
7375626A656374733D45:4531:453137
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5372/
Comparison of personal income inequality estimates based on data from the IRS and Census Bureau
Kitov, Ivan
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
J10 - General
E64 - Incomes Policy ; Price Policy
E17 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
This paper demonstrates quantitatively that modern estimates of income inequality based on the data reported by the IRS are not reliable. Principal problem of the IRS data consists in highly volatile income estimates in the low-end of personal income distribution. This volatility is likely related to measurement errors, changes in definitions or improper reporting. Personal income estimates at high and the highest incomes are robust and follow the Pareto law. At high incomes, personal income distributions for 1990 and 2004, when normalized to total population with income and total (gross) personal income, practically coincide. Hence, the inequality estimates based on the IRS data are distorted by inaccurate readings in the low-income zone.
At the same time, income data provided by the US Census Bureau are consistent over time in all income ranges. Results presented by Kitov (2007) demonstrate that personal income distributions based on readings obtained in the Current Population Survey are characterized by practically constant Gini coefficient since 1960. This observation implies that normalized personal income distributions are also not changing with time.
2007-10-18
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5372/1/MPRA_paper_5372.pdf
Kitov, Ivan (2007): Comparison of personal income inequality estimates based on data from the IRS and Census Bureau.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:5388
2019-09-26T20:50:58Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E33
7375626A656374733D44:4433
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5388/
Measuring Ancient Inequality
Milanovic, Branko
Lindert, Peter
Williamson, Jeffrey
N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy
D3 - Distribution
O1 - Economic Development
Is inequality largely the result of the Industrial Revolution? Or, were pre-industrial incomes and life expectancies as unequal as they are today? For want of sufficient data, these questions have not yet been answered. This paper infers inequality for 14 ancient, pre-industrial societies using what are known as social tables, stretching from the Roman Empire 14 AD, to Byzantium in 1000, to England in 1688, to Nueva España around 1790, to China in 1880 and to British India in 1947. It applies two new concepts in making those assessments – what we call the inequality possibility frontier and the inequality extraction ratio. Rather than simply offering measures of actual inequality, we compare the latter with the maximum feasible inequality (or surplus) that could have been extracted by the elite. The results, especially when compared with modern poor countries, give new insights in to the connection between inequality and economic development in the very long run.
2007-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5388/1/MPRA_paper_5388.pdf
Milanovic, Branko and Lindert, Peter and Williamson, Jeffrey (2007): Measuring Ancient Inequality.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:5517
2019-10-07T10:05:26Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493332
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31:4F3135
7375626A656374733D4E:4E33:4E3336
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5517/
Variação de renda familiar, desigualdade e pobreza no Brasil no período 2001 a 2005
Guimarães, P. W.
I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
O15 - Human Resources ; Human Development ; Income Distribution ; Migration
N36 - Latin America ; Caribbean
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
This article investigates the relationships among economic growth, income distribution and
poverty in Brazil during the period from 2001 to 2005. Those relationships are analyzed
starting from the selection of three models: one that relates the variations in the poverty indicators and the main components that answer for this variation - decomposition model;another that simulates the effects of the variation of the income and the concentration indicators on the poverty level - model of elasticity; and finally a model that associates the relationships between concentration of income and economic growth in the higher stratum of income.
2006
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5517/1/MPRA_paper_5517.pdf
Guimarães, P. W. (2006): Variação de renda familiar, desigualdade e pobreza no Brasil no período 2001 a 2005. Published in: Economia e Desenvolvimento No. 18 (2006): pp. 73-99.
pt
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:5577
2019-09-27T13:25:59Z
7374617475733D696E7072657373
7375626A656374733D44:4439:443932
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D47:4732:473231
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5577/
Self-Reliance Micro-Finance in Tharparkar-Sindh: Suggested Techniques
Herani, Gobind M.
Rajar, Allah Wasayo
Dhakan, Ali Akbar
D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice, Investment, Capacity, and Financing
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
G21 - Banks ; Depository Institutions ; Micro Finance Institutions ; Mortgages
In this paper attempt has been made to analyze the conditions and possibilities for Self-Reliance Micro-Finance (SRMF), and propose a Thar Micro-Finance Bank (TMFB) and suggest implications. This study is about Tharparkar but concept is general. The study reveals that the proposed bank can be established in Tharparkar. Some active NGOs have started such type of programs in some of the villages out of these some people are getting benefits. Introducing this system requires motivation and awareness among people about its benefits. This system will give dual benefits, first the assistance and second completion of social and economic projects. People will get benefit at the required time. This practice will save time and expenditure, which would be utilized for the disbursement of funds to be distributed by donors and government at the time of famine conditions and other emergencies like earth quack, cyclone and damages during rainfall, etc. This system will provide the safety nets to Tharis that will alleviate poverty to enable the Thari people to prosper, thus improving the economy of Pakistan.
2007
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5577/1/MPRA_paper_5577.pdf
Herani, Gobind M. and Rajar, Allah Wasayo and Dhakan, Ali Akbar (2007): Self-Reliance Micro-Finance in Tharparkar-Sindh: Suggested Techniques. Forthcoming in: Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences No. Vol.1, No.2, (Fall) (2007): pp. 147-166.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:5741
2019-09-27T01:55:25Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D49:4931:493131
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5741/
Nachfrage nach Gesundheitsleistungen – Einkommensrisiken und Einkommenschancen
Stolze, Henning
I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
Zentrales Element unseres Gesundheitssystems sind die Versicherten, die mit Ihren
Beitragszahlungen einen großen Teil des Systems finanzieren und mit ihren individuellen
Verhalten als Patient einen entschiedenen Teil der Dynamik dieses System innerhalb des
politischen Rahmens und seiner Grundstrukturen ausmachen. Mit ihren Entscheidungen
nehmen sie jedoch auch zunehmend eine Konsumentenrolle ein, beispielsweise bei
individuellen Gesundheitsleistungen. Basierend auf den Daten der neuen FFBPatientenumfrage
soll dieser Beitrag einen ersten Einblick in die Motivationen und
Hintergründe solcher (Konsum-) Entscheidungen geben.
2007-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5741/1/MPRA_paper_5741.pdf
Stolze, Henning (2007): Nachfrage nach Gesundheitsleistungen – Einkommensrisiken und Einkommenschancen.
de
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:5743
2019-09-26T17:32:42Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3231
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5743/
Polarisierung der Einkommen von Selbständigen? Zur Dynamik der Einkommensverteilung und der hohen Einkommen von Selbstständigen und abhängig Beschäftigten
Merz, Joachim
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
Ist eine Polarisierung der Einkommen von Selbständigen festzustellen? Wie hat sich damit die
Einkommensverteilung insgesamt und wie haben sich hohe Einkommen von Selbständigen
und abhängig Beschäftigten seit den neunziger Jahren entwickelt? Das sind die zentralen
Fragen, die wir in diesem Beitrag angehen wollen. Wir thematisieren insbesondere die
Situation der Selbständigen im Vergleich zu den abhängig Beschäftigten, den zwei zentralen
Gruppen des Arbeitsmarktes, die für die Ökonomie insgesamt von besonderer Bedeutung
sind. Unsere Datenbasis, die anonymisierten Individualdaten der Einkommensteuerstatistik,
ist jedoch gerade für die Analyse der nur selten untersuchten Selbständigen die wohl
aussagekräftigste Datenbasis hierzu, zum einen wegen ihres Vollerhebungscharakters und
zum anderen wegen ihrer detaillierten Steuer- und Einkommensinformationen gerade für die
Analyse hoher Einkommen. Wir analysieren die aktuelle Einkommensverteilung insgesamt
für Selbständige sowie für die abhängig Beschäftigten, untersuchen dann die Dynamik der
Einkommensverteilung seit 1992 bis 2003 und stellen dann Ergebnisse zu hohen Einkommen,
zu Einkommensreichtum, im Zeitverlauf dar. Mit diesem umfassenden empirischen
Hintergrund geben wir schließlich eine Antwort auf die Polarisierungsfrage.
2006-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5743/1/MPRA_paper_5743.pdf
Merz, Joachim (2006): Polarisierung der Einkommen von Selbständigen? Zur Dynamik der Einkommensverteilung und der hohen Einkommen von Selbstständigen und abhängig Beschäftigten.
de
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:5839
2019-10-08T04:38:20Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5839/
Hohe und niedrige Einkommen – Neue Ergebnisse zu Freien und anderen Berufen mit den Mikrodaten der Einkommensteuerstatistik
Merz, Joachim
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D30 - General
Auch der aktuelle zweite Armuts- und Reichtumsbericht der Bundesregierung akzentuiert die
beiden Pole der Einkommensverteilung: Armut und Reichtum. Erstmals ist darin auf der Basis
der Mikrodaten der Einkommensteuerstatistiken 1992, 1995 und 1998 – und auf der Basis
einer Fortschreibung mit dem Instrument der Mikrosimulation für 2003 – eine detaillierte
Verteilungsanalyse vorgenommen worden (Merz/Hirschel/Zwick 2005).
Der vorliegende Beitrag vertieft dazu erstmals Ergebnisse für Freie Berufe, Unternehmer im
Vergleich zu abhängig Beschäftigten. Insbesondere wird dabei der Frage nachgegangen, wie
sich hohe Einkommen mit alternativen Reichtumsgrenzen seit den 90er Jahren im Zeitverlauf
geändert haben. Das Besondere unserer Analyseergebnisse ist die breite Fundierung durch die
Mikrodaten der Einkommensteuerstatistik 1992, 1995, 1998 und simuliert 2003. Diese Individualdatenbasis
mit insgesamt mehr als 12 Mio. anonymisierten Steuerpflichtigen ist die
wohl zuverlässigste Quelle über die Einkommen gerade der Selbständigen. Gerade für die
Gruppe der Selbständigen als Freie Berufe und Unternehmer standen derart mit der steuerlichen
Vollerhebung getragene und fundierte Informationen bisher nicht zur Verfügung.
2006-06
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5839/1/MPRA_paper_5839.pdf
Merz, Joachim (2006): Hohe und niedrige Einkommen – Neue Ergebnisse zu Freien und anderen Berufen mit den Mikrodaten der Einkommensteuerstatistik.
de
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:5842
2019-09-30T01:41:53Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3232
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5842/
Tägliche Arbeitszeitmuster und Einkommen von Freien Berufen – Neue Ergebnisse aus der deutschen Zeitbudgeterhebung
Merz, Joachim
Böhm, Paul
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
Individuelle Wohlfahrtsanalysen konzentrieren sich traditionell auf das monetäre Einkommen.
Erst in jüngerer Zeit erlangt die Zeitdimension, der zeitliche Aufwand das jeweilige
Einkommen zu erzielen, an Bedeutung auch für die Analyse von materieller Ungleichheit
(Stichwort: flexible Arbeitszeiten). In diesem Beitrag sollen dazu die Auswirkungen täglicher
Arbeitszeitarrangements – mit Vertiefung hinsichtlich der zeitlichen Lage und der Fragmentierung
– auf die Einkommensverteilung anhand der aktuellen deutschlandweiten Zeitbudgetumfrage
2001/2002 des Statistischen Bundesamtes analysiert werden. Besonderes Augenmerk
wird auf die Frage gerichtet, ob sich die täglichen Arbeitszeitmuster von Selbständigen, als
Freiberufler und Unternehmer, und abhängig Beschäftigten unterscheiden. Insbesondere fragen
wir, welche Auswirkungen die mit der Selbständigkeit verbundene Zeitsouveränität auf
die individuellen Einkommen hat. Mit der mikroökonometrischen Analyse wird dafür die
Signifikanz unterschiedlicher Erklärungsfaktoren sowohl auf die Arbeitszeitarrangements als
auch auf die damit verbundenen Einkommen von Freien Berufen herausgearbeitet.
2006-06
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5842/1/MPRA_paper_5842.pdf
Merz, Joachim and Böhm, Paul (2006): Tägliche Arbeitszeitmuster und Einkommen von Freien Berufen – Neue Ergebnisse aus der deutschen Zeitbudgeterhebung.
de
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:5844
2019-09-27T12:23:13Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D47:4731
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4A:4A34:4A3434
7375626A656374733D4A:4A34:4A3438
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5844/
Wirkungen alternativer Steuerreformmodelle auf die Einkommensverteilung von Freien und anderen Berufen
Merz, Joachim
Stolze, Henning
Zwick, Markus
G1 - General Financial Markets
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
J44 - Professional Labor Markets ; Occupational Licensing
J48 - Public Policy
Auf der Grundlage von Vergleichen zwischen dem früheren Steuersystem mit der Steuerreform
von 2000/2005 und konkurrierenden Alternativen werden in dieser Studie Verteilungsund
Umverteilungseffekte auf die Gruppe der Selbständigen (Freie Berufe und Unternehmer)
und anderen sozioökonomischen Gruppen untersucht. Zusätzlich wird die Ungleichheitsverteilung
einzelner sozioökonomischer Untergruppen im Vergleich zur gesamten Ungleichheit
mit Hilfe einer Dekompositionsanalyse untersucht.
Grundlage der Untersuchung sind anonymisierte Mikrodatenfiles der deutschen Einkommenssteuerstatistik,
die das Statistische Bundesamt der Wissenschaft zur Verfügung stellt.
Nur mit solchen Mikrodaten sind besonders aussagekräftige Analysen der oft vernachlässigten
Selbständigen möglich; konventionelle Umfragen erlauben höchstens eingeschränkte
Analysen über Einkommen und Steuerlast der Selbständigen.
2006-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5844/1/MPRA_paper_5844.pdf
Merz, Joachim and Stolze, Henning and Zwick, Markus (2006): Wirkungen alternativer Steuerreformmodelle auf die Einkommensverteilung von Freien und anderen Berufen.
de
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:5981
2019-09-29T13:01:30Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3233
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3230
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5981/
The distribution and re-distribution of income of selfemployed as freelancers and entrepreneurs in Europe
Merz, Joachim
Hirschel, Dierk
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
J23 - Labor Demand
J20 - General
The economic transformations of modern industrial societies have changed the labor markets in terms of
industrial relations and occupational structure. The transformation of the traditional welfare state, the
deregulation of the labor markets, the technological change and the reorganization of industrial structures
influenced strongly the attitude of individuals towards their preferred labor contract. The structural change of the
occupational structure was one of the results of this tendency. In particular the self-employed and freelancers
have been affected and are a driving factor of labor market changings. On the one side the value of autonomy
regarding industrial relations is becoming more important for employees. On the other side employers want to
get rid of social security contributions. As a result the multitudinousness of these professions increased.
The increasing varieties of occupations among the self-employed and freelancers influenced strongly their
income distribution. Recent studies for Germany have shown a great dispersion and a heterogeneous structure of
earnings in particular of freelancers (liberal professions) and self-employed. Though there are a variety of
international income distribution studies, but – as to the best to our knowledge – no study focusing on the selfemployed
and freelancers within the total labor force. In our study we concentrate on the income distribution of
self-employed and freelancers in different European countries. Based on the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS)
we analyze five different European countries and the United States structured by different types of welfare states
according to Esping Anderson. We analyze income distributional aspects, an occupational decomposition à la
Shorrocks, and re-distributional effects of the tax and transfer systems.
2003-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5981/1/MPRA_paper_5981.pdf
Merz, Joachim and Hirschel, Dierk (2003): The distribution and re-distribution of income of selfemployed as freelancers and entrepreneurs in Europe.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:5985
2019-09-27T12:31:44Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D45:4532:453231
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5985/
Wealth and the Capitalist Spirit
Francis, Johanna L.
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
E21 - Consumption ; Saving ; Wealth
The wealth distribution in the U.S. is more unequal, or skewed to
the right, than either the income or earnings distribution, a fact
current models of saving behavior have difficulty explaining. Using
Max Weber's (1905) idea that individuals may have a `capitalist
spirit', I construct and simulate a model where some individuals
accumulate wealth for its own sake rather than as deferred
consumption. Including capitalist-spirit preferences in the standard
life cycle model, with no other modifications, generates a skewness
of wealth consistent with that observed in the U.S. economy.
Furthermore, capitalist-spirit preferences provide a way to generate
decreasing risk aversion with increases in wealth without resorting
to idiosyncratic rates of time preference.
2007-08-15
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5985/1/MPRA_paper_5985.pdf
Francis, Johanna L. (2007): Wealth and the Capitalist Spirit.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:6095
2019-09-29T00:42:56Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4430
7375626A656374733D44:4432
7375626A656374733D44:4433
7375626A656374733D44:4438
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6095/
Market versus Non-Market Assignment of Initial Ownership
Che, Yeon-Koo
Gale, Ian
D0 - General
D2 - Production and Organizations
D3 - Distribution
D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
We study the initial assignment of ownership of a good. When the good is sold at the market-clearing price, wealthy agents may acquire it instead of poor agents who value it more highly, all else equal. Non-market assignment schemes such as random rationing may allocate the good more efficiently than the competitive market would --- if recipients of the good are allowed to resell. Schemes that favor the poor are even more desirable in that context. The ability to resell is critical to the results, but resale induces speculators to participate, so regulation of resale may be beneficial.
2006-05-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6095/1/MPRA_paper_6095.pdf
Che, Yeon-Koo and Gale, Ian (2006): Market versus Non-Market Assignment of Initial Ownership.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:6117
2019-09-29T04:36:17Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443633
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3232
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443738
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6117/
A Contribution to the Positive Theory of Direct Taxation
Emanuele, Canegrati
D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation
In this paper I analyse a probabilistic voting model where political
candidates choose a direct taxation policy to maximise the probability
of winning elections. Society is divided into groups which have di¤erent
preferences for consumption of leisure or, in other words, are di¤erently
single-minded on the amount of leisure. The use of a probabilistic voting
model characterized by the presence of single-minded groups breaks down
the classic results obtained by using the median voter theorem, because it
is no longer only the level of income which drives the equilibrium policies
but also the ability of groups to focus on leisure. The robustness of these
results is also demonstrated in the presence of heterogeneity in the labour
income. Finally, using data from the Luxemburg Income Study, I demon-
strate that the cohort-speci�c inequality is signi�cantly a¤ected by the
structure of the taxation system and that policies chosen by politicians
do not seem to be originated by the goal of equality.
2007-12-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6117/1/MPRA_paper_6117.pdf
Emanuele, Canegrati (2007): A Contribution to the Positive Theory of Direct Taxation.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:6141
2019-09-28T10:32:48Z
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7375626A656374733D43:4336:433638
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443333
7375626A656374733D46:4631
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6141/
TARIFF REDUCTION AND FUNCTIONAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN PAKISTAN: A CGE Analysis
Siddiqui, Rizwana
Iqbal, Zafar
C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models
D33 - Factor Income Distribution
F1 - Trade
This paper analyses impact of one of the major trade liberalisation policies of Structural Adjustment reforms, tariff rate reduction, on functional income distribution to households in Pakistan through CGE modelling, that is well known for this type of analysis. Using SAM-based CGE model, simulation exercises are undertaken to describe the impact of key adjustment policy i.e., reduction in tariff rate by 80% on industrial imports. Simulation results of CGE model simply show the direction of change in various variables as a result of tariff reduction. The main conclusions are as follows.
The results show the impact on income of households through change in factor prices. It shows that real income of households’ has increased due to decline in prices. The percentage share of labour in GDP has increased while of capital has declined. The study by Siddiqui and Iqbal (1999) shows that higher percentage of income from capital goes to rich and higher percentage of wages and salaries goes to poor segment of population). This implies that the gap between the rich and poor has reduced. The study shows that consumption of all goods but education has increased and consumption of non-food items increases more as compared to food items. This implies that tariff reduction has welfare enhancing impact on households.Indeed the analysis with disaggregated households sector will give the relatively better picture.
Due to decline in import prices, industrial imports have increased by 10% while all other imports have declined. All exports increase. But industrial exports increases more as compare to exports from all other sectors.
1999
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6141/1/MPRA_paper_6141.pdf
Siddiqui, Rizwana and Iqbal, Zafar (1999): TARIFF REDUCTION AND FUNCTIONAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN PAKISTAN: A CGE Analysis. Published in: , Vol. Workin, (1999): pp. 1-29.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:6344
2019-09-28T17:42:41Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3233
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6344/
Verteilungswirkungen der Steuerreform 2000/2005 im Vergleich zum ‚Karlsruher Entwurf'
Joachim, Merz
Markus, Zwick
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D30 - General
J23 - Labor Demand
Die aktuelle Steuerreform 2000/2005 und alternative Vorschläge dazu neben einen prominenten
Platz in der aktuellen wirtschafts- und sozialpolitischen Diskussion ein. Die Frage nach den
individuellen Wirkungen auf die Steuerpflichtigen ist neben den beiden traditionell geprägten
Leitideen der Besteuerung - der Deckung der Staatsausgaben durch die Steuereinnahmen und
dem Gesichtspunkt der Verteilungsgerechtigkeit - in den Vordergrund der politischen Diskussion
gerückt.
Alternativ zur aktuellen Steuerreform 2000/2005 wird in Deutschland der "Karlsruher Entwurf"
diskutiert, der versucht, über eine drastische Vereinfachung des Steuerrechts die Transparenz
und damit auch die Akzeptanz der Besteuerung zu erhöhen.
Im vorliegenden Aufsatz untersuchen und quantifizieren die Autoren mit dem Instrument der
Mikrosimulation, wie diese konkurrierenden Ansätze der Besteuerung im Vergleich zum vorangegangenen
Steuersystem auf die Verteilung und Umverteilung der Einkommen wichtiger
Gruppen der Gesellschaft wirken.
Als Mikrodatenbasis dient dabei eine 10%-Stichprobe der anonymisierten individuellen Steuerdaten
der aktuell verfügbaren Einkommensteuerstatistik 1995 mit ca. 3 Mill. Datensätzen.
2002-08
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6344/1/MPRA_paper_6344.pdf
Joachim, Merz and Markus, Zwick (2002): Verteilungswirkungen der Steuerreform 2000/2005 im Vergleich zum ‚Karlsruher Entwurf'.
de
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:6345
2019-09-27T18:59:16Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3233
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6345/
Professions, entrepreneurs, employees and the new German tax (cut) reform 2000 - A MICSIM microsimulation analysis of distributional impacts
Joachim, Merz
Henning, Stolz
Markus, Zwick
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D30 - General
J23 - Labor Demand
With the tax reform 2000 Germany has seen the implementation of the most ambitious tax reduction
programme in its post-war history. In the period from 1998 to 2005, taxpayers will benefit
substantially from net tax relief more than DM 100 billions in total. It is expected, that private
consumption and investment are stimulated - two essential requirements for promoting growth and
employment.
Under the aspect of the tax reform 2000 and the ‘Karlsruher Entwurf’ (an expert draft on further
income tax reform approaches) compared to the former taxbase system we investigate in our paper
overall and distributional and redistributional impacts on the self employed (professions (free lancers)
and entrepreneurs) and employees besides other socioeconomic grouping like gender and family type.
In addition, a decomposition analysis based on a generalized entropy approach quantifies the
socioeconomic subgroups’ inequality contribution to overall inequality.
Together with the recent poverty and wealth report for our government, this is the first time that the
anonymized microdata records of the German Income Tax Statistic can be used by researchers within
the Federal Statistical Office. Such a microdata file is essential for analysing above all the often
neglected situation of the self-employed; in traditional surveys, where, in principle, firm information
yielding the final income and taxes to be paid are not available for the self-employed.
Keywords: microsimulation, German tax reform, Karlsruhe proposal, self-employed, professions,
entrepreneurs, employees, distributional and redistributional policy impacts, inequality and
decomposition of inequality
2002-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6345/1/MPRA_paper_6345.pdf
Joachim, Merz and Henning, Stolz and Markus, Zwick (2002): Professions, entrepreneurs, employees and the new German tax (cut) reform 2000 - A MICSIM microsimulation analysis of distributional impacts.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:6349
2019-10-03T10:41:40Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3233
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6349/
Was fehlt in der EVS ? Eine Verteilungsanalyse hoher Einkommen mit der verknüpften Einkommensteuerstatistik für Selbständige und abhängig Beschäftigte
Merz, Joachim
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D30 - General
J23 - Labor Demand
Prominente Mikrodatenbasis für die Analyse von Einkommen und ihrer Verteilung ist die Einkommensund
Verbrauchsstichprobe (EVS). Allerdings sind hohe Einkommen über der „Abschneidegrenze“ von
35.000 DM Haushaltsnettoeinkommen pro Monat nicht vorhanden. In dieser Studie wollen wir erstmals
der Frage nachgehen, welche Verteilungs-Konsequenzen eine Verknüpfung der EVS- mit der Einkommensteuerstatistik-
Datensätzen und ihren hohen Einkommen über diesen 35.000 DM haben.
Dazu werden wir zunächst die Lohn- und Einkommensteuerstatistik (EStS) als eine besondere geeignete
Mirkodatenbasis für die Einkommensanalyse generell und insbesondere für hohe Einkommen darstellen.
Unsere Verknüpfungsstrategie verwendet Steuerzahlklassen untergliedert nach Haushaltstypen.
Mit der verküpften Einkommensteuerstatistik EStS/EVS 1995 vs. EVS 1993 werden dann Vergleichsund
Verteilungsanalysen auf der Haushalts- und der Personenebene über Äquivalenzeinkommen vorgenommen.
Wir untersuchen vertieft die hohen Einkommen mit Verteilungs- und Dekompositionsanalysen
für Selbständige und abhängig Beschäftigte. Strukturanalysen beschreiben dann das Spektrum von
reichen und nicht reichen Haushalten für verschiedene sozio-ökonomische Merkmale. Die Schlußbemerkungen
betonen die Notwendigkeit eines integrierten Mikrodatenfiles für eine zielgenaue Wirtschafts-
und Sozialpolitik.
2001-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6349/1/MPRA_paper_6349.pdf
Merz, Joachim (2001): Was fehlt in der EVS ? Eine Verteilungsanalyse hoher Einkommen mit der verknüpften Einkommensteuerstatistik für Selbständige und abhängig Beschäftigte.
de
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:6352
2019-09-28T16:49:32Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493330
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493338
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3236
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6352/
Die Rentenreform in der Diskussion Ein Mikrosimulationsmodell für die Altersvorsorge in Deutschland (AVID-PRO)
Schatz, Christof
Merz, Joachim
I30 - General
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
J26 - Retirement ; Retirement Policies
Anfang diesen Jahres wurden die Ergebnisse der Studie "Altersvorsorge in Deutschland 1996 (AVID '96)" veröffentlicht.
Diese Studie beschreibt die zukünftige Alterseinkommenssituation der heute noch erwerbstätigen Bevölkerung.
Zentraler Bestandteil ist die Schätzung der zukünftigen weiteren Verläufe der Erwerbsbiographien. In der
vorliegenden Arbeit soll das Instrument dieser Projektion, das Mikrosimulationsmodell AVID-PRO für die Fortschreibung
der Erwerbsbiographien zur Analyse der Alterseinkommen der 1996 40 bis 60-jährigen Erwerbsbevölkerung
in Deutschland (AVID-PRO) dargestellt werden. Für dieses Mikrosimulationsmodell wurden im ersten Schritt
Längsschnitt- und Querschnittsdaten zur Erwerbsbiographie von ca. 14.000 Personen erhoben. Im zweiten Schritt
wurden diese Daten mittels verschiedener Regressionsverfahren auf Entwicklungstrends zwischen 1992 und 1996
untersucht, um daraus für die Fortschreibung geeignete Modelle mikroökonometrisch schätzen zu können.
Im Mittelpunkt der mikrosimulationsgestützten Projektion (AVID-PRO) stehen die drei Teilmodelle für die Variablen
”Soziale Erwerbssituation”, ”Einkommen” und ”Wochenarbeitszeit”. Damit wurde die Erwerbsbiographie jedes
Probanden von seinem Alter bei der Befragung bis zu seinem 65. Lebensjahr mittels der Mikrosimulation fortgeschrieben.
Neben diesen Verhaltensgleichungen beinhaltet AVID-PRO eine Vielzahl detaillierter institutioneller
Regelungen der verschiedenen Alterssicherungssysteme.
Auf der Basis der durch AVID-PRO vervollständigten Biographiedaten wurden die Alterseinkommen der Probanden
aus den verschiedenen Alterssicherungssystemen und -vorsorgemaßnahmen berechnet. Ausgewählte Ergebnisse
werden vorgestellt. Damit steht insgesamt in Deutschland für die aktuelle Rentenreformdebatte ein leistungsfähiges
Mikrosimulationsmodell für die Analyse alternativer Politikvorschläge zur Alterssicherung auf der Basis einer
breiten repräsentativen verknüpften Stichprobe mit allen
2000-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6352/1/MPRA_paper_6352.pdf
Schatz, Christof and Merz, Joachim (2000): Die Rentenreform in der Diskussion Ein Mikrosimulationsmodell für die Altersvorsorge in Deutschland (AVID-PRO).
de
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:6357
2019-09-30T16:51:01Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3233
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6357/
The Distribution of Income of Self-employed, Entrepreneurs and Professions as Revealed from Micro Income Tax Statistics in Germany
Merz, Joachim
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D30 - General
J23 - Labor Demand
As simple as it is, results describing the world are heavily dependent on the quality of the
underlying data. One of the very crucial variables in microanalytical analyses of well-being and
human resources is income. The more, when the situation of the self-employed is regarded.
This paper focus on the distribution of income based on very sound data: the German Income
Tax Statistic (Einkommensteuerstatistik) 1992. New is the actual possibility to use for the first
time such a sound microdatabase to analyze the self-employed in particular: a 100.000
microdata sample of the population wide German Income Tax Statistic. New is the comparison
between income from dependent and self-employed work with emphasis on the entrepreneurs
and professions, and new is the indepth decomposition inequality analysis of the aggregated
groups and of the single professions based on an inequality generalized entropy decomposition
approach.
One overall striking result is: the occupational status as an employee, entrepreneur or as a
profession with its connected low between inequality share is by far not the overall driving
factor to ‘explain’ the overall income distribution and inequality picture of the re-unified
Germany; it is the within group inequality which counts in particular.
2000-02
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6357/1/MPRA_paper_6357.pdf
Merz, Joachim (2000): The Distribution of Income of Self-employed, Entrepreneurs and Professions as Revealed from Micro Income Tax Statistics in Germany.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:6539
2019-09-28T03:29:39Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443333
7375626A656374733D45:4532:453232
7375626A656374733D4F:4F33
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6539/
The Investment Function Revisited: Disciplining Capital in Korea
Seguino, Stephanie
D33 - Factor Income Distribution
E22 - Investment ; Capital ; Intangible Capital ; Capacity
O3 - Innovation ; Research and Development ; Technological Change ; Intellectual Property Rights
Post-Keynesian and Marxian macro models assume that wage increases that lower profits have an adverse impact on investment spending. The experience of Korea during the period 1975-1993 contradicts this assumption. This paper reports results obtained from estimating a modified neo-Kaleckian investment function that examines the impact of increases in the wage share on business spending. Results of the Granger tests that assess the direction of causality between wages, investment, and productivity are also given. Tests indicate that lagged values of the wage share of income have a positive impact on investment. There are several explanations for this, most of which stem from restrictions on foreign direct investment, and the government's ability to discipline capital through its control over loanable funds coupled with the use of measurable benchmarks in export sales in return for access to subsidized credit and other "carrots." Firms appear to be constrained by these factors to respond to wages hikes by adopting technological upgrades, thereby raising productivity and maintaining export competitiveness.
1999
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6539/1/MPRA_paper_6539.pdf
Seguino, Stephanie (1999): The Investment Function Revisited: Disciplining Capital in Korea. Published in: Journal of Post-Keynesian Economics , Vol. 22, No. 2 (1999): pp. 313-338.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:6593
2019-10-05T16:44:29Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443333
7375626A656374733D48:4837:483732
7375626A656374733D48:4838:483833
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6593/
Transferencias a los Gobiernos Locales: una mirada a las fuentes de su desigualdad
Mauro, Raul
D33 - Factor Income Distribution
H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures
H83 - Public Administration ; Public Sector Accounting and Audits
What are the income inequality sources for local governments? In this paper is analyzed the case of Lima government incomes (transfers from Central Government) and it is found that they are all highly unequal. This outcome implies that not only mining taxes transfers are unequal, but also the rest of sources. So, it is necessary to reduce inequality in all sources to get a better situation for local governments.
2007-12-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6593/1/MPRA_paper_6593.pdf
Mauro, Raul (2007): Transferencias a los Gobiernos Locales: una mirada a las fuentes de su desigualdad.
es
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:6676
2019-09-28T00:49:52Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D49:4933
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6676/
An even higher global inequality than previously thought
Milanovic, Branko
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty
Global inequality between world citizens, using the new PPP data (just published as part of the 2005 ICP), is estimated to be about 70 Gini points. This is some 4-5 Gini points higher than previously thought. The increases are even greater if one uses the Theil index.
2007-12
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6676/1/MPRA_paper_6676.pdf
Milanovic, Branko (2007): An even higher global inequality than previously thought.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:6804
2019-09-28T04:54:20Z
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7375626A656374733D4F:4F31
7375626A656374733D4F:4F35:4F3533
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443333
7375626A656374733D50:5032:503233
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6804/
Incremental Reform and Distortions in China’s Product and Factor Markets
Zhang, Xiaobo
Tan, Kong-Yam
O1 - Economic Development
O53 - Asia including Middle East
D33 - Factor Income Distribution
P23 - Factor and Product Markets ; Industry Studies ; Population
The purpose of economic reform is to reduce distortions and enhance efficiency.
However, when reforms are partial and incremental, individuals and local governments
are often able to capture the rent inherent in the gradual transition process.
Young (2000) warned that such rent-seeking behavior might lead to increasing market
fragmentation. Empirical studies have shown the opposite in the product market. This
article argues that as the rent from China’s product market has been squeezed out due
to deepening reforms, rent-seeking behavior may have shifted to the capital market.
Further reforms are needed in the capital market to squeeze out these rent-seeking
opportunities, just as those from the product and labor markets were squeezed out
earlier.
2007
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6804/1/MPRA_paper_6804.pdf
Zhang, Xiaobo and Tan, Kong-Yam (2007): Incremental Reform and Distortions in China’s Product and Factor Markets. Published in: World Bank Economic Review , Vol. 2, No. 21 (2007): pp. 279-299.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7012
2019-09-26T10:03:45Z
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7375626A656374733D44:4433
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3231
7375626A656374733D4A:4A34:4A3434
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3232
7375626A656374733D44:4431
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3233
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7012/
Extended Income Inequality and Poverty Dynamics of Labour Market and Household Activities A Ten Years Microanalysis with the German Socio-Economic Panel
Merz, Joachim
Kirsten, Dagmar
D3 - Distribution
J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
J44 - Professional Labor Markets ; Occupational Licensing
J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics
J23 - Labor Demand
Labour market dynamics according the individual working hour tension (preferred working
hours minus actual working hours) of active people with focus on the self-employed, as
professions and entrepreneurs, and employees are investigated in our study. The individual
longitudinal analysis based on panel data allows us to follow the individual process of working
time preferences and actual outcomes in its individual convergence/divergence balancing
process in the course of time. Our microanalytic and paneleconometric results (with pooled,
one and two factor fixed and random effects models) quantify the working hour tension
developments and its determinants in a decade from the mid 80s to the mid 90s. Microdata
base is the German Socio-Economic Panel with ten waves from 1985 to 1994. Finally, we
discuss impacts of our results for labour market strategies and a targeted economic and social
policy.
1998-08
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7012/1/MPRA_paper_7012.pdf
Merz, Joachim and Kirsten, Dagmar (1998): Extended Income Inequality and Poverty Dynamics of Labour Market and Household Activities A Ten Years Microanalysis with the German Socio-Economic Panel.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7016
2019-09-29T02:50:37Z
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7375626A656374733D44:4436:443633
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483533
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7016/
Universal Basic Income and Negative Income Tax: Two Different Ways of Thinking Redistribution
Davide, Tondani
D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
This article examines two redistributive policies: Negative Income Tax and Universal Basic Income. Its aim is to show that, although the two achieve the same distributive outcome through an appropriate tax-benefit system, they are fundamentally different from economic and ethical points of view. The approach integrates positive and normative analysis and explicit attention to ethical issues provides a more complete description of economic aspects. We show that Negative Income Tax scheme is coherent with the libertarian idea of distributive justice, while Basic Income follows egalitarian thought.
2008-02-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7016/1/MPRA_paper_7016.pdf
Davide, Tondani (2008): Universal Basic Income and Negative Income Tax: Two Different Ways of Thinking Redistribution.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7144
2019-09-28T18:41:29Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7144/
The distribution of effective tax burdens in four EU countries
de Kam, C. A.
de Haan, J.
Giles, C.
Manresa, A.
Berenguer, E.
Calonge, S.
Merz, J.
Venkatarama, K.
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D30 - General
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
National policymakers are increasingly aware that their tax policy options are constrained
by international tax competition. Important features of national tax systems - notably
the tax mix, tax rates and rules which define the tax base - will influence decisions
of firms and individuals regarding the location and (re)structuring of economic activities.
The aim of the present paper is twofold: Firstly, we detail the tax mix of four member
states of the European Union (Germany, The Netherlands, Spain and United Kingdom).
Secondly, the paper aims to trace the distribution of the tax burden over rich and poor
households in these four countries. Although tax mix and tax rates differ considerably
among the four countries included in the study, the distribution of tax burdens proves to
be amazingly similar.
1996-11
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7144/1/MPRA_paper_7144.pdf
de Kam, C. A. and de Haan, J. and Giles, C. and Manresa, A. and Berenguer, E. and Calonge, S. and Merz, J. and Venkatarama, K. (1996): The distribution of effective tax burdens in four EU countries.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7146
2019-09-30T21:23:50Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7146/
Who pays the taxes?
de Kam, C. A.
de Haan, J.
Giles, C.
Manresa, A.
Berenguer, E.
Calonge, S.
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D30 - General
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
The European Union is legally entitled to the revenue from (1) agricultural and sugar
levies, (2) customs duties, (3) a 1 percent rate on each Member States' value added tax
base, and (4) a resource on the basis of GNP. Currently, the Union is actively involved
in the search for a fifth own revenue source. Therefore, the European Commission (DG
XIX) has invited the authors to trace 'who pays the taxes'. As requested, our report gives
a general account of methods to investigate impacts of taxation. More specifically, we
have estimated the incidence of national tax systems (Germany, the Netherlands, Spain
and the United Kingdom), and the incidence of present own resources and prospective
new (tax) resources of the European Union. Up till now, such information was not
(readily) available.
1996-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7146/1/MPRA_paper_7146.pdf
de Kam, C. A. and de Haan, J. and Giles, C. and Manresa, A. and Berenguer, E. and Calonge, S. (1996): Who pays the taxes?
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7225
2019-09-26T16:42:42Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3230
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3136
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3233
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7225/
Freie Berufe im Mikrozensus II - Einkommen und Einkommensverteilung anhand der ersten Ergebnisse für die neuen und alten Bundesländer 1991
Merz, Joachim
Kirsten, Dagmar
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D30 - General
J20 - General
J16 - Economics of Gender ; Non-labor Discrimination
J23 - Labor Demand
Die Studie untersucht die Einkommen und die Einkommensverteilung der Freien Berufe
anhand der Mikrozensusergebnisse für die neuen und alten Bundesländer 1991. Sie folgt dem
grundlegenden Papier über die Struktur und die quantitative Bedeutung der Freien Berufe
anhand derselben Mikrodatenbasis (Kirsten und Merz 1995).
Nach entsprechenden Abgrenzungen der Mikrozensusangaben der insgesamt 800.000
Befragten aus einer Sonderauswertung für die Freien Berufe werden Einkommen und
Einkommensverteilung zunächst der Selbständigen in Freien Berufen mit entsprechenden
Lageparametern und Verteilungsangaben analysiert. Die empirischen Ergebnisse der
Selbständigen werden dann denen der Erwerbstätigen in Freien Berufen (Selbständige und
Nicht-Selbständige) gegenübergestellt. Dem Einkommen und der Einkommensverteilung der
selbständigen Frauen in Freien Berufen im Vergleich zu den Männern ist schließlich ein
eigener Abschnitt gewidmet.
Die Studie liefert insgesamt für die Aufbauphase des vereinten Deutschlands nicht nur eine
aktuelle und detaillierte Einkommens- und Einkommensverteilungsanalyse, sie ist als
Referenz für spätere Entwicklungen darüberhinaus von Bedeutung.
1995-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7225/1/MPRA_paper_7225.pdf
Merz, Joachim and Kirsten, Dagmar (1995): Freie Berufe im Mikrozensus II - Einkommen und Einkommensverteilung anhand der ersten Ergebnisse für die neuen und alten Bundesländer 1991.
de
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7226
2019-09-26T16:42:42Z
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7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3230
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3136
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3233
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7226/
Freie Berufe im Mikrozensus I - Struktur und quantitative Bedeutung anhand der ersten Ergebnisse für die neuen und alten Bundesländer 1991
Merz, Joachim
Kirsten, Dagmar
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D30 - General
J20 - General
J16 - Economics of Gender ; Non-labor Discrimination
J23 - Labor Demand
Mit dieser Studie wird eine Serie von Grundlagenpapieren zur Statistik und den Freien Berufen eröffnet, die mit der amtlichen Statistik beginnend, zentrale Statistiken der Freien Berufe auf der Indiviualbasis thematisiert.
Freie Berufe im Mikrozensus I - Struktur und quantitative Bedeutung anhand erster Ergebnisse für die neuen und alten Bundesländer 1991 ist das Thema der vorliegenden Studie. Mit dem Mikrozensus als 'Repräsentativstatistik über die Bevölkerung und den Arbeitsmarkt' wird einmal die besondere Eignung dieser mit 800.000 Befragten breit angelegten amtlichen Statistik für die Forschung Freier Berufe diskutiert. Zum anderen wird Struktur und quantitative Bedeutung der Freien Berufe (in unterschiedlicher Abgrenzung) in den neuen und alten Bundesländern zum Beginn des vereinten Deutschlands herausgearbeitet. Weitere Schwerpunkte und empirische Ergebnisse dieser Studie: Frauen in den Freien Berufen sowie die Entwicklung der Berufe auf Mikrozensusbasis seit 1987. Diese erste systematische und breite Mikrozensus-Analyse für die Freien Berufe ist mit der Beschreibung der empirischen Aufbauphase im vereinten Deutschland 1991 auch über den Tag hinaus von grundlegender Bedeutung. JEL: J16, J20,
1995-08
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7226/1/MPRA_paper_7226.pdf
Merz, Joachim and Kirsten, Dagmar (1995): Freie Berufe im Mikrozensus I - Struktur und quantitative Bedeutung anhand der ersten Ergebnisse für die neuen und alten Bundesländer 1991.
de
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7229
2019-10-01T05:01:03Z
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7375626A656374733D49:4933:493330
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493332
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7229/
Relative Inequality and Poverty in Germany and the United States Using Alternative Equivalence Scales
Burkhauser, Richard V.
Smeeding, Timothy M.
Merz, Joachim
I30 - General
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D30 - General
I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
German and United States data from the Luxembourg Income Study are used to compare the
relative economic well-being of Germans and Americans in the 1980s. In our analysis we use
both official equivalence scales and consumption-based country-specific equivalence scales
developed for Germany and the United States by Merz et al. (1993). We verify previous studies
that show that inequality and the incidence of poverty are greater in the United States than in
Germany. Overall inequality and poverty levels are found not to be sensitive to the equivalence
scale used. But the official German equivalence scales yields quite different results from those
using all other scales with respect to the relative income and poverty levels of vulnerable groups
within the population, especially older single people.
1994-11
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7229/1/MPRA_paper_7229.pdf
Burkhauser, Richard V. and Smeeding, Timothy M. and Merz, Joachim (1994): Relative Inequality and Poverty in Germany and the United States Using Alternative Equivalence Scales.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7232
2019-09-27T04:46:46Z
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7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D44:4431:443130
7375626A656374733D43:4338:433831
7375626A656374733D43:4338:433830
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3230
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7232/
Microsimulation - A Survey of Methods and Applications for Analyzing Economic and Social Policy
Merz, Joachim
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D30 - General
D10 - General
C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data ; Data Access
C80 - General
J20 - General
This essential dimensions of microsimulation as an instrument to analyze and forecast
the individual impacts of alternative economic and social policy measures are surveyed
in this study. The basic principles of microsimulation, which is a tool for practical
policy advising as well as for research and teaching, are pointed out and the static and
dynamic (cross-section and life-cycle) approaches are compared to one another. Present
and past developments of microsimulation models and their areas of application are
reviewed, focusing on the US, Europe and Australia. Based on general requirements and
components of microsimulation models a microsimulation model's actual working
mechanism are discussed by a concrete example: the concept and realization of
MICSIM, a PC microsimulation model based on a relational database system, an
offspring of the Sfb 3 Statitic Microsimulation Model. Common issues of
microsimulation modeling are regarded: micro/macro link, behavioural response and the
important question of evaluating microsimulation results. The concluding remarks
accentuate the increasing use of microcomputers for microsimulation models also for
teaching purposes
1994-06
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7232/1/MPRA_paper_7232.pdf
Merz, Joachim (1994): Microsimulation - A Survey of Methods and Applications for Analyzing Economic and Social Policy.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7233
2019-09-26T15:39:59Z
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7375626A656374733D49:4933:493330
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493332
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7233/
Two Scales, One Methodology - Expenditure Based Equivalence Scales for the United States and Germany
Merz, Joachim
Garner, Thesia
Smeeding, Timothy M.
Faik, Jürgen
Johnson, David
I30 - General
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D30 - General
I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
Choosing an appropriate equivalence scale is a prerequisite for comparisons of economic wellbeing
income distribution, inequality or poverty. This is true for country specific work or for
cross-national comparisons. Researchers generally either use a country specific equivalence
scale (social assistance, expert based, or poverty scales), or adopt a single scale for all
comparison across countries. Here we follow a different approach. We use microdata to estimate
equivalence scales based on a revealed preference consumption approach for West Germany
and the United States. We review several approaches and rely on a complete demand system
approach, which provides constant utility based equivalence scales using an extended linear
expenditure system (ELES). The multiple equation expenditure system takes into account a full
market basket with all its interdependencies and relative prices. Our consumption-based
equivalence results are compared to alternative consumption based measures, expert based
measures, and subjective based measures in use in both countries and to other scales used for
cross-national comparisons.
1994-04
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7233/1/MPRA_paper_7233.pdf
Merz, Joachim and Garner, Thesia and Smeeding, Timothy M. and Faik, Jürgen and Johnson, David (1994): Two Scales, One Methodology - Expenditure Based Equivalence Scales for the United States and Germany.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7304
2019-09-27T21:19:19Z
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7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493338
7375626A656374733D43:4338:433830
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7304/
Assessment of income distribution and a hypothetical flat tax reform in Hungary
Lelkes, Orsolya
Benedek, Dora
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
C80 - General
The paper presents evidence on the effects of taxes and benefits on household incomes in Hungary referring to the 2006 system and a hypothetical flat tax reform. For this, a microsimulation model is used, which is based on a matched sample of an income and a consumption survey and administrative tax records. The Hungarian budget receives more revenues from VAT than from PIT. This has major implications on equity, as while PIT is progressive, VAT is regressive, imposing a higher tax burden on low-income households. We highlight the importance of tax allowances. The absolute amount of total tax allowances tends to increase with income, and the share of allowances within total incomes is around 5-7% in all income groups, except the top fifth, where it declines. Targeting is thus inadequate, and it is especially so in case of child support. Family tax allowance reaches the bottom decile only to a limited extent. This is in sharp contrast with the universal child benefit, which is well targeted to the poorest. The second part explores the likely impact of the introduction of a flat tax, where VAT and PIT rates are set at 20%, and a tax free bracket for low incomes is kept. We show that a budget neutral solution would have a largely regressive effect, where 70% of the population would lose, with a minority on the top of the distribution gaining.
2007-07-15
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7304/1/MPRA_paper_7304.pdf
Lelkes, Orsolya and Benedek, Dora (2007): Assessment of income distribution and a hypothetical flat tax reform in Hungary.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7307
2019-09-27T16:49:58Z
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7375626A656374733D45:4533:453331
7375626A656374733D44:4431:443132
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7307/
Inflazione per gruppi di famiglie e struttura dei consumi in Italia
Rapacciuolo, Ciro
E31 - Price Level ; Inflation ; Deflation
D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
D30 - General
The calculation of inflation rates for specific groups in Italy, according to family typology and profession, on various time horizons between 1996 and 2004, does not find significant differences. This result, surprising in particular for the first two years of the euro circulation, when a vivid debite developed on consumer prices dynamics, can be explained by two factors.
First, the interaction of the particular developments in relative prices with the consumption structure by type of family and expenditure chapter. There are in fact significant differences in the percentage composition of expenditure among the various typologies of Italian families and thus in the “weights” implicit in the inflation felt by the different groups, which depart considerably from the national average weights. The paper also notes that the confusion on these weights is among the main reasons for the persistent gap between inflation perceived by consumers and actual inflation; the analysis of the statistical foundations behind the official measurement of consumer prices enables to offer additional explanations for the gap.
Secondly, only some of the family groups have been able to modify the structure of their expenditure to reduce inflation actually felt. Last few years have seen a change, in some cases very significant, in the relative position of the various groups, together with marked modifications in the composition of expenditure in real terms of the different groups of families, mainly just because of the variations in relative prices. A change which, in absence of any erosions in nationwide consumption, can help explaining the widespread perceptions of increasing poverty in the country.
2005-12
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7307/1/MPRA_paper_7307.pdf
Rapacciuolo, Ciro (2005): Inflazione per gruppi di famiglie e struttura dei consumi in Italia. Published in: CSC Working Paper No. n. 55 - 2005 (December 2005)
it
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7328
2019-09-30T13:15:28Z
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7375626A656374733D49:4933:493330
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493338
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3236
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7328/
Die Rentenreform in der Diskussion Ein Mikrosimulationsmodell für die Altersvorsorge in Deutschland (AVID-PRO)
Schatz, Christof
Merz, Joachim
I30 - General
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
J26 - Retirement ; Retirement Policies
Anfang diesen Jahres wurden die Ergebnisse der Studie "Altersvorsorge in Deutschland 1996 (AVID '96)" veröffentlicht.
Diese Studie beschreibt die zukünftige Alterseinkommenssituation der heute noch erwerbstätigen Bevölkerung.
Zentraler Bestandteil ist die Schätzung der zukünftigen weiteren Verläufe der Erwerbsbiographien. In der
vorliegenden Arbeit soll das Instrument dieser Projektion, das Mikrosimulationsmodell AVID-PRO für die Fortschreibung
der Erwerbsbiographien zur Analyse der Alterseinkommen der 1996 40 bis 60-jährigen Erwerbsbevölkerung
in Deutschland (AVID-PRO) dargestellt werden. Für dieses Mikrosimulationsmodell wurden im ersten Schritt
Längsschnitt- und Querschnittsdaten zur Erwerbsbiographie von ca. 14.000 Personen erhoben. Im zweiten Schritt
wurden diese Daten mittels verschiedener Regressionsverfahren auf Entwicklungstrends zwischen 1992 und 1996
untersucht, um daraus für die Fortschreibung geeignete Modelle mikroökonometrisch schätzen zu können.
Im Mittelpunkt der mikrosimulationsgestützten Projektion (AVID-PRO) stehen die drei Teilmodelle für die Variablen
”Soziale Erwerbssituation”, ”Einkommen” und ”Wochenarbeitszeit”. Damit wurde die Erwerbsbiographie jedes
Probanden von seinem Alter bei der Befragung bis zu seinem 65. Lebensjahr mittels der Mikrosimulation fortgeschrieben.
Neben diesen Verhaltensgleichungen beinhaltet AVID-PRO eine Vielzahl detaillierter institutioneller
Regelungen der verschiedenen Alterssicherungssysteme.
Auf der Basis der durch AVID-PRO vervollständigten Biographiedaten wurden die Alterseinkommen der Probanden
aus den verschiedenen Alterssicherungssystemen und -vorsorgemaßnahmen berechnet. Ausgewählte Ergebnisse
werden vorgestellt. Damit steht insgesamt in Deutschland für die aktuelle Rentenreformdebatte ein leistungsfähiges
Mikrosimulationsmodell für die Analyse alternativer Politikvorschläge zur Alterssicherung auf der Basis einer
breiten repräsentativen verknüpften Stichprobe mit allen Möglichkeiten zu verteilungs- und finanzierungspolitischen
Auswertungen über die Individualebene zur Verfügung.
2000-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7328/1/MPRA_paper_7328.pdf
Schatz, Christof and Merz, Joachim (2000): Die Rentenreform in der Diskussion Ein Mikrosimulationsmodell für die Altersvorsorge in Deutschland (AVID-PRO).
de
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7407
2019-09-27T00:24:00Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D45:4532:453235
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443333
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443631
7375626A656374733D44:4432:443234
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7407/
Aggregate Productivity Loss and the Theil Index of Inequality
Aoki, Shuhei
E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
D33 - Factor Income Distribution
D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis
D24 - Production ; Cost ; Capital ; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity ; Capacity
This paper suggests that the difference in the Theil indices of inequality between two economies approximately measures the relative loss of aggregate productivity caused by distortions in labor allocation. Moreover, the Theil index itself can be interpreted approximately as the possible maximum loss of aggregate productivity caused by these distortions.
2008-03-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7407/1/MPRA_paper_7407.pdf
Aoki, Shuhei (2008): Aggregate Productivity Loss and the Theil Index of Inequality.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7422
2019-09-26T20:06:48Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493330
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443633
7375626A656374733D44:4432:443230
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483330
7375626A656374733D46:4634:463433
7375626A656374733D4E:4E35:4E3536
7375626A656374733D4D:4D35:4D3530
7375626A656374733D48:4837:483730
7375626A656374733D44:4431:443133
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D49:4930:493030
7375626A656374733D41:4131:413134
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31:4F3130
7375626A656374733D49:4930
7375626A656374733D41:4131:413133
7375626A656374733D44:4431:443132
7375626A656374733D41:4131:413139
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D46:4634:463431
7375626A656374733D51:5131:513130
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7422/
Hacia la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional en Mesoamérica. Estado de la Inseguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional y notas sobre políticas para su superación.
Mora-Alfaro, Jorge
Fernández-Alvarado, Luis Fernando
I30 - General
D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
D20 - General
H30 - General
F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies
N56 - Latin America ; Caribbean
M50 - General
H70 - General
D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
I00 - General
A14 - Sociology of Economics
O10 - General
I0 - General
A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values
D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
A19 - Other
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics
Q10 - General
In this document we may find the main characteristics about the food security situation in the Mesoamerican countries. The insufficient nourishment and nutrition, as well the poverty condition that involve an important proportion of the Central American and Mexican population, produce and human and social hardship frame, with and special emphasis in the rural areas of these countries. In addition to the risks that this situation represents to the persons, families and communities living in these conditions, the general circumstances increase the vulnerability in relation with the social, political and economical stability of these nations. This is a clear obstacle to their growth economic processes and to the more prompt integration in the international economy development. Primarily, when the inclusion of the population in the development process, the distributive policies and the social cohesion are crucial components of the socioeconomic and political model adopted by the countries where these situation prevail.
2005
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7422/1/MPRA_paper_7422.pdf
Mora-Alfaro, Jorge and Fernández-Alvarado, Luis Fernando (2005): Hacia la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional en Mesoamérica. Estado de la Inseguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional y notas sobre políticas para su superación.
es
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7459
2019-09-28T03:26:19Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D50:5032
7375626A656374733D50:5032:503230
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7459/
Reform and inequality during the transition: An analysis using panel household survey data, 1990-2005
Milanovic, Branko
Ersado, Lire
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies
P20 - General
Using for the first time survey data from 26 post-Communist countries, covering the period 1990-2005, the paper examines correlates of unprecedented increases in inequality registered by most of these economies. We find that, after controlling for country-fixed effects and type of survey used, economic reform (measured by the EBRD index) is strongly negatively associated with bottom deciles’ income shares and positively with income shares of the top two deciles. However, once economic reform is broken into its different component parts, the picture is more nuanced: large-scale privatization and infrastructure reform (mostly consisting of privatization and higher fees) are responsible for this pro-inequality effect while small-scale privatization tends to raise income shares of the bottom deciles. Acceleration in growth is also pro-rich. On the other hand, democratization (measured by the Polity measure) is strongly pro-poor, as is lower inflation. Somewhat surprisingly, we find no evidence that higher government spending as share of GDI reduces inequality.
2008-03-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7459/1/MPRA_paper_7459.pdf
Milanovic, Branko and Ersado, Lire (2008): Reform and inequality during the transition: An analysis using panel household survey data, 1990-2005.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7609
2019-10-01T10:21:42Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463136
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433638
7375626A656374733D41:4131:413130
7375626A656374733D44:4434:443433
7375626A656374733D41:4131:413131
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7609/
Analyzing Poverty Impact of Trade Liberalization Policies in CGE Models: Theory and Some Policy Experiments in Agricultural and Non-agricultural Sectors in South Asia
Khan, haider
F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models
A10 - General
D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
A11 - Role of Economics ; Role of Economists ; Market for Economists
The paper uses a dualistic, compact and “generic” (macroeconomic) computable general equilibrium (CGE) model specially constructed for the purpose of investigating the implications of trade liberalization for poverty reduction in South Asia. The model is a stylized representation of economies with large populations including large numbers of both urban and rural poor as in India, Pakistan or Bangladesh. The current “generic” model uses CES production functions and Harris-Todaro type migration model together with representative data to generate economy wide results. It is found that a dualistic production structure with sufficient details on the labor markets and household side can capture some of the effects of trade liberalization on poverty reduction. The model’s general equilibrium results suggest that trade liberalization can complement other specific policy interventions for poverty reduction.
2008-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7609/1/MPRA_paper_7609.pdf
Khan, haider (2008): Analyzing Poverty Impact of Trade Liberalization Policies in CGE Models: Theory and Some Policy Experiments in Agricultural and Non-agricultural Sectors in South Asia.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7682
2019-10-01T15:54:21Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4C:4C31:4C3131
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4C:4C31:4C3133
7375626A656374733D44:4434:443433
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7682/
Income Distribution, Market Structure, and Individual Welfare
Tarasov, Alexander
L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure ; Size Distribution of Firms
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
This paper explores how income distribution influences market structure and affects the economic well-being of different groups. It shows that inequality may be good for the poor via a trickle-down effect operating through entry. I consider a general equilibrium model of monopolistic competition with free entry, heterogenous firms and consumers that share identical but non-homothetic preferences. The general model is solved. The case of two types of consumers, rich and poor, is considered in detail. I show that higher income inequality in the economy can benefit the poor. An increase in the personal income of the rich raises welfare of the poor, while an increase in the fraction of the rich has an ambiguous impact on the poor: welfare of the poor has an inverted U shape as a function of the fraction of the rich. At the same time, an increase in the personal income of the rich together with a decrease in the fraction of the rich keeping the aggregate income in the economy fixed raises the well-being of the poor. I also analyze the effect of changes in market size and entry cost. I show that the rich gain more from an increase in market size and lose more from an increase in the cost of entry than the poor.
2007-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7682/1/MPRA_paper_7682.pdf
Tarasov, Alexander (2007): Income Distribution, Market Structure, and Individual Welfare.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7857
2019-09-26T19:55:49Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483230
7375626A656374733D44:4433
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3230
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7857/
On the Political Economy of the Informal Sector and Income Redistribution
Hatipoglu, Ozan
Ozbek, Gulenay
H20 - General
D3 - Distribution
J20 - General
In this paper we analyze a general equilibrium model in which agents choose to be employed in formal or in the informal sector. The formal sector is taxed to provide income subsidies and the level of redistribution is determined endogenously through majority voting. We explore how the demand for redistribution determined by majority voting interacts with the incentive to work in the untaxed informal market. We also investigate how different levels of the informal sector wage can explain simultaneous changes in the size of the informal sector and level of redistribution. The model is simulated to produce qualitative results to illustrate the differences between economies with different distributional features. The model accounts for the different sizes of informal sector and income redistribution in Mexico and United States.
2008-03-20
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7857/1/MPRA_paper_7857.pdf
Hatipoglu, Ozan and Ozbek, Gulenay (2008): On the Political Economy of the Informal Sector and Income Redistribution.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7864
2019-09-30T09:33:21Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:4634:463432
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463135
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D42:4235:423532
7375626A656374733D41:4131:413133
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443734
7375626A656374733D46:4635:463539
7375626A656374733D46:4633:463333
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7864/
Making Globalization Work: Towards Global Economic Justice
Khan, Haider
F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission
F15 - Economic Integration
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
B52 - Institutional ; Evolutionary
A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values
D74 - Conflict ; Conflict Resolution ; Alliances ; Revolutions
F59 - Other
F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
Globalization as a corporate-led process has come under much justifiable criticism. This paper attempts to give the term analytic content distinct from its more ideological formulations.. It then focuses on a normative analysis of globalization from the capabilities perspective. A freedom-centered perspective such as the capabilities approach emphasizes policies and institutions that can enhance freedom globally and locally. A global governance structure based on transparent principles of both economic efficiency and social justice is shown to be a desirable state of affairs; however, the present fractured process of globalization is more likely to end up in a fragmenting regionalism or even national protectionism and rivalry. Multilateral cooperation on the basis of the framework advanced here is an urgent necessity.To this end the creation of international regimes of cooperation in areas ranging from trade and finance to ecological and women's and minorities rights issues must be put on the international and national social and political agendas
2008
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7864/1/MPRA_paper_7864.pdf
Khan, Haider (2008): Making Globalization Work: Towards Global Economic Justice.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:8050
2019-09-26T10:24:02Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4431:443133
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443333
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3234
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8050/
Livlihood Diversification and Opinion Polls’ Analysis: Evidence From Tharparkar-Sindh (Pakistan)
Herani, Gobind M.
D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
I31 - General Welfare, Well-Being
D33 - Factor Income Distribution
J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity
In this paper attempt has been made: (i) to analyse the opinion poll of Thareies about livilihood and its diversifaction, (ii) to identify the livlihood available resources and attitute of Thareis to these resoures. Answers of the poll questions are analysed accordingly and coclusions are drawn from this analysis. Study reveals that Tharis like agriclture and main source of it is the livestock. It is the sustanable source of income. Agriculture is fail due to shortage of rain fall. Goats and sheep are the main much growing vareites of livestock. Every body want to rear it with intrest because, it is easily saleable and cashable. Attitude of Tharis shows that some people are ready to divert from conventional agriculture and adopt the other opportunity. Therefore awareness of new opportunity is needed .
2008-04-15
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8050/1/MPRA_paper_8050.pdf
Herani, Gobind M. (2008): Livlihood Diversification and Opinion Polls’ Analysis: Evidence From Tharparkar-Sindh (Pakistan).
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:8129
2019-09-26T08:11:58Z
7374617475733D696E7072657373
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443333
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8129/
Theory of profit from Islamic perspective
Hasan, Zubair
D33 - Factor Income Distribution
This work examines the theory of profit in mainstream microeconomics from Islamic perspective. It does not deal with various profit theories in their historical order. Instead, it adopts an issue-wise approach and discusses questions such as what is profit, what are its sources of emergence,what is the relationship between profit and other factor rewards - interest rent and wages - with reference to distributive justice
2008
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8129/1/MPRA_paper_8129.pdf
Hasan, Zubair (2008): Theory of profit from Islamic perspective. Forthcoming in: Encyclopaedia of Islamic Economics, Islamic Foundation UK , Vol. 3, : pp. 1-8.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:8222
2019-09-26T08:53:35Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D49:4931:493132
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3232
7375626A656374733D43:4331:433135
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8222/
Notas sobre Descomposiciones Microeconométricas: Un Análisis Antropométrico
Lopez-Pablos, Rodrigo A.
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
I12 - Health Behavior
J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
C15 - Statistical Simulation Methods: General
This essay presents a theoretic approximation on the microeconometric decompositions analysis by incorporating anthropometric variables, and apprainsing theirs presumable effects on the income distribution. A new body-mass-index based equivalent scale is proposed toward more accurate individual income's representativeness. By assuming an hypothetical empiric case, interesting interpretations would be arriving on the possible interactions among anthropometry and inequality which were accounted through a set of parameter's interpretations on whose meaning could be useful at the time by developing policies to cope with eventual not desired anthropometric effects on income distribution.
2008-04-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8222/3/MPRA_paper_8222.pdf
Lopez-Pablos, Rodrigo A. (2008): Notas sobre Descomposiciones Microeconométricas: Un Análisis Antropométrico.
es
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:8250
2019-09-28T06:09:35Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4C:4C31:4C3131
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4C:4C31:4C3133
7375626A656374733D44:4434:443433
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8250/
Income Distribution, Market Structure, and Individual Welfare
Tarasov, Alexander
L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure ; Size Distribution of Firms
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
This paper explores how income distribution influences market structure and affects the economic well-being of different groups. It shows that inequality may be good for the poor via a trickle-down effect operating through entry. I consider a general equilibrium model of monopolistic competition with free entry, heterogenous firms and consumers that share identical but non-homothetic preferences. The general model is solved. The case of two types of consumers, rich and poor, is considered in detail. I show that higher income inequality in the economy can benefit the poor. An increase in personal income of the rich raises welfare of the poor, while an increase in the fraction of the rich has an ambiguous impact on the poor: welfare of the poor has an inverted U shape as a function of the fraction of the rich. At the same time, an increase in the personal income of the rich together with a decrease in the fraction of the rich, keeping the aggregate income in the economy fixed, raises the well-being of the poor. I also analyze the effect of changes in market size and entry cost. I show that the rich gain more from an increase in market size and lose more from an increase in the cost of entry than the poor.
2007-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8250/2/MPRA_paper_8250.pdf
Tarasov, Alexander (2007): Income Distribution, Market Structure, and Individual Welfare.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:8377
2019-09-28T02:02:29Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D50:5033:503330
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31:4F3130
7375626A656374733D4E:4E33:4E3330
7375626A656374733D50:5035:503531
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443631
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3138
7375626A656374733D50:5032:503236
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8377/
Central Europe in transition: emerging models of welfare and social assistance
Cerami, Alfio
P30 - General
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
O10 - General
N30 - General, International, or Comparative
P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis
J18 - Public Policy
P26 - Political Economy ; Property Rights
This paper discusses the emergence of a new model of welfare and social assistance in Central and Eastern Europe. It starts by briefly summarizing the most recent social policy developments occurring in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia and continues investigating the most urgent reform challenges and adaptational strategies. As argued elsewhere (see Cerami 2006a), the main argument of the paper is that CEECs are moving towards a new world of welfare capitalism, which combines old with new social policy characteristics. A special emphasis in this paper is, however, given to the systems of social assistance, since these represent the last public policy instrument to prevent citizens to fall into extreme poverty. As it will be argued, social assistance schemes did not only play a crucial role in the process of democratic transition cushioning the negative effects of the economic transformation, but they also represent important sources of democratic engineering providing legitimacy to the newly established market-oriented order. A substantial reconsideration in the social policy logic behind their establishment is, however, urgently required.
2008
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8377/1/MPRA_paper_8377.pdf
Cerami, Alfio (2008): Central Europe in transition: emerging models of welfare and social assistance.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:8378
2019-09-26T07:53:33Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D50:5033:503330
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31:4F3130
7375626A656374733D4E:4E33:4E3330
7375626A656374733D50:5035:503531
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443631
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3138
7375626A656374733D50:5032:503236
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8378/
Poverty and Social Structure in Russia: An Analysis of the First Decade of Transition
Cerami, Alfio
P30 - General
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
O10 - General
N30 - General, International, or Comparative
P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis
J18 - Public Policy
P26 - Political Economy ; Property Rights
This paper has four main objectives: (1) to monitor the rise of poverty and income inequality during the first decade of Russian transition; (2 to analyze the performance of the welfare state in reducing poverty and income inequality; (3) to identify the most vulnerable groups of transition; and (4) to elucidate the changes occurring in the social structure in terms of wage and income differences. The empirical evidences provided in the paper lead to the conclusion that the impact of the Russian welfare state has been rather limited with welfare institutions having only marginally succeeded in reducing poverty among people in need. This study has also highlighted how the Russian society is now slowly acquiring those characteristics of differentiation present in Western societies, which for so many years had been advocated by the population. Unfortunately, differentiation in wages has also implied a dramatic and excessive differentiation in life standards and opportunities. These are all challenges that the Russian welfare state is called to deal with. The individualization and monetarization of risks are, in fact, accentuating the self-perpetuating character of poverty, especially for children, elderly, large families with children, single mothers, farmers, manual workers, unemployed and social assistance beneficiaries.
2006
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8378/1/MPRA_paper_8378.pdf
Cerami, Alfio (2006): Poverty and Social Structure in Russia: An Analysis of the First Decade of Transition. Published in: Luxembourg Income Study No. Working Paper no. 445 (2006)
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:8468
2019-09-29T22:00:01Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493330
7375626A656374733D51:5130:513030
7375626A656374733D41:4132:413230
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D48:4830:483030
7375626A656374733D4E:4E35:4E3536
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453630
7375626A656374733D48:4837:483730
7375626A656374733D46:4630:463030
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463135
7375626A656374733D44:4431:443133
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443630
7375626A656374733D41:4131:413134
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8468/
Desarrollo Territorial Rural en America Latina: Discurso y Realidades
Mora-Alfaro, Jorge
I30 - General
Q00 - General
A20 - General
D30 - General
H00 - General
N56 - Latin America ; Caribbean
E60 - General
H70 - General
F00 - General
F15 - Economic Integration
D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
D60 - General
A14 - Sociology of Economics
The reorientation occurred in the socioeconomic, politic and institutional development of the Latin American and Caribbean countries, since 80's decade, provoke significant transformations in the regional rural spaces. The socioeconomic bipolarization is one of the most remarkable phenomena in the new conditions of the rural areas: by one side, was conformed a dynamic sector of companies, familiar's producers and external investors, dedicated to goods exportation or a different non agriculture rural activities (NARA). On the other side, numerous rural families, without the resources and the capabilities to compete with the imported goods, were gradually excluded. The NARA and the familiar pluriactivity are two ways used by the rural families to incomes generations in this new context. But the persistent poverty shows that many of them couldn't obtain the resources needed for their wealth. The Territorial Rural Development Strategies (TRDS) are one of the proposals to impulse the productive, social and institutional development in the rural areas. But these strategies confront serious obstacles to concrete their objectives and to promote the population participation and the rural wealth. In this paper were analyzed the main obstacles to encourage the TRDS in the region.
2006
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8468/1/MPRA_paper_8468.pdf
Mora-Alfaro, Jorge (2006): Desarrollo Territorial Rural en America Latina: Discurso y Realidades.
es
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:8479
2019-09-28T17:15:03Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D50:5033:503330
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31:4F3130
7375626A656374733D4E:4E33:4E3330
7375626A656374733D50:5035:503531
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443631
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3138
7375626A656374733D50:5032:503236
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8479/
Social Change and Welfare State Developments in CEE and Russia
Cerami, Alfio
P30 - General
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
O10 - General
N30 - General, International, or Comparative
P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis
J18 - Public Policy
P26 - Political Economy ; Property Rights
This paper provides a brief description of the main systemic problems (strukturprobleme) of post-communist capitalism(s), as well as exploring the main changes occurring in the social structure and the subsequent new social risks and welfare state responses emerging. It shows that post communist societies are characterized by more intense strukturprobleme, which are resulting in the materialization of broader social risks types and groups. As a consequence of a difficult and still uncompleted process of recalibration (functional, distributive, normative and institutional), the welfare states in Central and Eastern Europe and in the Russian Federation are called to face a double burden of responsibilities: they must ensure protection against old and new social risks for a larger proportion of citizens than those in the West, while, simultaneously, dealing with the most serious social, economic and political challenges stemming from the transition.
2007
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8479/1/MPRA_paper_8479.pdf
Cerami, Alfio (2007): Social Change and Welfare State Developments in CEE and Russia.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:8482
2019-09-29T04:49:18Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D50:5033:503330
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31:4F3130
7375626A656374733D4E:4E33:4E3330
7375626A656374733D50:5035:503531
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443631
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3138
7375626A656374733D50:5032:503236
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8482/
New Social Policy Ideas in the Making: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe
Cerami, Alfio
P30 - General
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
O10 - General
N30 - General, International, or Comparative
P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis
J18 - Public Policy
P26 - Political Economy ; Property Rights
Central and Eastern European countries have experienced a rapid transformation of their economic, political and welfare regime(s). From a state-paternalist welfare state, post-communist countries are now moving towards something new. A shift in the main social policy paradigm is, in fact, taking place: from central-planning to market-based welfare provisions, from public to private responsibility, from universal and flat-rate to insurance-based and contributions-related benefits. Most of these changes seem to be clearly paradigmatic, although it has still to be asked where the post-1989 social policy discourse originated. This paper aims to address this issue, by exploring the introduction of new social policy ideas in Central and Eastern Europe. The first section clarifies the difference between old and new social policy ideas within the specific context of Central and Eastern Europe. The second section provides a brief overview of the main changes in pension, health care and unemployment benefits, while the third section briefly summarizes the results. The main argument of the paper is that policy makers in the region have combined old with new social policy ideas in order to make the new welfare arrangement sustainable to internal and external pressures. In other words, they recasted the welfare state from within.
2006
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8482/1/MPRA_paper_8482.pdf
Cerami, Alfio (2006): New Social Policy Ideas in the Making: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:8677
2019-09-28T21:07:44Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D43:4332:433230
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453630
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3230
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8677/
The driving force of labor force participation in developed countries
Kitov, Ivan
Kitov, Oleg
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
C20 - General
E60 - General
J20 - General
The evolution of labor force participation rate is modeled using a lagged linear function of real economic growth, as expressed by GDP per capita. For the U.S., our model predicts at a two-year horizon with RMSFE of 0.28% for the period between 1965 and 2007. Larger part of the deviation between predicted and measured LFP is explained by artificial dislocations in measured time series induced by major revisions to the CPS methodology in 1979 and 1989. Similar models have been developed for Japan, the UK, France, Italy, Canada, and Sweden.
2008-05-08
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8677/1/MPRA_paper_8677.pdf
Kitov, Ivan and Kitov, Oleg (2008): The driving force of labor force participation in developed countries.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:8713
2019-09-26T17:16:59Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D42:4232:423230
7375626A656374733D4A:4A33:4A3330
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8713/
THE CONCEPT OF COMPARISON INCOME: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Drakopoulos, Stavros A.
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
B20 - General
J30 - General
Theories of social comparison have a long presence in the social sciences and have provided many useful insights. In economics, the idea of comparison, aspiration or relative income belongs to this theoretical framework. The first systematic usages of this idea can be found in the works of Keynes and Duesenberry. After these works the concept was relatively ignored by orthodox theorists until its recent re-appearance mainly in the fields of labour and macroeconomics. To the contrary, however, income comparisons continued to play a role in much of Keynesian inspired and Behavioural economics literature. In the last few years it has made a strong comeback in the literature of job satisfaction and of the economics of happiness. This paper attempts to trace the development of the concept in the modern history of economic thought. It also discusses the main theoretical implications of adopting income comparisons and possible reasons for its relative disregard by orthodox economics.
2008-05-12
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8713/1/MPRA_paper_8713.pdf
Drakopoulos, Stavros A. (2008): THE CONCEPT OF COMPARISON INCOME: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:9037
2019-09-30T14:30:13Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3134
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3130
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9037/
Zum Einkommensreichtum Älterer in Deutschland- Neue Reichtumskennzahlen und Ergebnisse aus der Lohnund Einkommensteuerstatistik (FAST 2001)
Böhm, Paul
Merz, Joachim
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
J14 - Economics of the Elderly ; Economics of the Handicapped ; Non-Labor Market Discrimination
J10 - General
D30 - General
This contribution analyzes income richness of elder persons in Germany in 2001. Using actual
data of the German Wage and Income Tax Statistics, which are particularly suitable for
the analysis of high incomes, new richness indices are discussed and new results are presented.
It appears that the the number of rich people in upper age groups are below the average. But
deepening results point out the fact that the richness intensity and the concentration of high
income are particularly pronounced for upper age groups.
Taking into account partial components, which are necessary to the representation of richness,
an above-average relevance of income richness can be ascertained for the elderly in Germany
in 2001.
2008-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9037/1/MPRA_paper_9037.pdf
Böhm, Paul and Merz, Joachim (2008): Zum Einkommensreichtum Älterer in Deutschland- Neue Reichtumskennzahlen und Ergebnisse aus der Lohnund Einkommensteuerstatistik (FAST 2001).
de
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:9173
2019-09-27T16:31:51Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3233
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9173/
Wer bezahlt die Steuern? Steuerbelastung und Einkommenssituation von Freien und anderen Berufen
Merz, Joachim
Quiel, Thorsten
Venkatarama, Kshama
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D30 - General
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
J23 - Labor Demand
Within the actual economic and social policy discussion an increasing tax and duties burden is the
subject. Before new tax laws and impact analyses of tax changes can be considered, an analysis of the
actual tax burden of different societal groups is necessary. In addition, a problemoriented analysis and
description of the actual tax burden and its distribution is misssing above all for professions (Freie
Berufe). Only before the background of a sound explanation about the reality a targeted economic and
social policy is not possible. With our study we want to contribute providing an information and
discussion platform.
Our analysis in particular focuses on the distribution of the tax burden and the accompanying income.
Within all different taxes the income tax is the tax with the highest revenue. The income tax therefore is
of our specific interest. After discussing the possibilities and availability of tax information in Germany,
in particular for professions, we analyze the tax burden of the professions alltogehter as well as for single
professions‘ groups based on the actual available income tax statistic 1989. The distributional analyses
provide information about the deviation and the distribution of the tax burden within single groups of
professions. In addition, we provide income distribution information for different groups of professions
based on such a reliable database.
1998-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9173/1/MPRA_paper_9173.pdf
Merz, Joachim and Quiel, Thorsten and Venkatarama, Kshama (1998): Wer bezahlt die Steuern? Steuerbelastung und Einkommenssituation von Freien und anderen Berufen.
de
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:9759
2019-09-27T11:38:37Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D45:4533:453331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9759/
Turkey - Inflation and the Distribution of Income
He, Dong
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
E31 - Price Level ; Inflation ; Deflation
During the inflationary process, prices, wages, and interest rates are all rising. In this panorama of movement in relative and absolute prices, are there systematic changes that have a predictable effect on the distribution of income? Chronically high inflation has often been blamed for making income distribution less equal in Turkey. This paper attempts to present some
evidence. It seeks to determine the impact of inflationary processes on the economic well being of different income classes through both expenditure effects and income effects.
1999
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9759/1/MPRA_paper_9759.pdf
He, Dong (1999): Turkey - Inflation and the Distribution of Income.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:9808
2019-10-01T05:26:42Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D45:4532
7375626A656374733D44:4433
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32
7375626A656374733D45:4533
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9808/
Comprehensive macro-model for the U.S. economy
Kitov, Ivan
Kitov, Oleg
Dolinskaya, Svetlana
E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy
D3 - Distribution
J1 - Demographic Economics
J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor
E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
We present a comprehensive macroeconomic model for the U.S. There exist strict long-term relations between real GDP, price inflation, labor force participation, productivity, and unemployment. The evolution of real GDP depends only on exogenous demographic forces. Other macro-variables follow up the real GDP. The links between the variables have been valid during the last several decades.
All relations were (successfully) tested for cointegration. Statistical estimates are also presented. The relationships allow a reliable prediction of the macroeconomic state at very large (more than 9 years) time horizons.
2008-08-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9808/1/MPRA_paper_9808.pdf
Kitov, Ivan and Kitov, Oleg and Dolinskaya, Svetlana (2008): Comprehensive macro-model for the U.S. economy.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:10083
2013-04-15T03:25:25Z
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:10107
2019-09-26T12:32:06Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D45:4531:453137
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31:4F3132
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10107/
Modeling the evolution of age-dependent Gini coefficient for personal incomes in the U.S. between 1967 and 2005
Kitov, Ivan
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
E17 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
J1 - Demographic Economics
O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
This study validates the microeconomic model defining the evolution of personal incomes in the U.S. Because of a large portion of population not reporting any income, any comprehensive modeling of the overall personal income distribution (PID) is complicated. Age-dependent PIDs allow overcoming this shortcoming since the portion of population without income is very low (<4 %) for ages over 45 years. It is demonstrated that the evolution of Gini coefficient, for the years with a good PID resolution, can be accurately (<0.005) predicted.
As the overall PIDs, the empirical age-dependent (density) PIDs collapse to practically one curve when normalized to cumulative growth in personal income and total population in given age groups for the period between 1967 and 2005. This allows exact prediction of Gini coefficient and other measures of inequality, which are defined by PID. Therefore, these measures of income inequality are only of secondary importance
In all age groups, the model predicts slightly decreasing Gini coefficients between 1977 and 2005. The overall G is approximately constant, however. The Pareto law index, k, undergoes significant changes over age: increases from the youngest age to approximately 67 years of age, and then drops. This index defines the roll-off at the highest incomes.
2008-08-20
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10107/1/MPRA_paper_10107.pdf
Kitov, Ivan (2008): Modeling the evolution of age-dependent Gini coefficient for personal incomes in the U.S. between 1967 and 2005.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:10111
2019-09-27T16:53:33Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10111/
Not a Hollowing Out, a Stretching: Trends in U.S. Nonmetro Wage Income Distribution, 1961-2003
Angle, John
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
Much of the U.S. labor economics literature asserts that U.S. wage income inequality increased in the last half of the 20th century. These papers point to two trends: 1) the increasing dispersion in U.S. wage incomes, and 2) the rapid growth in the relative frequency of large wage incomes of fixed size in constant dollar terms. A subset of the labor economics literature interprets these trends as a hollowing out of the wage income distribution. A hollowing out would yield fewer middling wage incomes. Since nonmetro wage incomes have, historically, been smaller than metro wage incomes, a hollowing out might disproportionately displace nonmetro wage incomes into the left mode of the hollowed out distribution, that of small wage incomes. However, there was no hollowing out of the nonmetro wage income distribution between 1961 and 2003. While trends #1 and #2 exist in U.S. nonmetro wage income data, they are aspects of the stretching of the distribution of nonmetro wage incomes to the right over larger wage incomes as all its percentiles increased between 1961 and 2003. This stretching means that all nonmetro wage income percentiles increase simultaneously with greater proportional growth in the smaller percentiles. The literature focused on the greater absolute gains of the larger percentiles and took them as evidence of growing inequality. This paper shows for nonmetro wage incomes in the U.S. that those gains are but one aspect of the stretching of the distribution and that other aspects of this transformation might as easily be taken as evidence of growing equality.
2006-02
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10111/1/MPRA_paper_10111.pdf
Angle, John (2006): Not a Hollowing Out, a Stretching: Trends in U.S. Nonmetro Wage Income Distribution, 1961-2003.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:10168
2019-09-27T09:08:20Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4F:4F34:4F3431
7375626A656374733D4F:4F33:4F3334
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10168/
Effects of Patent Policy on Income and Consumption Inequality in an R&D-Growth Model
Chu, Angus C.
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
O34 - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital
What are the effects of strengthening patent protection on income and consumption inequality? To analyze this question, this paper incorporates heterogeneity in the initial wealth of households into a canonical quality-ladder growth model with endogenous labor supply. In this model, I firstly show that the aggregate economy always jumps immediately to a unique and stable balanced-growth path. Given the balanced-growth behavior of the aggregate economy and an exogenous distribution of initial wealth, I then show that the endogenous distribution of assets in subsequent periods is stationary and equal to its initial distribution. The model predicts that strengthening patent protection increases (a) economic growth by stimulating R&D investment and (b) income inequality by raising the return on assets. However, whether it also increases consumption inequality depends on the elasticity of intertemporal substitution. If and only if this elasticity is less (greater) than unity, strengthening patent protection increases (decreases) consumption inequality. For standard parameter values, strengthening patent protection leads to a larger increase in income inequality than consumption inequality.
2008-08
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10168/1/MPRA_paper_10168.pdf
Chu, Angus C. (2008): Effects of Patent Policy on Income and Consumption Inequality in an R&D-Growth Model.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:10171
2019-10-05T05:35:00Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443633
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D4F:4F35
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10171/
Ranking income distributions using the Geometric Mean and a related general measure
Moore, Robert E.
D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
O5 - Economywide Country Studies
This paper illustrates the usefulness of a generalized welfare measure for ranking income distributions that are unordered by stochastic dominance and illuminates the properties of the measure. Other welfare criteria such as the arithmetic mean and Rawls criteria are special cases of this generalized measure. This generalized welfare measure illustrates that use of these special cases involves a subjective judgment by the observer of the relative importance of equity preference to efficiency preference.
1996-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10171/1/MPRA_paper_10171.pdf
Moore, Robert E. (1996): Ranking income distributions using the Geometric Mean and a related general measure. Published in: Southern Economic Journal , Vol. 63, No. 1 (July 1996): pp. 69-75.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:10218
2019-09-27T19:52:20Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D5A:5A31:5A3133
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10218/
Comparison of neighborhood trust between generations in a racially homogeneous society: A case study from Japan.
Yamamura, Eiji
D30 - General
Z13 - Economic Sociology ; Economic Anthropology ; Social and Economic Stratification
Using Japanese prefecture-level data for the years 1979 and 1996, I explore the extent to which inequality, age heterogeneity, and human capital have an effect upon neighborhood trust, which is ordinarily considered as a kind of particularized trust. The major findings are as follows: (1) Income inequality is associated with low trust for both young and the old generations. (2) Age homogeneity and education have a detrimental effect on trust. However, this tendency is not observed when the sample includes older-generation respondents only. These results are not changed when I instrument for inequality and per capita income using the relative size of the mature-aged cohort and the occurrence of natural disasters. It follows that neighborhood trust contains mixed features of generalized and particularized trust.
2008-07-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10218/1/MPRA_paper_10218.pdf
Yamamura, Eiji (2008): Comparison of neighborhood trust between generations in a racially homogeneous society: A case study from Japan.
en
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