2024-03-29T15:05:19Z
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/cgi/oai2
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:2071
2019-09-30T16:59:04Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453632
7375626A656374733D48:4836:483632
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483231
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2071/
Taxation without Commitment
Reis, Catarina
H22 - Incidence
E62 - Fiscal Policy
H62 - Deficit ; Surplus
H21 - Efficiency ; Optimal Taxation
This paper considers a Ramsey model of linear capital and labor income taxation in which a benevolent government cannot commit ex-ante to a sequence of taxes for the future. In this setup, if the government is allowed to borrow and lend to the consumers, the optimal capital income tax is zero in the long run. This result stands in marked contrast with the recent literature on optimal taxation without commitment, which imposes budget balance and typically finds that the optimal capital income tax does not converge to zero. Since it is efficient to backload incentives, breaking budget balance allows the government to generate surplus that reduces its debt or increases its assets over time until the lack of commitment is no longer binding and the economy is back in the full commitment solution. Therefore, while the lack of commitment does not change the optimal capital tax in the long run, it may impose an upper bound on the level of long run debt.
2006-12
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2071/1/MPRA_paper_2071.pdf
Reis, Catarina (2006): Taxation without Commitment.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:4183
2019-10-01T05:15:05Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D4C:4C32:4C3236
7375626A656374733D42:4232:423235
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483235
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4183/
The Non-neutrality of Corporate Tax: An Entrepreneurial Perspective
Filoso, Valerio
H22 - Incidence
L26 - Entrepreneurship
B25 - Historical ; Institutional ; Evolutionary ; Austrian
H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
While corporate taxation is a major issue in the debate over international finance, economic theory has no clear stance on who bears its burden. On balance, economists seem still more prone to accept that taxing profits does not affect corporations' outcomes. This paper makes three cases for non-neutrality. First, since corporate taxation is asymmetric between profit and loss, the tax rate may change the ranking of alternative investments. Secondly, the imperfect observability of the use of internal resources makes pure economic profits very difficult to detect. Thirdly, when the pervasive role of entrepreneurship is fully taken into account, corporate taxation appears clearly as a direct tax on market adjustments and as an indirect tax on wages.
2007-07-20
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4183/1/MPRA_paper_4183.pdf
Filoso, Valerio (2007): The Non-neutrality of Corporate Tax: An Entrepreneurial Perspective.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:4398
2019-09-27T04:42:25Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483235
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D47:4732:473231
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4398/
Competitive advantage: a study of the federal tax exemption for credit unions
Tatom, John
H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
H22 - Incidence
G21 - Banks ; Depository Institutions ; Micro Finance Institutions ; Mortgages
This study evaluates the federal tax exemption for credit unions. It reviews the industry’s history, its unique exemption, the motivation behind this tax treatment, the eroding case for special treatment, the size of the tax break and its effects on credit unions, their competitors, and their members.
The nation’s credit unions always have been exempt from federal income taxation. Federally chartered credit unions are even exempt from state and local income taxation. Saving and loan associations, also originally largely exempt from taxation, lost their exemption on 1951 and calls for tax reform, including those of former Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan, included provisions to end the special exemptions of credit unions. But the credit union tax exemptions have survived. At least in part, these exemptions arose from the cooperative nature of credit union ownership and limits on their ability to compete because of their legal “field of membership” restrictions, which limited who could be a depositor and borrower from a credit union. Nonetheless, credit unions have competed with other financial institutions, especially banks, with a major cost advantage, the tax exemption. Tax exemption has allowed credit unions to grow much more rapidly than banks. Unusual growth was also fostered by steady erosion of limits on credit union membership over the past two decades. In 1998, the US Supreme Court struck down the liberalization of membership rules, but the US Congress promptly passed new legislation overriding the court. As a result the processes of consolidation, merger and broadening of geographic markets accelerated while credit unions were allowed to keep their tax exemptions. Thus, Congress created new tensions by weakening the case for tax exemption without addressing its continuing legitimacy.
Today credit unions continue to grow faster than banks, have little practical limitations on membership, make business loans that increasingly have no limits on who can borrow, how much or for what purpose. Even the limits that Congress imposed, as they otherwise removed limits on credit union markets and competition, have broad loopholes and remain under serious challenge by the credit union industry.
The tax loss to the federal Treasury is estimated here to be $2 billion and to be growing rapidly. Indeed, the tax loss over the five years, 2004-2008 is estimated to be $12.6 billion and reaches $31.3 billion over the ten-year window 2005-2014. The size of the tax loss is substantially higher than estimates prepared by official arbiters including the Office of Management and Budget or the Congressional Budget Office.
The annual loss in tax revenue could accrue to several different credit union constituencies: members, as depositors (higher “dividends,” or interest rates, on their “shares,” or deposits), borrowers (lower interest rates on loans), or shareholders (through greater retained earnings). The benefits of the tax break could also accrue to management, workers or other suppliers through inflated costs or inefficient operations.
Based on other studies of differences between credit unions and banks and on direct and indirect evidence gathered for this study, it is found that the principal effect of the tax break is to enlarge the retained earnings or equity of the credit union industry. A higher ratio of equity to assets has made possible a larger and faster growing industry than would otherwise have been possible. There is some evidence that certain type loans have lower rates at credit unions. These are for loans that have become less profitable and less available at banks, such as auto loans. There is also some evidence that part of the tax advantage is absorbed by higher costs than they would have in a taxed, or more competitive, environment. Overall the dominant effect is to boost the equity ratio. Over the past ten years, credit unions have had an equity ratio, the ratio of equity to total assets that is more than 25 percent larger than that of banks. This is about the size of effect predicted by economic theory if the dominant effect of the tax break is to raise this measure.
The equity ratio is a cushion against losses in asset value that could threaten the solvency of a financial institution. It is also a constraint on growth because a relatively safe institution cannot allow its assets to grow faster than its equity if it is holding its desired equity ratio. Despite the fact that the risk of credit union assets, largely shorter term consumer loans and consumer mortgages, is much smaller than the risks of bank assets, which are largely business loans and securities, credit unions hold a higher cushion against risk. These unusually large holding of equity cannot be realized through stock sales by the owners/members of credit unions and they do not yield competitive risk-adjusted yields on assets that they would have to earn if credit unions were subject to the same taxes as banks. Removing the tax exemption would level the playing field, reducing the excessive growth and relative size of credit union assets. It would also raise about $2 billion in tax revenue, either directly from credit unions or from more profitable and more highly taxed banks, where credit union deposits and assets would migrate if the tax exemption were ended. Finally it would raise the rate of return on some $65 billion of capital that is squirreled away in credit unions, earning lower rates of return than would be the case at taxed banks.
Some analysts have argued that small institutions (under $10 million in assets) should continue to be tax exempt because of their special character and, perhaps, innate inefficiencies. But the corporate income tax already takes smallness into effect by taxing low-income firms at lower tax rates (15%, instead of up to 35% for large firms, or up to 39 percent for mid-sized corporations).
2005-02-28
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4398/1/MPRA_paper_4398.pdf
Tatom, John (2005): Competitive advantage: a study of the federal tax exemption for credit unions. Published in: Tax Foundation Special Academic Paper (28 February 2005): pp. 1-28.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:6058
2019-09-29T15:48:17Z
7374617475733D696E7072657373
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D42:4231:423139
7375626A656374733D4E:4E34:4E3433
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6058/
The Laspeyres-Paradox: Tax Overshifting in Nineteenth Century Prussia
Spoerer, Mark
H22 - Incidence
B19 - Other
N43 - Europe: Pre-1913
Following the seminal work of late nineteenth century economist Etienne Laspeyres we analyse the incidence of the Prussian milling and slaughter tax shortly before its repeal in 1875. A comparison of flour prices in cities which levied this tax with cities that did not reveals unusually strong tax overshifting. Modern theories explain overshifting of a specific tax with quality improvements or imperfect competition. In pursuing these ideas we find that it was rather large surplus costs induced by tax collection and monitoring that caused unusually large excess burdens. The reason why the tax remained nevertheless basically unchanged for more than half a century is that the urban bourgeoisie successfully prevented its repeal, as the alternative would have been the introduction of municipal direct taxes (rent-seeking behaviour).
2007-12-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6058/1/MPRA_paper_6058.pdf
Spoerer, Mark (2007): The Laspeyres-Paradox: Tax Overshifting in Nineteenth Century Prussia. Forthcoming in: Cliometrica (2008)
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:6479
2019-09-27T03:08:36Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483331
7375626A656374733D43:4339:433931
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6479/
Are Income and Consumption Taxes Ever Really Equivalent? Evidence from a Real-Effort Experiment with Real Goods
Blumkin, Tomer
Ruffle, Bradley J.
Ganun, Yosef
H22 - Incidence
H31 - Household
C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior
The public finance literature demonstrates the equivalence between consumption and labor income (wage) taxes. We construct an environment in which individuals make real
labor-leisure choices and spend their earned income on real goods. We use this experimental framework to test whether a labor income tax and an equivalent consumption tax lead to an identical labor-leisure allocation. Despite controlling for subjects' work ability and inherent labor-leisure preferences and not allowing for saving, subjects reduce their labor supply significantly more in response to an income tax than they do in response to an equivalent consumption tax. We discuss the economic implications of a policy shift from an income to a consumption tax.
2007-12-28
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6479/1/MPRA_paper_6479.pdf
Blumkin, Tomer and Ruffle, Bradley J. and Ganun, Yosef (2007): Are Income and Consumption Taxes Ever Really Equivalent? Evidence from a Real-Effort Experiment with Real Goods.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:7236
2019-09-27T07:46:42Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483230
7375626A656374733D43:4338:433831
7375626A656374733D43:4338:433830
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7236/
Microsimulation as an Instrument to Evaluate Economic and Social Programmes
Merz, Joachim
H22 - Incidence
H20 - General
C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data ; Data Access
C80 - General
In recent years microsimulation models (MSMs) have been increasingly applied in quantitative analyses
of the individual impacts of economic and social programme policies.
The suitability of using microsimulation as an instrument to analyze main and side policy impacts at the
individual level will be discussed in this paper by characterizing: the general approach and principles of
the two general microsimulation approaches: static and dynamic (cross-section and lifecycle)
microsimulation, the structure of MSMs with institutional regulations and behavioural response,
panel data and behavioural change, deterministic and stochastic microsimulation, the 4M-strategy to
combine microtheory, microdata, microestimation and microsimulation, and pinpointing applications and
recent developments.
To demonstrate the evaluation of economic and social programmes by microsimulation, two examples
concerning a dynamic (cross-section and life-cycle) microsimulation of the German retirement pension
reform and a combined static/dynamic microsimulation of the recent German tax reform with its
behavioural impacts on formal and informal economic activities of private households are briefly
described. Evaluating the evaluation of economic and social programmes with microsimulation models
finally is followed by concluding remarks about some future developments.
1993-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7236/1/MPRA_paper_7236.pdf
Merz, Joachim (1993): Microsimulation as an Instrument to Evaluate Economic and Social Programmes.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:9031
2019-09-26T19:32:46Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513430
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9031/
Оценка налоговой нагрузки в нефтедобыче в условиях ценового паритета между внутренним и внешним рынком
Subbotin, Viktor
H22 - Incidence
Q40 - General
I estimate the revenues, profits and tax payments in the Russian oil sector for various counterfactual world oil prices. I base my analysis on the price parity hypothesis for the oil prices in the domestic and world markets that I verify empirically. I apply these results to analyze the effects of the tax reform in the Russian oil sector in 2002.
2004-09-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9031/1/MPRA_paper_9031.pdf
Subbotin, Viktor (2004): Оценка налоговой нагрузки в нефтедобыче в условиях ценового паритета между внутренним и внешним рынком. Published in: Ekonomika i Matematicheskie Metody , Vol. 41, No. 3
ru
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:9044
2019-09-29T04:34:21Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D44:4431:443132
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493338
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9044/
Rwanda: Electricity Tariff Reform
Angel-Urdinola, Diego
Cosgrove-Davies, Malcolm
Wodon, Quentin
H22 - Incidence
D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
Rwanda is facing a severe electricity crisis. Higher demand and production cost as well as a reduction in revenues in real terms have led to large operating losses for the electricity operator Electrogaz. In order to deal with this crisis, a doubling of electricity tariffs was recently approved, from a flat rate of RWF 42/kwh to a flat rate of RWF82/kwh. This flat rate may not be appropriate to protect some of the poorer residential customers of Electrogaz from the necessary increase in the average level of electricity tariffs. For this reason, Electrogaz has recently proposed to implement an Inverted U Block Tariff Structure. The objective of this paper is to provide a preliminary assessment of the distributive properties of the new tariff proposal, as well as simulations for the properties of alternative tariff designs using recent household survey data. The results show how simple techniques can be implemented fairly rapidly in order to assess the benefit incidence and poverty impact of policy proposals.
2006
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9044/1/MPRA_paper_9044.pdf
Angel-Urdinola, Diego and Cosgrove-Davies, Malcolm and Wodon, Quentin (2006): Rwanda: Electricity Tariff Reform. Published in: Poverty and Social Impact Analysis of Reforms: Lessons and Examples from Implementat (edited by A. Coudouel, A. Dani and S. Paternostro), World Bank, Washington, DC (2006): pp. 235-256.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:11072
2019-09-28T01:10:20Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493338
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443631
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11072/
Assessing the Targeting Performance of Social Programs: Cape Verde
Angel-Urdinola, Diego
Wodon, Quentin
H22 - Incidence
I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis
Budget constraints faced by governments in developing countries imply that the targeting performance of public subsidies and social programs (whether the subsidies are provided in cash or in kind) is important for reducing poverty. In this paper, we analyze the distributional properties of the main existing social programs in Cape Verde and assess whether various targeting systems (including proxy means testing and geographic targeting) could help to improve targeting performance.
2008-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11072/1/MPRA_paper_11072.pdf
Angel-Urdinola, Diego and Wodon, Quentin (2008): Assessing the Targeting Performance of Social Programs: Cape Verde. Published in: Public Finance for Poverty Reduction: Concepts and Case Studies from Africa and Latin America (edited by Blanca Moreno-Dodson and Quentin Wodon, published in World Bank Directions in Development) (January 2008): pp. 417-439.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:12309
2019-09-27T20:43:04Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443633
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483532
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12309/
Who Benefits from Increased Access to Public Services at the Local Level? A Marginal Benefit Incidence Analysis for Education and Basic Infrastructure
Ajwad, Mohamed Ishan
Wodon, Quentin
H22 - Incidence
D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
H52 - Government Expenditures and Education
Do poor people benefit more or less than the nonpoor from an expansion in access to public services? And do those benefits depend on the existing level of access? Answering these questions is essential to strategies for empowering
(or “investing in”) poor people, but the lack of panel data or repeated crosssectional data in poor countries has often made it impossible. This paper proposes a methodology for answering these questions using data from only a single cross-section survey. We argue that the methodology may be useful for monitoring the allocation of public expenditures in a context of decentralization, and we demonstrate this by applying it to local-level data from Bolivia and Paraguay. The results indicate that the marginal benefit incidence is higher (or at least not systematically lower) for the poor than for the nonpoor
in education, but this is not the case for many basic infrastructure services. More generally, the poor seem to gain access only once the nonpoor already have high levels of access. This suggests that pro-poor policies must be implemented if the poor are to reap the benefits of gains in access faster.
2002-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12309/1/MPRA_paper_12309.pdf
Ajwad, Mohamed Ishan and Wodon, Quentin (2002): Who Benefits from Increased Access to Public Services at the Local Level? A Marginal Benefit Incidence Analysis for Education and Basic Infrastructure. Published in: World Bank Economists' Forum , Vol. 2, (July 2002): pp. 155-175.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13144
2019-09-29T04:57:54Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483235
7375626A656374733D43:4331:433135
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13144/
An Analysis of the Distributional Impact of the Goods and Services Tax
Grady, Patrick
H22 - Incidence
H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
C15 - Statistical Simulation Methods: General
This article analyzes the distributional impact of the Canadian Goods and Services Tax, which was implemented in 1989, using the Social Policy Simulation and Database, a sophisticated micro-simulation tool developoed by Statistics Canada.
1990-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13144/1/MPRA_paper_13144.pdf
Grady, Patrick (1990): An Analysis of the Distributional Impact of the Goods and Services Tax. Published in: Canadian Tax Journal , Vol. 3, No. 38 (May 1990): pp. 632-643.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13246
2019-09-29T04:37:49Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483235
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13246/
The Distributional Impact of the Goods and Services Tax: A Reply to Gillespie
Grady, Patrick
H22 - Incidence
H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
This article presents my response to methodological questions about the incidence and impact of the Canadian Goods and Services Tax raised by W. Irwin Gillespie.
1991
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13246/1/MPRA_paper_13246.pdf
Grady, Patrick (1991): The Distributional Impact of the Goods and Services Tax: A Reply to Gillespie. Published in: Canadian Tax Journal , Vol. 38, No. 4 (1991): pp. 937-946.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:14016
2019-09-26T17:40:19Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D44:4435:443538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14016/
Incidencia fiscal de los incentivos tributarios
Ortega, Juan Ricardo
Piraquive, Gabriel Armando
Hernandez, Gustavo Adolfo
Soto, Carolina
Prada, Sergio
Ramirez, Juan Mauricio
H22 - Incidence
D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
Tax incentives have traditionally been used as a tool by
public policy makers in order to correct or reduce market failures. However, there is a widespread debate, in the international literature, about whether they can or
not reaching this goal. In this paper, we propose a methodology to assess different tax incentives proposals using several criteria. We use a computable general equilibrium model for that purpose. Our main result is that in order for tax incentives to meet their goals, there needs to be a clear mechanism in the economy by which resources not received by the government become new private investment. However, it is a complex situation for governments, insofar as ensuring the reinvestment of the forgone resources would require additional governmental intervention, which are difficult to control and involve higher costs in administrative, fiscal and efficiency terms.
2000-11-27
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14016/1/MPRA_paper_14016.pdf
Ortega, Juan Ricardo and Piraquive, Gabriel Armando and Hernandez, Gustavo Adolfo and Soto, Carolina and Prada, Sergio and Ramirez, Juan Mauricio (2000): Incidencia fiscal de los incentivos tributarios. Published in: Planeacion y Desarrollo , Vol. 31, No. 3 (December 2000)
es
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:14546
2019-09-26T17:25:45Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D44:4435:443538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14546/
Exenciones tributarias: Costo fiscal y análisis de incidencia
Hernandez, Gustavo Adolfo
Soto, Carolina
Prada, Sergio
Ramirez, Juan Mauricio
H22 - Incidence
D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
The fiscal situation in Colombia has been deteriorating over recent years, as seen in various fiscal indicators. Among the policy actions that can be made to avoid making the situation worse, is the increase of tax collections and thus generate an increase in revenue for the nation. Using a computable general equilibrium model, we estimate the effect of total and partial elimination of current fiscal exemptions. It is found that a full elimination of exemptions, leads to a more neutral tax system, allowing the partial recovery of public finances and economic growth prospects.
2000-12-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14546/1/MPRA_paper_14546.pdf
Hernandez, Gustavo Adolfo and Soto, Carolina and Prada, Sergio and Ramirez, Juan Mauricio (2000): Exenciones tributarias: Costo fiscal y análisis de incidencia. Published in: Archivos de Macroeconomia No. 141 (7 December 2000): pp. 1-30.
es
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:14820
2019-09-26T22:20:41Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483534
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433638
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D44:4435:443538
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493332
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14820/
Decomposing the Effects of Economic Policies on Poverty Trends in Cameroon: A Double Calibration Micro Simulated General Equilibrium Analysis
Emini, Christian Arnault
Kanmi Feunou, Dorine
H54 - Infrastructures ; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models
H22 - Incidence
D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
This paper aims at bringing out the determinants of the significant poverty alleviation observed in Cameroon between 1993 and 2001. It focuses on the decomposition of poverty and growth changes, in order to assess the intrinsic contribution of each major economic policy implemented in Cameroon during this period. A double calibration technique, within a micro-simulated computable general equilibrium model was used to that effect. Findings obtained reveal that the devaluation, the rehabilitation of infrastructures, and the VAT enforcement respectively contributed for two percent, 9 percent and -4 percent in the poverty alleviation; for one percent, 11 percent, and three percent in explaining GDP growth; and for 65 percent, zero percent and 11 percent in the rise of the consumer price index (CPI). Beside revealing the intrinsic impacts of aforementioned policies, the double calibration approach made it possible to realize that technological changes arose between 1993 and 2001 alone stand to explain up to 31 percent of the nationwide decline in poverty, 45 percent of the GDP growth, and 4 percent of the CPI increase. The notion of technological changes refers here to changes occurred across the time in the values of scale parameters contained in production and product differentiation functions.
2008-11
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14820/1/MPRA_paper_14820.pdf
Emini, Christian Arnault and Kanmi Feunou, Dorine (2008): Decomposing the Effects of Economic Policies on Poverty Trends in Cameroon: A Double Calibration Micro Simulated General Equilibrium Analysis.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:15781
2019-09-26T09:17:38Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483231
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483235
7375626A656374733D48:4836:483631
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15781/
Sector and size effects on effective corporate taxation
Nicodeme, Gaetan
H22 - Incidence
H21 - Efficiency ; Optimal Taxation
H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
H61 - Budget ; Budget Systems
The current debate in corporate taxation is focussing on leveling the tax playing field within the European Union in order to allow companies incorporated in different countries to face the same competitive conditions. However, various elements of corporate tax rules may discriminate against companies registered in the same country but having different sizes or operating in different sectors. Using the micro backward-looking approach to compute effective tax rates for eleven European countries, the US, and Japan, this paper shows that there could be some concerns regarding domestic tax discrimination since some sectors and sizes enjoy significantly more favorable tax burdens.
2002-08
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15781/1/MPRA_paper_15781.pdf
Nicodeme, Gaetan (2002): Sector and size effects on effective corporate taxation. Published in: Economic Papers , Vol. 175, (August 2002)
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:16710
2019-09-27T06:10:04Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483231
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483236
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16710/
Bank transactions: pathway to the single tax ideal A modern tax technology;the Brazilian experience with a bank transactions tax (1993-2007)
Cintra, Marcos
H22 - Incidence
H21 - Efficiency ; Optimal Taxation
H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
Globalization is eroding the efficiency of conventional taxes, such as VAT´s (value added taxes). Meanwhile, a new form of taxation, levied on bank transactions, was successfully used in Brazil (1993-2007). Based on digital technology, this tax innovation proved to be evasion-proof, more efficient and less costly than orthodox tax models. Furthermore, the significant revenue-raising capacity of bank transactions taxation revived the centuries old ideal of the Single Tax. This book carries out a qualitative and quantitative in-depth comparison of the efficiency, equity and compliance costs of a bank transactions tax relative to orthodox tax systems, and opens new perspectives for the use of modern banking technology in tax reform across the world.
2009-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16710/1/MPRA_paper_16710.pdf
Cintra, Marcos (2009): Bank transactions: pathway to the single tax ideal A modern tax technology;the Brazilian experience with a bank transactions tax (1993-2007). Published in:
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:17199
2019-09-26T08:26:54Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17199/
The Burden of Federal Tax Increases Under the Conservatives
Grady, Patrick
H22 - Incidence
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
An important economic trend in Canada in recent years is the increasing share of personal income going to both direct and indirect taxes. This article provides a analysis of the distributional impact of federal tax and transfer policies over the period that the Conservatives were in power between 1984 and 1992. It finds that the policy changes (primarily increased commodity taxes and income surtaxes) have raised the tax burden on the household sector by $22 billion between 1984 and 1992. Net taxes paid by the average Canadian family have increased by almost $1,900. The tax changes have been very progressive on average for families earning less than $35,000 per year, roughly prooortional in the $35,000 to $75,000 range, modestly regressive in the $75,000 to $150,000 range, and very regressive above $150,000.
1992-09-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17199/1/MPRA_paper_17199.pdf
Grady, Patrick (1992): The Burden of Federal Tax Increases Under the Conservatives. Published in: Canadian Business Economics , Vol. 1, No. 1 (10 September 1992): pp. 16-24.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:17308
2019-10-01T18:56:25Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493338
7375626A656374733D43:4338
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483236
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17308/
The distributional implications of income underreporting in Hungary
Benedek, Dora
Lelkes, Orsolya
H22 - Incidence
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology ; Computer Programs
H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
The paper estimates the distributional implications of income tax evasion in Hungary based on a random sample of administrative tax records of 230 thousand individuals. Gross incomes in the administrative tax records are compared with those in a nationally representative household budget survey, assuming that tax-evaders are more likely to report their true incomes in an anonymous interview. Our estimates show that the average rate of underreporting is 11%, which conceals large differences between self-employed (who hide the majority of their incomes) and employees. The estimates are likely to be lower bound, due to measurement error in the income survey. These rates are then used in EUROMOD, a tax-benefit microsimulation model to calculate the fiscal and distributional implications of underreporting, while taking account of all major direct taxes and cash benefits and also their interactions. Tax evasion reduces fiscal revenues from personal income taxes by about 19%. While the occurrence of poverty is not affected, income inequality becomes significantly higher (the Gini coefficient increases by 7%), suggesting that high earners tend to evade proportionately more. Finally, we find that tax evasion largely reduces the progressivity of the tax system.
2009-09-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17308/1/MPRA_paper_17308.pdf
Benedek, Dora and Lelkes, Orsolya (2009): The distributional implications of income underreporting in Hungary.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:19908
2019-09-29T22:36:47Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D41:4132:413232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D41:4131
7375626A656374733D41:4132
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19908/
Slope versus elasticity and the burden of taxation
Graves, Philip E.
Sexton, Robert L.
Lee, Dwight R.
A22 - Undergraduate
H22 - Incidence
A1 - General Economics
A2 - Economic Education and Teaching of Economics
While there was no abstract for this brief paper, it clarifies for students that demand and supply slopes convey the burden of taxation discussion at least as well as does the more typical discussion employing elasticities.
1996
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19908/1/MPRA_paper_19908.pdf
Graves, Philip E. and Sexton, Robert L. and Lee, Dwight R. (1996): Slope versus elasticity and the burden of taxation. Published in: Journal of Economic Education , Vol. 27, No. 3 : pp. 229-232.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:20178
2019-10-01T16:16:47Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483535
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D44:4433
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20178/
The redistributive impact of public and private social expenditure
Goudswaard, Kees
Caminada, Koen
H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions
H22 - Incidence
D3 - Distribution
Most analyses of social protection are focussed on public arrangements. However, social effort is
not restricted to the public domain; all kinds of private arrangements can be substitutes to public
programs. In fact, in several countries there has been a shift from public towards private social
arrangements. OECD-data indicate that accounting for private social benefits has an equalising
effect on levels of social effort across a number of countries. This suggests that public and private
social expenditures are complementary to some extent. But their distributional effects differ. In all
OECD countries, the social protection system causes a more equal distribution of incomes. Indeed,
using cross-country data, we find a negative relationship between public social expenditures and
income inequality and a positive relationship between public social expenditure and income
redistribution. But we do not find a significant positive relationship between private social
expenditures and income inequality or income redistribution. Consequently, changes in the
public/private-mix in the provision of social protection may affect the redistributive impact of the
welfare state.
2008
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20178/2/MPRA_paper_20178.pdf
Goudswaard, Kees and Caminada, Koen (2008): The redistributive impact of public and private social expenditure. Published in: Department of Economics Research Memorandum No. 2008.04 (2008): pp. 1-16.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:20179
2019-10-02T09:04:46Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483535
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D44:4433
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20179/
Are public and private social expenditures complementary?
Caminada, Koen
Goudswaard, Kees
H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions
H22 - Incidence
D3 - Distribution
Most analyses of social protection are focussed on public arrangements. However, social effort is not
restricted to the public domain; all kinds of private arrangements can be substitutes to public programs.
OECD-data indicate that accounting for private social benefits and the impact of the tax system on social
expenditure has an equalising effect on levels of social effort across a number of countries. This suggests
complementarity between public and private social expenditures. Changes in the public/private mix in
social protection will, however, have distributional effects. We expect that private schemes will generate
less income redistribution than public programs.
In this paper we will perform an empirical analysis. Using comparative international data we analyse
whether there is a relationship between public and private social expenditures, and the distribution of
income. We find a negative relationship between net public social expenditures and income inequality, but
a positive relationship between net private social expenditures and income inequality across countries. In
fact, when we incorporate private social security expenditures, the impact of total social expenditure on
the income distribution becomes statistically trivial. We conclude that changes in the public/private mix in
the provision of social protection may affect the redistributive impact of the welfare state.
2004
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20179/1/MPRA_paper_20179.pdf
Caminada, Koen and Goudswaard, Kees (2004): Are public and private social expenditures complementary? Published in: Department of Economics Research Memorandum No. 2004.01 (2004): pp. 1-19.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:20181
2019-10-01T04:54:15Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483535
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20181/
International trends in income inequality and social policy
Caminada, Koen
Goudswaard, Kees
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions
H22 - Incidence
In most OECD-countries income inequality has increased during the last two decades. In this paper, we
investigate whether changes in the overall distribution of income can be attributed to social policy
measures. For most (but not all) countries we find a possible relationship between changing welfare
state policies (as measured by expenditure ratios and replacement rates) and changing income
inequality. Especially the United Kingdom and the Netherlands combined an above-average rise in
inequality with a reduction in the generosity of the welfare system.
A more elaborate budget incidence analysis for the Netherlands indicates that in the period 1981-1997
inequality of disposable household income increased sharply. The two main forces behind this
phenomenon were a more unequal distribution of market incomes and changes in social transfers.
Fundamental social security reforms in the Netherlands indeed seem to have made the income
distribution less equal. However, income inequality in the Netherlands is still below the OECD average at
the end of the observed period.
2001
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20181/2/MPRA_paper_20181.pdf
Caminada, Koen and Goudswaard, Kees (2001): International trends in income inequality and social policy. Published in: Department of Economics Research Memorandum No. 2001.03 (2001): pp. 1-27.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:20183
2019-10-02T00:20:17Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483535
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20183/
Social policy and income distribution: An empirical analysis for the Netherlands
Caminada, Koen
Goudswaard, Kees
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions
H22 - Incidence
In most OECD-countries income inequality has increased during the last two decades. In this paper, we
investigate to what extent changes in the overall distribution of incomes can be attributed to social policy
measures. The case for the Netherlands is particularly interesting, because the Dutch welfare state has
been reformed rather fundamentally in recent years.
The budget incidence analysis indicates that in the period 1981-1996 inequality of adjusted disposable
household income increased sharply. The main force behind this phenomenon was a more unequal
distribution of market incomes, but social transfers also explain a substantial large part of the rise in
inequality. Social security reforms indeed seem to have made the income distribution less equal.
The results of a more detailed analysis for 1996 on the redistributive impact of social policy and of specific
social programs - using data from an unique income panel survey - can be summarised as follows:
- The first five income deciles clearly gain from social security, while the higher deciles loose. Social
security causes a reduction in inequality by 26 to 50 percent, depending on the indicator used.
- The public old age program and the social assistance program explain by far the largest part of
redistribution by the social system, while the disability and unemployment programs do not have strong
redistributive effects.
1999
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20183/2/MPRA_paper_20183.pdf
Caminada, Koen and Goudswaard, Kees (1999): Social policy and income distribution: An empirical analysis for the Netherlands. Published in: Department of Economics Research Memorandum No. 99.03 (1999): pp. 1-33.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:20184
2019-10-10T13:53:58Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20184/
Distributional effects of a flat tax: An empirical analysis for the Netherlands
Caminada, Koen
Goudswaard, Kees
H22 - Incidence
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
In this paper, we construct a flat rate/broad base personal income tax system and we compare the distribution of the current personal income tax (including social contributions) in the Netherlands to the distribution of the simulated flat rate tax. Using extended data (personal income panel survey), the effects are simulated of eliminating deductions in exchange for a reduction in tax rates, sufficient to keep personal income tax revenue constant at the initial level and distribution of pre-tax incomes. Our simulations indicate that:
- The redistributive effect of the current rate structure of the Dutch tax system - with marginal rates of 37.5%, 50% and 60% - is substantially diminished by tax deductions. Deductions appear to be very income-elastic.
- After the simulated base broadening, a proportional rate of 33.2% balances the budget (ex ante). Such a flat rate causes only relatively small changes in average tax ratios. For a clear majority of the taxpayers, effects on after-tax income lie within a range of minus/plus 5%.
- Tax progressivity is mainly caused by the fixed personal exemption, which was maintained in the simulated flat rate tax. We calculated only a 7 percent lower income elasticity in a flat rate system.
We conclude that the income effects of the introduction of a broad base/flat personal income tax would be relatively small and cannot be considered as prohibitive.
1997
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20184/1/MPRA_paper_20184.pdf
Caminada, Koen and Goudswaard, Kees (1997): Distributional effects of a flat tax: An empirical analysis for the Netherlands. Published in: Department of Economics Research Memorandum No. 97.04 (1997): pp. 1-34.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:20642
2019-09-29T17:08:16Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453632
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D50:5033:503337
7375626A656374733D50:5033:503335
7375626A656374733D45:4532:453236
7375626A656374733D4B:4B33:4B3334
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483236
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20642/
Fiscal Evasion – Principal Cause and Consequence of the Romanian Gradual Transition
Susanu, Monica
Ioan, Viorica
E62 - Fiscal Policy
H22 - Incidence
P37 - Legal Institutions ; Illegal Behavior
P35 - Public Economics
E26 - Informal Economy ; Underground Economy
K34 - Tax Law
H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
Unknown or almost nonexistent till ’90 years, the phenomenon of tax evasion had abundantly flourished in the Romania’s transitional economy, covering all its fields with black spots, under many, various and harmful appearance. The first laws stipulating the profit and the salary taxes also had revealed the appetite of the contributors for the tax evasion, in a small measure at the beginning, of course, because of the economic spirit of those years.
After the regulations for the value added tax and the excise taxes, as well as due to the innumerable modifications of the fiscal legislation, the fiscal evasion knew a considerable development and diversification, greatly stimulated by the controversies between the fiscal and the bureaucratic pressure.
2005-11-14
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20642/1/MPRA_paper_20642.pdf
Susanu, Monica and Ioan, Viorica (2005): Fiscal Evasion – Principal Cause and Consequence of the Romanian Gradual Transition. Published in: Proceedings for the International Conference Risk in the Contemporary Economy 2005 , Vol. I, No. I (10 December 2005): pp. 366-370.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:24145
2019-09-29T04:24:22Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/24145/
The Distributional Impact of the Federal Tax and Transfer Changes Introduced Since 1984
Grady, Patrick
H22 - Incidence
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
This article reports on the results of an analysis of the distributional impact in 1990 of the federal tax and transfer changes introduced by the Canadian government from the time of its election in 1984 through the announcement of its February 1990 budget. The analysis uses Statistics Canada's Social Policy Simulation Database and Model
(SPSD/M).
The analysis measures the distributional impact of the federal tax and transfer changes since 1984 by comparing the federal tax and transfer system that will actually be in place in 1990 with the system that would be in place if the 1984 tax and transfer legislation were still in effect, with full indexation through 1990 of exemptions,
deductions, and rate brackets. The analysis fully reflects all of the federal tax and transfer changes introduced in the 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, and 1989 budgets and in the 1988 tax reform. There were no significant tax or transfer changes in the February 1990 budget.
The analysis indicates that in 1990 Canadian households will pay a total of about $11.1 billion more in federal taxes net of transfers than they would pay if the 1984 tax system were still in effect. Increases in net federal income tax account for only $0.9 billion of this total.
Federal surtaxes, which account for $3.2 billion, and increases in federal commodity taxes, which account for $6.1 billion, are by far the most important contributors to the increasing net tax burden of the personal sector.
The additional net tax burden borne by an average Canadian family in 1990 will be about $1,000. Of the 11.1 million census families in Canada, 9.5 million (85 percent) will face higher federal taxes net of transfer than they would face under an extension of the 1984 tax system. Only 1.5 million (13 percent) will face lower federal taxes net
of transfers.
The tax and transfer changes introduced are very progressive in the aggregate for families that earn less than $35,000 per year and roughly proportional for families that earn between $35,000 and $75,000. The tax changes become moderately regressive in the $75,000 to $1 50,000 range and severely regressive over $150,000.
It is clear that middle-income families, particularly those with children, have borne the brunt of the recent tax increases. Families in the highest income categories have received a less than proportionate share of the increased tax burden, and families with children in the lowest income categories have actually enjoyed tax cuts as a result of the tax and transfer changes introduced since 1984.
Given the size of the federal deficit, further tax increases are inevitable, and the distribution of the growing tax burden must be equitable. Distributional analysis performed with the SPSD/M, of the kind presented in this article, can help to ensure that the public is
aware of the distributional impact of proposed tax changes.
1990-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/24145/1/MPRA_paper_24145.pdf
Grady, Patrick (1990): The Distributional Impact of the Federal Tax and Transfer Changes Introduced Since 1984. Published in: Canadian Tax Journal , Vol. Vol. 3, (March 1990): pp. 286-297.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:24402
2019-09-27T10:01:51Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D4A:4A36:4A3631
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/24402/
Some Observations on Net Fiscal Transfers to Recent Immigrants Resulting From Income Taxes and Government Transfer Programs
Grady, Patrick
H22 - Incidence
J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers
This paper utilizes the comprehensive data on income
taxes paid by immigrants and others and the government transfer payments received by immigrants and others provided by the 2006 Census from income tax statistics.
The Census data was recently made available to researchers in the 2006 Census PublicUse Microdata File (PUMF), which contains 844,476 records, presenting census data on
individuals representing 2.7 per cent of the Canadian population.
The analysis revealed that recent immigrants on average only paid about half as much income tax as native Canadians
($4,172.69 per capita compared to $8,130.82). It also showed that the most recent cohort of immigrants from 2000 to 2004 paid only 40 per cent as much income tax as native
Canadians.
In the Other Government Transfer Income category, which is a catch-all for “all transfer payments, excluding those covered as a separate income source (child benefits, old age
security pensions and guaranteed income supplements, Canada or Quebec Pension Plan benefits and employment insurance benefits) received from federal, provincial, territorial
or municipal programs,immigrants received per capita amounts in 2005 that are $13.05 less than nonimmigrants
so there is no prima facie evidence of disproportionate reliance on social assistance from the Census. The one area where recent immigrants got a disproportionate share of government transfers is child benefits. This reflects their larger number of dependent children, which could be a result of their lower average age or greater proclivity to have children. On the other hand, recent immigrants received a lower per capita amount of employment insurance benefits. This could reflect their tendency to locate in areas with stricter eligibility requirements for EI such as the TorontoMetropolitan Region in 2005. Taking into account Other Government Transfer Income,Child Benefits and Employment Insurance, recent immigrants received $346.15 more per capita from Government Transfers than non-immigrants. In total, this would amount to $534 million, an amount that is small in relation to the fiscal transfer resulting from lower per capita income taxes paid.
2010-04-26
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/24402/1/MPRA_paper_24402.pdf
Grady, Patrick (2010): Some Observations on Net Fiscal Transfers to Recent Immigrants Resulting From Income Taxes and Government Transfer Programs.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:27789
2019-09-30T08:16:19Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443633
7375626A656374733D44:4431:443132
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27789/
Contribución de las remesas a los ingresos públicos en México
Lozano-Ascencio, Fernando
Huesca, Luis
Valdivia, Marcos
H22 - Incidence
D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
it is understood that Mexican migrants working in the United States pay taxes in the local Mexican economy via the purchases made with family remittances, but specialized studies on migration and development have largely ignored the contribution of remittances to the country's public coffers. Based on the hypothesis that a significant part of the contribution to public revenues comes from indirect taxes, this section estimates remittances’ contribution to Mexican public income by quantifying how much VAT income was collected as a result of remittances that were sent from the United States. We aim to respond to the following questions: How much Value Added Tax was collected from purchases made with remittance money and how has this contribution changed between 2006 and 2008? How important is this contribution when compared with other sources of public revenue such as petroleum exports or income tax? What is fiscal charge of Mexican households that receive remittances when compared with those that do not? Do poor families that receive remittances pay more in taxes than poor families that do not receive remittances? Is public spending received by households with remittances socially fair?
2010-03-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27789/1/MPRA_paper_27789.pdf
Lozano-Ascencio, Fernando and Huesca, Luis and Valdivia, Marcos (2010): Contribución de las remesas a los ingresos públicos en México. Published in: NALACC Working Papers No. 1 (1 March 2010): pp. 1-69.
es
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:28435
2019-09-26T17:25:46Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453632
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433631
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/28435/
A dynamic general equilibrium model for tax policy analysis in Colombia
Hernandez, Gustavo Adolfo
Light, Miles
Rutherford, Thomas
E62 - Fiscal Policy
H22 - Incidence
C61 - Optimization Techniques ; Programming Models ; Dynamic Analysis
The paper documents a dynamic general equilibrium model for Colombia based on national accounts from 1999. The paper is part of a project intended to develop a capacity for the the design, specification, and application of computable models within the Colombian Ministry of Finance and Department of National Planning. Our analytical framework includes both forwardlooking expectations and Harris-Todaro labor markets. In the present paper we compare numerical results from the dynamic model with simpler static and
steady-state formulations to highlight the importance of transitional effects in evaluating tax policy reform. Our applications include measurement of the marginal cost of funds from different tax bases and the evaluation of discrete changes in tariff structure. The structure of the labor and intermediate credit markets have important implications for the ranking alternative tax reform
proposals.
2002-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/28435/1/MPRA_paper_28435.pdf
Hernandez, Gustavo Adolfo and Light, Miles and Rutherford, Thomas (2002): A dynamic general equilibrium model for tax policy analysis in Colombia.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:30063
2019-09-29T06:57:26Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493330
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443633
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493331
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483533
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493332
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453634
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D41:4131:413133
7375626A656374733D43:4330:433032
7375626A656374733D4A:4A34
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493338
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443631
7375626A656374733D4A:4A35
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30063/
Charting Income Inequality: The Lorenz Curve
Bellù, Lorenzo G.
Liberati, Paolo
I30 - General
D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
D30 - General
I31 - General Welfare, Well-Being
H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
E64 - Incomes Policy ; Price Policy
H22 - Incidence
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values
C02 - Mathematical Methods
J4 - Particular Labor Markets
I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis
J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
This paper explains how to build Lorenz Curves for income distributions and discusses their use for inequality measurement. A short conceptual background, a step-by-step procedure and a simple numerical example illustrate how to calculate and draw Lorenz Curves. A discussion on the use of Lorenz Curves to represent inequality is also provided. It highlights that the Lorenz Curve is one of the most used ways of representing income distributions in empirical works thanks to its immediate comparability with a “natural” benchmark, the Equidistribution line, representing the most egalitarian distribution. The concepts of Lorenz dominance and intersection of Lorenz Curves are also discussed. Furthermore, the appendix provides a detailed presentation of the properties of the Lorenz Curves.
2005-11-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30063/1/MPRA_paper_30063.pdf
Bellù, Lorenzo G. and Liberati, Paolo (2005): Charting Income Inequality: The Lorenz Curve. Published in: (1 November 2005)
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:30103
2019-09-27T16:41:45Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493330
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443633
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493331
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483533
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493332
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453634
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D41:4131:413133
7375626A656374733D43:4330:433032
7375626A656374733D4A:4A34
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493338
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443631
7375626A656374733D4A:4A35
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30103/
Social Welfare Analysis of Income Distributions: Ranking Income Distributions with Lorenz Curves
Bellù, Lorenzo Giovanni
Liberati, Paolo
I30 - General
D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
D30 - General
I31 - General Welfare, Well-Being
H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
E64 - Incomes Policy ; Price Policy
H22 - Incidence
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values
C02 - Mathematical Methods
J4 - Particular Labor Markets
I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis
J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
This paper illustrates how Lorenz Curves can be used to identify the best income distribution on social welfare grounds, within a set of alternative income distributions generated by different policy options.
After highlighting some drawbacks of using specific functional forms of the Social Welfare Function (SWF) to infer welfare judgments, the rationale for using Lorenz Curves to rank income distributions is provided in a step-by-step procedure and is illustrated with some simple numerical examples. This module also points out the limitations of Lorenz dominance and highlights how, in some circumstances, it is necessary to use Generalised Lorenz (GL) Curves.
2005-11-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30103/1/MPRA_paper_30103.pdf
Bellù, Lorenzo Giovanni and Liberati, Paolo (2005): Social Welfare Analysis of Income Distributions: Ranking Income Distributions with Lorenz Curves. Published in: (1 November 2005)
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:30115
2019-09-26T22:00:19Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493330
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443633
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493331
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483533
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D43:4330:433032
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443631
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443330
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493332
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453634
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D41:4131:413133
7375626A656374733D4A:4A34
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493338
7375626A656374733D4A:4A35
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30115/
Social Welfare Analysis of Income Distributions: Ranking Income Distributions with Crossing Generalised Lorenz Curves
Bellù, Lorenzo Giovanni
Liberati, Paolo
I30 - General
D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
I31 - General Welfare, Well-Being
H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
C02 - Mathematical Methods
D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis
D30 - General
I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
E64 - Incomes Policy ; Price Policy
H22 - Incidence
A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values
J4 - Particular Labor Markets
I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
This paper illustrates how Crossing Generalised Lorenz (GL) curves can be used to identify the best income distribution on social welfare grounds within a set of alternative income distributions generated by different policy options.
It starts by illustrating two alternative income distributions resulting from policy changes that lead to income increases for some individuals and decreases for others. GL curves are then calculated for the alternative distributions to rank them on welfare grounds on the basis of Shorrocks’ Theorem. After observing that Shorrocks’ Theorem is not applicable, because GL curves cross once, necessary additional conditions, such as restrictions on the features of the Social Welfare Function (SWF) and the shape of income distributions, are set and discussed. Subsequently, a step-by-step procedure to use GL curves to infer welfare judgments when GL cross once, is provided and illustrated with some simple numerical examples.
2005-11-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30115/1/MPRA_paper_30115.pdf
Bellù, Lorenzo Giovanni and Liberati, Paolo (2005): Social Welfare Analysis of Income Distributions: Ranking Income Distributions with Crossing Generalised Lorenz Curves. Published in: (1 November 2005)
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:31109
2019-09-26T18:34:50Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4834:483430
7375626A656374733D4A:4A36:4A3635
7375626A656374733D4A:4A36:4A3631
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/31109/
Immigration and the Canadian Welfare State 2011
Grubel, Herbert
Grady, Patrick
H22 - Incidence
H40 - General
J65 - Unemployment Insurance ; Severance Pay ; Plant Closings
J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers
This publication provides an estimate of the fiscal burden created by recent immigration into Canada and proposes reforms to existing immigrant selection policies to eliminate the burden. It uses a 2006 Census database to estimate the average incomes and taxes paid on these by immigrants who arrived in Canada over the period from 1987 to 2004. It also estimates other taxes they paid and the value of government services they absorbed.
The study concludes that in the fiscal year 2005/06 the immigrants on average received an excess of $6,051 in benefits over taxes paid. Depending on assumptions about the number of recent immigrants in Canada, the fiscal
burden in that year is estimated to be between $23.6 billion and $16.3 billion. These estimates are not changed by the consideration of other alleged benefits
brought by immigrants.
To curtail this growing fiscal burden from immigration, the study proposes that temporary work visas be granted to applicants who have a valid offer for employment from employers, in occupations and at pay levels specified by
the federal government and determined in cooperation with private-sector employers. Immediate dependents may accompany successful applicants. The temporary visas are renewable and lead to landed immigrant status if certain specified employment criteria are met.
2011-05-17
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/31109/1/MPRA_paper_31109.pdf
Grubel, Herbert and Grady, Patrick (2011): Immigration and the Canadian Welfare State 2011. Published in:
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:33209
2019-10-03T10:45:37Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453632
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D4F:4F34:4F3430
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3230
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/33209/
Taxing capital is not a bad idea indeed: the role of human capital and labor-market frictions
Chen, Been-Lon
Chen, Hung-Ju
Wang, Ping
E62 - Fiscal Policy
H22 - Incidence
O40 - General
J20 - General
In a second-best optimal growth setup with only factor taxes as available instruments, is it optimal to fully replace capital by labor income taxation? The answer is generally positive based on Chamley, Judd, Lucas, and many follow-up studies. In the present paper, we revisit this important tax reform-related issue by developing a human capital-based endogenous growth framework with frictional labor search and matching. We allow each firm to create multiple vacancies and each worker to determine labor market participation endogenously. We consider a benevolent fiscal authority to finance direct transfers to households and unemployment compensation only by factor taxes. We then conduct dynamic tax incidence exercises using a model calibrated to the U.S. economy with a pre-existing 20% flat tax on both the capital and labor income. Our numerical results suggest that, due to a dominant channel via the interactions between the firm's vacancy creation and the worker's market participation, it is optimal to switch partly by a modest margin from capital to labor taxation in a benchmark economy where human capital formation depends on both the physical and human capital stocks. When the human capital accumulation process is independent of physical capital, the optimal tax mix features a slightly larger shift from capital to labor taxation; when we remove the extensive margin of the labor-leisure trade-off, such a shift is much larger. In either case, however, the optimal capital tax rate is far above zero.
2011-08-30
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/33209/1/MPRA_paper_33209.pdf
Chen, Been-Lon and Chen, Hung-Ju and Wang, Ping (2011): Taxing capital is not a bad idea indeed: the role of human capital and labor-market frictions.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:35590
2019-09-26T09:26:42Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D42:4235:423531
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D42:4231:423132
7375626A656374733D42:4232:423231
7375626A656374733D42:4231:423134
7375626A656374733D42:4231:423136
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/35590/
Notes on Ricardo’s theory of value and taxation
Tsoulfidis, Lefteris
B51 - Socialist ; Marxian ; Sraffian
H22 - Incidence
B12 - Classical (includes Adam Smith)
B21 - Microeconomics
B14 - Socialist ; Marxist
B16 - Quantitative and Mathematical
The purpose of this paper is twofold: on the one hand is to discuss Ricardo’s version of the labour theory of value; and on the other hand, is to analyse some crucial aspects of Ricardo’s theory of taxation as an extension and further elaboration of his theory of value. This discussion is illustrated with the use of a formal model based on a generalisation of Ricardo’s numerical examples. The claim that the paper raises is that Ricardo’s analysis of taxation is a kind of a comparative statics exercise, where the real wage, the state of technology and the level of output are taken as givens. Furthermore, it is shown that Ricardo’s claim that money’s role in the presence of taxation of profits is not neutral becomes questionable, when various feedback effects are accounted for.
2005
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/35590/1/MPRA_paper_35590.pdf
Tsoulfidis, Lefteris (2005): Notes on Ricardo’s theory of value and taxation. Published in: Asian African Journal of Economic and Econometrics , Vol. 5, No. 1 (June 2005): pp. 35-47.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:35725
2019-09-27T05:47:38Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443738
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/35725/
Energy populism and household welfare
Cont, Walter
Hancevic, Pedro
Navajas, Fernando H.
H22 - Incidence
Q48 - Government Policy
D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation
We study a cycle of subsidized energy prices and estimate its welfare impact on households in the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Region. A simple framework explains its emergence in terms of the preference of a median household (voter) for receiving transfer gains followed by a future flow of transfer losses. We evaluate actual transfers and welfare effects that a departure of prices of natural gas and electricity generation from opportunity costs since 2003 had on households and explore the impact of a way back to opportunity cost pricing.
2011-04
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/35725/1/MPRA_paper_35725.pdf
Cont, Walter and Hancevic, Pedro and Navajas, Fernando H. (2011): Energy populism and household welfare.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:38982
2019-09-27T02:02:11Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:4632:463232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443630
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/38982/
Coût de mobilité endogène et flexibilité du marché du travail
Bouzahzah, Mohamed
Saber, Brahim
F22 - International Migration
H22 - Incidence
D60 - General
The article examines the impact of labor mobility cost subsidy on levels of emigrations between two identical countries. The analysis is led in an OLG model with two countries. The analysis is conducted as part of an overlapping generations model with two countries. Individuals bear the cost of endogenous mobility. It depends on the number of fellow citizens of the candidate to emigration they are already present in the host country. Each individual is different by a degree of attachment to his country, the less attached are the most prescribed. We show that a grant of part of the cost of mobility in the early starters can initiate the process of emigration and reduce these costs. Other people decide to emigrate even though they are not subsidized and have a degree of attachment to their country more important than the first emigrants. The study of welfare shows that this is positive in the send country when the cost of migration is weak and it is similarly in the host country when the rate of migration is weak.
2012-06-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/38982/1/MPRA_paper_38982.pdf
Bouzahzah, Mohamed and Saber, Brahim (2012): Coût de mobilité endogène et flexibilité du marché du travail.
fr
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:42707
2019-09-27T13:43:01Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D52:5232
7375626A656374733D51:5134
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/42707/
Regional energy consumption and income differences in Denmark
Klinge Jacobsen, Henrik
H22 - Incidence
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
R2 - Household Analysis
Q4 - Energy
Internationally a debate on the distributional impact of energy taxation has focused on the tax burden relative to income. The general conclusion is that taxes are regressive, but at a varying degree for different countries. This paper deals with energy consumption and tax impacts in a regional comparison in addition to the income perspective.
Energy consumption varies a great deal depending on the area of location of households. This study examines the relationship between location, income, heating technology characteristics, and the energy tax that the households pay. The paper aims at identifying general implications of energy taxes with respect to different impacts on population groups depending on location and income. Tax payments associated with energy use are considered relative to total disposable income of households grouped in income deciles and by other characteristics.
The importance of energy consumption and tax payments depends on the income levels in rural areas compared to income in urban areas. In Denmark, the income difference is quite small, but energy consumption, and therefore also the burden of energy taxation, is higher in rural areas. Furthermore the low-income households in rural areas consume much more energy than low-income households in urban areas. Low-income households in rural areas are therefore a group that is specifically exposed to increased energy taxation.
The households living in rural areas have the disadvantage of not having access to the public heating grids and the natural gas grids. Therefore they have to rely on individual solutions, which to a large extent are gas oil, electricity, and biomass. Apart from higher energy costs, the rural households also pay considerably higher taxes on transport by private cars. This is caused by the less developed public transport in rural areas and therefore higher car frequency in combination with the more sparse population.
This paper documents that the rural population has higher energy bills also compared to income, but there is not income inequality between rural and urban areas in Denmark. In countries with higher inequality in income distribution and a higher proportion of low-income households in rural areas, the impact of energy and transport taxes might be more uneven. For countries with a high proportion of low-income households living in urban areas and little income inequality this issue might, as in the Danish case, not be a problem for the design of energy and environmental taxes
2002-08
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/42707/1/MPRA_paper_42707.pdf
Klinge Jacobsen, Henrik (2002): Regional energy consumption and income differences in Denmark. Published in: Environmental Policy and Planning , Vol. Vol. 5, No. 3 : pp. 269-283.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:42967
2019-10-01T04:44:18Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483235
7375626A656374733D4C:4C32:4C3236
7375626A656374733D42:4232:423235
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/42967/
The Corporate Income Tax: An Entrepreneurial Perspective
Filoso, Valerio
H22 - Incidence
H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
L26 - Entrepreneurship
B25 - Historical ; Institutional ; Evolutionary ; Austrian
While corporate income taxation is a major issue in the debate over international finance, economic theory has no clear stance on who bears its burden. On balance, economists seem still more prone to accept that taxing profits does not affect corporations’ outcomes. This paper makes three cases for non-neutrality. First, since corporate income taxation is asymmetric between profit and loss, the tax rate may change the ranking of alternative investments. Secondly, the imperfect observability of the use of internal resources makes pure economic profits very difficult to detect. Thirdly, when the pervasive role of entrepreneurship is fully taken into account, corporate income taxation appears clearly as a direct tax on market adjustments and successful speculation.
2010
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/42967/1/MPRA_paper_42967.pdf
Filoso, Valerio (2010): The Corporate Income Tax: An Entrepreneurial Perspective. Published in: The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics , Vol. 13, No. 1 (2010): pp. 99-123.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:49854
2019-10-04T07:12:48Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/49854/
TENDINTE ACTUALE ALE STRUCTURII SI DINAMICII PRELEVARILOR FISCALE ALE ROMANIEI
Argesanu, Nicolae Razvan
H22 - Incidence
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
In principle, the structure and dynamics analysis of tax levies enables us identification those elements considered defining of fiscal policy, in its restrictive sense, defined through the ensemble of choices and decisions that concern only the procuring of financial resources at the disposal to public authorities. In this context, we try, trough this article, to highlight, by reporting, in mainly, to current trends of the structure and dynamics of the actual receipts realized on account of taxes and mandatory contributions, what are the main landmarks of the procuring policy of Romania's fiscal resources.
2011-07-15
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/49854/1/MPRA_paper_49854.pdf
Argesanu, Nicolae Razvan (2011): TENDINTE ACTUALE ALE STRUCTURII SI DINAMICII PRELEVARILOR FISCALE ALE ROMANIEI. Published in: Cercetarea doctorală în economie: prezent şi perspective , Vol. 2, (July 2011): pp. 26-32.
ro
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:50068
2019-09-29T22:00:39Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4834:483439
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3138
7375626A656374733D4A:4A36:4A3631
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/50068/
Local Government Policies and Migration: An Analysis for SMSAs in the United States, 1965-1970
Cebula, Richard
H22 - Incidence
H49 - Other
J18 - Public Policy
J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers
This study empirically investigates the impact of AFDC (welfare) policies, per capita property taxation, and per capita local government spending on net in-migration by race to SMSAs for the period 1965-1970. The empirical results imply that black migrants on average are attracted to SMSAs with higher welfare benefits whereas white migrants on average manifest an aversion to higher welfare SMSAs. While higher property taxes exercise little to no effect on black net in-migration, they act to discourage white in-migration. Finally, higher non-welfare expenditures by SMSAs appear to encourage black net in-migration, but they have little to no impact on white in-migration.
1973-11-15
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/50068/1/MPRA_paper_50068.pdf
Cebula, Richard (1973): Local Government Policies and Migration: An Analysis for SMSAs in the United States, 1965-1970. Published in: Public Choice , Vol. 19, No. 3 (17 November 1974): pp. 85-93.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:51045
2019-09-30T06:22:49Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4436
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443630
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443631
7375626A656374733D48:4830:483030
7375626A656374733D48:4831:483130
7375626A656374733D48:4831:483131
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483230
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483330
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483331
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483332
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483530
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483531
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483533
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483535
7375626A656374733D48:4836:483630
7375626A656374733D48:4836:483638
7375626A656374733D48:4837:483730
7375626A656374733D48:4837:483735
7375626A656374733D4A:4A30
7375626A656374733D4A:4A30:4A3031
7375626A656374733D4A:4A30:4A3038
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3131
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3134
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3138
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51045/
La demografia in Europa e in Us. Uno sguardo alle proiezioni a medio-lungo termine
SALERNO, Nicola Carmine
D6 - Welfare Economics
D60 - General
D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis
H00 - General
H10 - General
H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
H20 - General
H22 - Incidence
H30 - General
H31 - Household
H32 - Firm
H50 - General
H51 - Government Expenditures and Health
H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions
H60 - General
H68 - Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
H70 - General
H75 - State and Local Government: Health ; Education ; Welfare ; Public Pensions
J0 - General
J01 - Labor Economics: General
J08 - Labor Economics Policies
J1 - Demographic Economics
J11 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts
J14 - Economics of the Elderly ; Economics of the Handicapped ; Non-Labor Market Discrimination
J18 - Public Policy
The demographic database of Eurostat and of Us Census of Bureau are explored and the main facts are extracted and described. This paper is completely self-standing but is also part of a more general analysis dedicated to the functioning and sustainability of pay-as-you-go to finance the welfare system in developed countries. Thsi paper constitutes Chapert 2.. Chapter 1. has been already posted on MPRA. Other chapters follow.
2013-10-29
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51045/1/MPRA_paper_51045.pdf
SALERNO, Nicola Carmine (2013): La demografia in Europa e in Us. Uno sguardo alle proiezioni a medio-lungo termine.
it
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:51056
2019-10-04T13:35:05Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4830:483030
7375626A656374733D48:4831:483130
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483230
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483231
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483332
7375626A656374733D48:4836:483638
7375626A656374733D49:4930:493030
7375626A656374733D49:4931:493130
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493331
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3130
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3131
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3134
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3230
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3231
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3236
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51056/
Demografia, Occupazione e Produttività in Italia e nelle Regioni italiane [terza parte del progetto "Il presente e il futuro del Pay-Go in Italia, Europa e Us"]
SALERNO, Nicola Carmine
H00 - General
H10 - General
H20 - General
H21 - Efficiency ; Optimal Taxation
H22 - Incidence
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
H32 - Firm
H68 - Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
I00 - General
I10 - General
I31 - General Welfare, Well-Being
J10 - General
J11 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts
J14 - Economics of the Elderly ; Economics of the Handicapped ; Non-Labor Market Discrimination
J20 - General
J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
J26 - Retirement ; Retirement Policies
The circular interplay between demography-employment-productivity-PayGo is investigated for Italy and Italian geographical repartitions. Looking forward to the mid-long run, the paper offers simulations of the burden each effective worker and each active citizen will have to bear to finance via pay-as-you-go public health care provisions and pensions. This paper is completely self standing but, at the same time, it is part of the wider project "Present and Future of PayGo in Italy, Europe and Us". It constitutes the third chapter of this project, the first and the second being uploaded on MPRA as well. Other chapters follow.
nicola c. salerno (nicola.salerno@tin.it)
2013-10-29
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51056/1/MPRA_paper_51056.pdf
SALERNO, Nicola Carmine (2013): Demografia, Occupazione e Produttività in Italia e nelle Regioni italiane [terza parte del progetto "Il presente e il futuro del Pay-Go in Italia, Europa e Us"].
it
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:51138
2019-09-26T15:03:34Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483237
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51138/
Informal taxation systems – Zakat and Ushr in Pakistan as example for the relevance of parallel/semi-public dues
Lorenz, Christian
H22 - Incidence
H27 - Other Sources of Revenue
This article provides an overview of the religious background of Zakat and the organisation of the Zakat collection in several Islamic countries. Then the mandatory system in Pakistan of Zakat and Ushr is described in more detail. Zakat and Ushr are spent mainly on much targeted areas like social welfare, education and health care for certain population groups. Other types of public goods and services are not covered with funds received from Zakat. Hence, the question arises, whether an Islamic state is according to the Islamic laws entitled to collect additional revenues like taxes in addition to Zakat.
A second question is answered in the text, in how far an engagement of religious leaders in tax reform activities is in line with the Islamic law and can contribute to development activities. Taking into account the cultural and religious factors and actors, the involvement of Mullahs or Friday prayers to promote tax morale requires the support of religious scholars, but might have broader impacts even than governmental activities on the public awareness. To answer both questions it is important that - according to important religious scholars - the Islamic state requires additional revenues to cover all necessary demands of its population. One permitted option to collect additional revenues is taxation.
Finally the different types of individual giving increase the total amount paid to formal and informal taxation systems in Pakistan by about 1%. Nevertheless, formally the tax to GDP ratio does not change, because Zakat is statistically classified as social assistance benefits, which do not become part of the tax to GDP indicator.
2013
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51138/1/MPRA_paper_51138.pdf
Lorenz, Christian (2013): Informal taxation systems – Zakat and Ushr in Pakistan as example for the relevance of parallel/semi-public dues.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:51195
2019-09-27T15:12:35Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453630
7375626A656374733D48:4830
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483330
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483331
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483332
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483530
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483531
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483533
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483535
7375626A656374733D48:4836:483630
7375626A656374733D48:4836:483638
7375626A656374733D49:4931:493133
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3130
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3131
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51195/
Il Pay-as-You-Go in Europa attraverso i Programmi di Stabilità. Le risorse che gli attivi/occupati dovranno mettere a disposizione per finanziare il welfare
SALERNO, Nicola Carmine
E60 - General
H0 - General
H22 - Incidence
H30 - General
H31 - Household
H32 - Firm
H50 - General
H51 - Government Expenditures and Health
H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions
H60 - General
H68 - Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
I13 - Health Insurance, Public and Private
J10 - General
J11 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts
Mid-long term projections of the Stability Programs (SP) are elaborated to simulate the burden each active citizen or each worker will have to bear for financing, via pay-as-you-go, public health care provisions and public pensions.
It is worth mentioning that projections in the (SP) are those developed by the Ageing Working Group (Awg), a task force Ecofin created in purpose to investigate the effects of population ageing on the sustainability of public finances across Europe. This paper is self standing but, at the same time, is part of the broader project "Present and Future of PayGo in Italy, Europe and Us". All chapters will be collected in a book by Nicola C. Salerno.
2013-11-04
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51195/1/MPRA_paper_51195.pdf
SALERNO, Nicola Carmine (2013): Il Pay-as-You-Go in Europa attraverso i Programmi di Stabilità. Le risorse che gli attivi/occupati dovranno mettere a disposizione per finanziare il welfare.
it
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:51360
2019-10-03T00:13:50Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4830:483030
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483330
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483331
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483332
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483339
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483531
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483533
7375626A656374733D48:4836:483638
7375626A656374733D49:4930:493030
7375626A656374733D49:4931:493132
7375626A656374733D49:4931:493138
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493331
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493338
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51360/
Proiezioni della spesa e del finanziamento dei Sistemi Sanitari Regionali in Italia [2015-2030]
SALERNO, Nicola Carmine
H00 - General
H22 - Incidence
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
H30 - General
H31 - Household
H32 - Firm
H39 - Other
H51 - Government Expenditures and Health
H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
H68 - Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
I00 - General
I12 - Health Behavior
I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health
I31 - General Welfare, Well-Being
I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
The work constructs projections till 2030 for health care expenditures of Italian Regional Health Care Systems. Three different schemes of financing are hypothesised, with three different levels of solidarity between Regions. Financing is always supposed to cover the entire exigency of expenditure. The two sides - expenditures and financing - are matched in order to derive indicators of sustainability (pressures on Gdp, or on active people, or on workers...) and to provide quantifications of flows of resources moving between Regions for re-distributional goals.
A well-done mapping of needs and resources to finance them, with a full breakdown per Regions. A useful work for stimulating the debate on health system reforms in Italy, allowing informed decisions.
nicola c. salerno [nicola.salerno@tin.it]
2013-11-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51360/1/MPRA_paper_51360.pdf
SALERNO, Nicola Carmine (2013): Proiezioni della spesa e del finanziamento dei Sistemi Sanitari Regionali in Italia [2015-2030].
it
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:52027
2019-10-21T09:57:01Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483331
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/52027/
A Note on Equal Proportional Sacrifice
Cebula, Richard
H22 - Incidence
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
H31 - Household
This theoretical note proves a theorem on income tax rates. In particular, it proves that if the marginal utility of income is declining as income rises and if the relationship is represented by a rectangular hyperbola, under the equal proportional sacrifice principle, the tax rate will always be proportional.
1976-03-21
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/52027/1/MPRA_paper_52027.pdf
Cebula, Richard (1976): A Note on Equal Proportional Sacrifice. Published in: The American Economist , Vol. 21, No. 1 (30 April 1977): p. 72.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:53488
2019-10-12T04:24:06Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513432
7375626A656374733D51:5135
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/53488/
The distributional impact of the Irish public service obligation levy on electricity consumption
Farrell, Niall
Lyons, Seán
H22 - Incidence
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
Q5 - Environmental Economics
Q58 - Government Policy
We analyse the distributional impact of financing energy and environmental policies through additional charges on electricity consumption, focussing on the impact Ireland’s flat-rate Public Service Obligation (PSO) levy has on domestic consumers. Switching Ireland’s flate-rate charge to a unit-based charge results in reduced regressivity across the entire income distribution. A unit-based scheme reduces aggregate burden for most households on low incomes. Regressive impacts are greater for a subset of heavy electricity users. Incremental block pricing (IBP) exaggerates these effects. A hybrid fixed/variable structure mitigates regressivity for high users but lessens overall regressivity reduction. Redistribution via Ireland’s Household Benefits Package is sub-optimal relative to a hypothetical equivalised income-based scheme. Net of ‘merit order’ savings, flat charges redistribute burden incidence from rich to poor whilst fixed per-unit charges have a neutral effect. IBP shifts cost to heavy users, predominantly large households. IBP results in a negative net burden for the majority of households across all income groups.
2014-02-06
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/53488/1/MPRA_paper_53488.pdf
Farrell, Niall and Lyons, Seán (2014): The distributional impact of the Irish public service obligation levy on electricity consumption.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:55906
2019-09-26T17:08:44Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483331
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483332
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/55906/
Sulla composizione dell'accisa sui tabacchi: un'ipotesi di modifica del sistema di tassazione in Italia
Liberati, Paolo
Paradiso, Massimo
H22 - Incidence
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
H31 - Household
H32 - Firm
An appropriate structure of tobacco taxation should balance only apparently contrasting health, industrial and fiscal aims. In this paper, it will be discussed the main critical issues of the present system of tobacco taxation in Italy and some hypotheses of reform. In particular, it will be proposed to link the structure of tobacco taxation to the weighted average price and to change the mix of the excise taxes towards specific taxation. The simulation of the impact of these proposals will show that the common opinion that an increase of the excise tax will reduce tax revenue, with respect to the present system, is not grounded in the data. The main reason lies in the possibility that a reduction of the ad valorem part of taxation will give stronger incentive to increase consumption prices.
2014-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/55906/1/MPRA_paper_55906.pdf
Liberati, Paolo and Paradiso, Massimo (2014): Sulla composizione dell'accisa sui tabacchi: un'ipotesi di modifica del sistema di tassazione in Italia.
it
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:56775
2019-09-27T17:12:35Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443732
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443733
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443738
7375626A656374733D47:4731:473139
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483236
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/56775/
A Preliminary Analysis of the Presidential Approval Rating
Cebula, Richard
D72 - Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
D73 - Bureaucracy ; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations ; Corruption
D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation
G19 - Other
H22 - Incidence
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
This study empirically investigates whether the performance of the S&P 500 stock index, whose performance is treated as a surrogate for the performance of domestic stock/equity markets generally, influences the Presidential approval rating. After allowing for a variety of political factors and economic factors in addition to the S&P 500 stock index, it is found that the Presidential approval rating is indeed significantly enhanced by increasing values for this indicator of equity performance.
2004-11-16
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/56775/1/MPRA_paper_56775.pdf
Cebula, Richard (2004): A Preliminary Analysis of the Presidential Approval Rating. Published in: The Elgar Companion to Public Economics: Empirical Public Economics (17 May 2006): pp. 274-281.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:56785
2019-09-26T22:03:39Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D45:4532:453236
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483236
7375626A656374733D4D:4D34:4D3432
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/56785/
Teaching Political Economy: On the Economics Significance of the Public's Job Approval Rating of the President
Cebula, Richard
Smith, Heather
E26 - Informal Economy ; Underground Economy
H22 - Incidence
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
M42 - Auditing
This study empirically investigates the hypothesis that the lower the public’s job approval rating of the U.S. President, the higher the degree of aggregate federal personal income tax evasion in the U.S. Using annual data on aggregate federal personal income tax evasion for the period 1960-2001 compiled by Feige, with 2001 being the most recent year for which these data are currently available, and allowing for such factors as federal income tax rates, IRS tax return audit rates, the tax-free municipal bond yield, the interest rate penalty on detected unreported income, public dissatisfaction with government officials (other than the U.S. President), and the Tax Reform Act of 1986, this study finds consistent empirical support for the hypothesis that income tax evasion is a decreasing function of the Presidential approval rating, i.e., that the lower (higher) the President’s approval rating, the greater (lower) the degree of aggregate federal personal income tax evasion. Finally, use of two well-known alternative estimates of the aggregate degree of federal personal income tax evasion yields results generally consistent with these conclusions.
2008-01-18
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/56785/1/MPRA_paper_56785.pdf
Cebula, Richard and Smith, Heather (2008): Teaching Political Economy: On the Economics Significance of the Public's Job Approval Rating of the President. Published in: Expanding Teaching and Learning Horizons in Economic Education (15 May 2009): pp. 155-163.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:58108
2019-09-26T18:54:33Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
7375626A656374733D4F:4F34:4F3437
7375626A656374733D50:5031:503134
7375626A656374733D50:5031:503136
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/58108/
Economic Freedom, Regulatory Quality, Taxation, and Living Standards
Cebula, Richard
Clark, Jeff
H22 - Incidence
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
O47 - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth ; Aggregate Productivity ; Cross-Country Output Convergence
P14 - Property Rights
P16 - Political Economy
Using panel data for OECD nations for the period 2003-2009, the fixed-effects estimations in this study all provide strong support for the three central hypotheses considered here, namely: (1) the standard of living in a nation, measured in this study as the level of purchasing-power-parity adjusted per capita real GDP in the nation, depends directly upon the overall economic freedom index, presumably at least in part due to the ability of increased economic freedom to elevate the level of economic activity through incentives to work, invest, save, hire/dismiss, make market-based business decisions, and take risk and engage in risk-reward economic behaviors in a market-based economy; (2) the living standard depends directly on the index of regulatory quality, because high quality regulation interferes less with the efficient functioning of firms’ decision-making processes in a market-based economy and contributes less to firms’ production costs, and (3) the standard of living is a decreasing function of the tax burden, expressed as a percent of GDP because higher tax burdens reduce the growth rate of disposable income and thereby limit the growth rate of the ability to purchase new goods and services and hence reduce/restrict the level of economic activity.
2014-08-18
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/58108/1/MPRA_paper_58108.pdf
Cebula, Richard and Clark, Jeff (2014): Economic Freedom, Regulatory Quality, Taxation, and Living Standards.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:59271
2019-09-30T10:55:55Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/59271/
Myths and Misconceptions in the Tax Mix Debate
Smyth, Russell
H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
H22 - Incidence
Recently, the Australian states supported an increase in the Goods and Services Tax (GST) as a means to increase revenue available to them. This would entail further tax mix reform in favour of taxing consumption. This paper considers the merits of tax reform, drawing on the earlier Australian debates on the topic from the 1990s and the associated academic literature. While it is argued that the benefits of tax mix reform are often overstated, if increasing the GST rate is marketed as part of a package to broaden the income tax base, it offers a vehicle to bring about tax reform.
2014-10-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/59271/1/MPRA_paper_59271.pdf
Smyth, Russell (2014): Myths and Misconceptions in the Tax Mix Debate.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:60008
2019-10-04T06:43:26Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
7375626A656374733D52:5233:523331
7375626A656374733D52:5233:523332
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/60008/
Property Tax Capitalization within a National Historic District versus Property Tax Capitalization outside that National Historic District: Another Application of the Tiebout Hypothesis
Cebula, Richard
Foley, Maggie
Houmes, Robert
H22 - Incidence
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
R31 - Housing Supply and Markets
R32 - Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis
This study has two objectives. First, it seeks to apply a hedonic pricing model to determine whether property taxes have been capitalized into the prices of single family homes located within in the Savannah Historic Landmark District in Savannah, Georgia. A total of 593 home sales over the 2000-2005 period are considered, with the housing prices and the property tax expressed in 2005 dollars. Second, this study seeks to apply that very same model to prices of some 1908 single family homes within the metropolitan Savannah area but outside the Savannah Historic Landmark District. Estimating the model in semi-log form, after allowing for a variety of housing characteristics, reveals that the natural log of the real sales price of single-family houses within the Savannah Historic Landmark District as well as those outside the Savannah Historic Landmark District were in fact negatively affected by the city and county property tax level.
2010-06-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/60008/1/MPRA_paper_60008.pdf
Cebula, Richard and Foley, Maggie and Houmes, Robert (2010): Property Tax Capitalization within a National Historic District versus Property Tax Capitalization outside that National Historic District: Another Application of the Tiebout Hypothesis. Published in: International Journal of Economics and Finance , Vol. 3, No. 4 (24 September 2011): pp. 14-21.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:60857
2019-09-27T08:06:11Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483235
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483236
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/60857/
On the Relative Size of Direct and Indirect Taxation
Soldatos, Gerasimos T.
H22 - Incidence
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
Modifying the standard analytical apparatuses for direct and indirect tax evasion to incorporate forward indirect tax shift in a monopolistically competitive environment, this paper maintains that indirect tax evasion would exceed for sure direct tax evasion only under consumer risk neutrality and a tax policy zeroing the tax shift. Also, in the presence of tax evasion, there cannot be optimal direct-indirect tax mix, because tax evasion is accompanied by uncertainty and hence, nonlinearities in the tax schedules that cannot be dealt with at least practically.
2014
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/60857/1/MPRA_paper_60857.pdf
Soldatos, Gerasimos T. (2014): On the Relative Size of Direct and Indirect Taxation. Published in: International Economic Letters , Vol. 3, No. 2 (2014): pp. 45-48.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:65919
2019-09-27T00:56:53Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443630
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453632
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/65919/
How to make a carbon tax reform progressive: The role of subsistence consumption
Klenert, David
Mattauch, Linus
D3 - Distribution
D60 - General
E62 - Fiscal Policy
H22 - Incidence
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
A major obstacle for introducing carbon pricing are its distributional implications: climate policy is believed to be regressive. We illuminate the role of carbon-intensive subsistence consumption for the prospect of making carbon pricing progressive. The distributional impacts of a carbon tax reform depend on the revenue recycling options: we prove that lump-sum transfers proportional to income and linear income tax cuts make the reform regressive and that this is due only to subsistence consumption. By contrast, returning the revenue as uniform lump-sum transfers renders the carbon tax reform progressive.
2015-08-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/65919/1/MPRA_paper_65919.pdf
Klenert, David and Mattauch, Linus (2015): How to make a carbon tax reform progressive: The role of subsistence consumption.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:66599
2019-09-26T12:33:33Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4435:443538
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443632
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/66599/
The Economic and Environmental Effects of Taxing Air Pollutants and CO2: Lessons from a Study of the Czech Republic
Kiula, Olga
Markandya, Anil
Ščasný, Milan
Menkyna Tsuchimoto, Fusako
D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
D62 - Externalities
H22 - Incidence
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
This paper analyzes the impacts of local emissions charges as well as a tax on CO2 for a small open economy. We do this to see the separate and collective impacts of these taxes so as to understand the effects of a system of environmental taxes that reflects something close to the full internalization of external effects in the case of air emissions. The analysis was carried out using a static CGE model, with unemployment, bottom-up abatement technologies and with sector- and fuel-specific emission coefficients. The model imposes environmental charges on several pollutants, as a result of which emissions can fall through three channels: reduced output of the polluting good, substitution between production factors, and increased end-of-pipe abatement activity. Such CGE modeling of both local and global pollutants, with a wide range of abatement options is one of the first of its kind. The analysis shows that a full internalization of air pollution externalities can result in modest overall welfare gains and the combination of local pollution taxes and CO2 taxes should be feasible. There are, however, differences in terms of employment and output impacts, depending on what combination of taxes are applied, which sectors are covered and how fiscal revenues are redistributed.
2014-09-21
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/66599/1/MPRA_paper_66599.pdf
Kiula, Olga and Markandya, Anil and Ščasný, Milan and Menkyna Tsuchimoto, Fusako (2014): The Economic and Environmental Effects of Taxing Air Pollutants and CO2: Lessons from a Study of the Czech Republic.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:67588
2019-09-30T16:30:30Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D45:4534:453434
7375626A656374733D47:4732:473231
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483332
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/67588/
Loan as a Durable Good and Bank Indirect-Tax Incidence
Soldatos, Gerasimos T.
Varelas, Erotokritos
E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
G21 - Banks ; Depository Institutions ; Micro Finance Institutions ; Mortgages
H22 - Incidence
H32 - Firm
This paper maintains that the durable-goods character of loans enables the forward shift of bank indirect taxes à la Coase (1972), increasing thereby the money multiplier and reducing the equity-lending ratio regardless bank industry structure. Consequently, policymakers may use such taxes countercyclically if, of course, the need for depositor insurance is not exaggerated evoking upon the problems of asymmetric information accompanying lending. Also, the “standard” proposition that the ability to shift indirect taxation forward depends negatively on the size of the elasticity of loan demand, is confirmed here, too. The low elasticity of loan demand is related with relationship banking, contemplating thereby that the mix “bank indirect tax-relationship banking” may prove to be critical for capital accumulation and growth depending on the dissemination of such banking. A zero-bank-profit policy is proposed as a stabilization policy beyond the countercyclical manipulation of the tax.
2015
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/67588/1/MPRA_paper_67588.pdf
Soldatos, Gerasimos T. and Varelas, Erotokritos (2015): Loan as a Durable Good and Bank Indirect-Tax Incidence. Published in: International Journal of Financial Research , Vol. 7, No. 1 (January 2016): pp. 33-38.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:68220
2019-09-26T22:29:15Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D45:4534:453434
7375626A656374733D47:4732:473231
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483332
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/68220/
Loan as a Durable Good and Bank Indirect-Tax Incidence
Soldatos, Gerasimos T.
Varelas, Erotokritos
E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
G21 - Banks ; Depository Institutions ; Micro Finance Institutions ; Mortgages
H22 - Incidence
H32 - Firm
This paper maintains that the durable-goods character of loans enables the forward shift of bank indirect taxes à la Coase (1972), increasing thereby the money multiplier and reducing the equity-lending ratio regardless bank industry structure. Consequently, policymakers may use such taxes countercyclically if, of course, the need for depositor insurance is not exaggerated evoking upon the problems of asymmetric information accompanying lending. Also, the “standard” proposition that the ability to shift indirect taxation forward depends negatively on the size of the elasticity of loan demand, is confirmed here, too. The low elasticity of loan demand is related with relationship banking, contemplating thereby that the mix “bank indirect tax-relationship banking” may prove to be critical for capital accumulation and growth depending on the dissemination of such banking. A zero-bank-profit policy is proposed as a stabilization policy beyond the countercyclical manipulation of the tax.
2015
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/68220/1/MPRA_paper_67588.pdf
Soldatos, Gerasimos T. and Varelas, Erotokritos (2015): Loan as a Durable Good and Bank Indirect-Tax Incidence. Published in: International Journal of Financial Research , Vol. 7, No. 1 (January 2016): pp. 33-38.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:77850
2019-09-26T17:54:35Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433638
7375626A656374733D44:4435:443538
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443631
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483231
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/77850/
Decomposing the Marginal Excess Burden of Australia’s Goods and Services Tax
Verikios, George
Patron, Jodie
Gharibnavaz, Reza
C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models
D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis
H21 - Efficiency ; Optimal Taxation
H22 - Incidence
We estimate the marginal excess burden of the GST and its components. Our results show that the GST is highly distortionary in its treatment of intermediate inputs and investment, but is efficient as applied to household consumption. We also estimate the general equilibrium effects of changes to the GST base and rate, and its removal from investment. The general equilibrium estimates support the marginal excess burden estimates. Our results suggest that the efficiency of the GST could be improved by broadening the consumption base or removing it from investment. Simply increasing the GST rate would be welfare decreasing.
2017-03-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/77850/7/MPRA_paper_77850.pdf
Verikios, George and Patron, Jodie and Gharibnavaz, Reza (2017): Decomposing the Marginal Excess Burden of Australia’s Goods and Services Tax.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:81611
2019-10-01T09:41:03Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483230
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483331
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483332
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3232
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3233
7375626A656374733D4A:4A33:4A3332
7375626A656374733D4A:4A33:4A3338
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/81611/
Adjust Me if I Can’t: The Effect of Firm Incentives on Labor Supply Responses to Taxes
Tazhitdinova, Alisa
H20 - General
H22 - Incidence
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
H31 - Household
H32 - Firm
J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
J23 - Labor Demand
J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits ; Retirement Plans ; Private Pensions
J38 - Public Policy
I provide theoretical and empirical evidence on the importance of statu- tory incidence in labor markets in the presence of asymmetric frictions. Using a theoretical model I show that labor supply responses are stronger when the statutory incidence of taxes or labor rules falls on firms, even when wages can adjust freely. I explore these mechanisms by studying labor responses to incentives generated by the “Mini-Job” program aimed at increasing labor supply of low-income individuals in Germany. Using administrative data, I show evidence of a strong behavioral response – in the form of sharp bunching – to the mini-job threshold that generates large discontinuous changes both in the marginal tax rates and in the total in- come and payroll tax liability of individuals in Germany. Sharp bunching translates into elasticity estimates that are an order of magnitude larger than has been previously estimated using the bunching approach. To ex- plain the magnitude of the observed response, I show that in addition to tax rates, fringe benefit payments also change at the threshold. Mini-job workers receive smaller yearly bonuses and fewer vacation days but are paid higher gross wages than regular workers. These results indicate that lower fringe benefits make mini-jobs attractive to employers, thus facilitating labor supply responses in accordance with the model’s predictions.
2015
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/81611/1/MPRA_paper_81611.pdf
Tazhitdinova, Alisa (2015): Adjust Me if I Can’t: The Effect of Firm Incentives on Labor Supply Responses to Taxes.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:83401
2019-10-07T05:56:57Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4331:433130
7375626A656374733D45:4531
7375626A656374733D45:4531:453130
7375626A656374733D45:4532:453234
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483235
7375626A656374733D4F:4F35:4F3537
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/83401/
Corporate tax incidence and its implications for the labor market
Olena, Sokolovska
C10 - General
E1 - General Aggregative Models
E10 - General
E24 - Employment ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Intergenerational Income Distribution ; Aggregate Human Capital ; Aggregate Labor Productivity
H22 - Incidence
H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries
The paper investigates the relationship between corporate taxation and labor market indicators. This research supports the idea that the increase in corporate income tax rates in the open economy will lead to the capital outflow to the low-tax jurisdictions, resulting in tax incidence on labor with consequent decrease in labor productivity. An empirical analysis demonstrated the negative relationship between labor freedom index and corporate tax rate. In countries with higher GDP per capita the strength of such relationship differs from countries where GDP per capita is relatively low. In terms of corporate tax incidence, this means that in developed countries the corporate tax burden is shifted onto workers in lesser extent compared with developing and emerging economies. The estimation of specific elements of labor freedom index allowed to identify main tendencies of impact of change of the corporate income tax rate on certain labor market indicators in countries with different GDP per capita. We suggested that corporate tax incidence diversely affects the labor productivity in countries with different GDP per capita, and the direction of such impact is determined by composition of labor force and openness of economy.
2017-12
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/83401/1/MPRA_paper_83401.pdf
Olena, Sokolovska (2017): Corporate tax incidence and its implications for the labor market.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:84290
2019-09-28T08:38:03Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443630
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453632
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/84290/
How to make a carbon tax reform progressive: The role of subsistence consumption
Klenert, David
Mattauch, Linus
D3 - Distribution
D60 - General
E62 - Fiscal Policy
H22 - Incidence
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
This letter analyzes the distributional effects of a carbon tax reform when households must consume carbon-intensive goods above a subsistence level. The reform is progressive if revenues are recycled as uniform lump-sum transfers, in other cases it is regressive.
2015-08-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/84290/1/MPRA_paper_84290.pdf
Klenert, David and Mattauch, Linus (2015): How to make a carbon tax reform progressive: The role of subsistence consumption.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:84291
2019-09-28T13:08:39Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443630
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453632
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/84291/
How to make a carbon tax reform progressive: The role of subsistence consumption
Klenert, David
Mattauch, Linus
D3 - Distribution
D60 - General
E62 - Fiscal Policy
H22 - Incidence
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
This letter analyzes the distributional effects of a carbon tax reform when households must consume carbon-intensive goods above a subsistence level. The reform is progressive if revenues are recycled as uniform lump-sum transfers, in other cases it is regressive.
2015-08-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/84291/1/MPRA_paper_84290.pdf
Klenert, David and Mattauch, Linus (2015): How to make a carbon tax reform progressive: The role of subsistence consumption. Published in: Economics Letters , Vol. 138, (2016): pp. 100-103.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:85044
2019-09-27T23:14:12Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4339:433931
7375626A656374733D44:4434:443431
7375626A656374733D44:4434:443434
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/85044/
Experimental Evidence on Tax Salience and Tax Incidence
Morone, Andrea
Nemore, Francesco
Nuzzo, Simone
C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior
D41 - Perfect Competition
D44 - Auctions
H22 - Incidence
While a basic theoretical principle in public economics assumes that individuals optimize fully with respect to the introduction of a tax, a growing body of research is proving that several heuristics are in place when people take decisions. We re-examine the well-known Liability Side Equivalence principle in the light of the concept of salience. While these two topics have been extensively investigated in isolation, this paper innovates on the previous literature in that it focuses on their joint effects. Is tax incidence dependent on whether the subjects face a salient rather than a non-salient tax? Does the salience of a tax exert a different effect depending on who is legally committed to bear the tax burden? We address these questions through a laboratory experiment in which one unit of a fictitious good is being traded through a double-auction market institution. Based on a panel data analysis, our contribution shows that point of collection matter and determine the economic incidence of tax. Additionally we found that the joint effect of salience and statutory incidence does not alter the informative efficiency, but has a positive effect on buyers’ allocational efficiency when the tax is levied on sellers.
2018-03-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/85044/1/MPRA_paper_85044.pdf
Morone, Andrea and Nemore, Francesco and Nuzzo, Simone (2018): Experimental Evidence on Tax Salience and Tax Incidence.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:85186
2019-09-27T22:30:23Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4333:433333
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483235
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/85186/
Who Bears the Corporate Tax Incidence? Empirical Evidence from India
Agarwal, Samiksha
Chakraborty, Lekha
C33 - Panel Data Models ; Spatio-temporal Models
H22 - Incidence
H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
Against the backdrop of corporate tax policy changes in India, the paper attempts to measure the incidence of corporate income tax in India under a general equilibrium setting. Using seemingly uncorrelated regression coefficients and dynamic panel estimates, we tried to analyze both the relative burden of corporate tax borne by capital and labor and the efficiency effects of corporate income tax. The data for the study is compiled from corporate firms listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) for the period 2000–15. Our empirical estimates suggest that in India capital bears more of the burden of corporate taxes than labor. However, the results vary with different proxies of capital used in the models. Though it is contrary to the Harberger (1962) hypothesis that the burden of corporate tax is shifted to labor rather than capital, it confirms the existing empirical results in the context of India.
2018-03-14
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/85186/1/MPRA_paper_85186.pdf
Agarwal, Samiksha and Chakraborty, Lekha (2018): Who Bears the Corporate Tax Incidence? Empirical Evidence from India.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:86233
2019-10-03T13:27:02Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D45:4532:453230
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
7375626A656374733D50:5035:503531
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/86233/
Labor income taxation in open economies: current trends and options for reforms
Sokolovska, Olena
E20 - General
H22 - Incidence
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
We analyze both the theoretical framework of labor taxation in the open economy and important current reforms of labor taxation in countries worldwide including the introduction of “social VAT”. The current tax theory considers the reforms of labor income taxation related to the shifting of taxation from more mobile tax bases to the less mobile ones, taking into consideration the reduction of tax rates with simultaneous broadening of the tax base. Such a reform is intended to reduce the distortion effects of taxation, and, as a consequence, to reduce the tax burden on labor. The empirical section includes analysis of indicators of labor income taxation in OECD countries. We calculated the progressivity index of overall tax wedge and its components – personal income tax, employer’s and employee’s social security contributions. The results enabled cross-country comparisons: we found that in a most OECD members both employees’ and employers’ social security contributions systems are regressive or flat, while personal income tax systems are progressive in all countries except Hungary with flat tax schedule. Moreover, in OECD countries with highest GDP per capita the employees bear average labor tax burden with simultaneously low employers’ social security contributions rates.
2018-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/86233/1/MPRA_paper_86233.pdf
Sokolovska, Olena (2018): Labor income taxation in open economies: current trends and options for reforms.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:89640
2019-10-04T10:40:50Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D45:4532:453234
7375626A656374733D45:4532:453235
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D4F:4F34:4F3437
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/89640/
Macroeconomic implications of Raising Income:The Nigerian Experience.
Okolo, Chimaobi
Attamah, Nicholas
E24 - Employment ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Intergenerational Income Distribution ; Aggregate Human Capital ; Aggregate Labor Productivity
E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
H22 - Incidence
O47 - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth ; Aggregate Productivity ; Cross-Country Output Convergence
Government, factor owners and investors share an intersecting objective, which is to boost income, notwithstanding its implications on the macroeconomy of Nigeria. More recently is the government drive to raise tax income, accompanied by the labour union agitation for a 110% rise in federal minimum wage in Nigeria. In line with the United Nations sustainable development goal 9, which is to build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation, this study evaluates the macroeconomic implication of raising income in order to achieve this goal in Nigeria. This study makes significant innovation in the unique adoption of minimum wage on labour productivity ratio, tax burden and capital utilization ratio to explain the variations in productivity and output growth in Nigeria. Over the 33 year period, minimum wage increase has caused an average of 12.33% significant reduction in labour productivity, 4.59% decline in capital productivity and 2.56% reduction in real output growth in Nigeria. In the same period, tax burden caused an average of 1.71%, 6.95% and 12.26% increase in the real output growth, labour productivity growth and growth in capital productivity respectively. Capital utilization on the average caused 2.83% increase in capital productivity growth, while declining real output growth by 0.52% in the same period. This signifies the need to boost tax income in the overall interest of productivity and output growth, which could lead to the achieving the UN-SDG-9
2018-10-22
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/89640/2/MPRA_paper_89640.pdf
Okolo, Chimaobi and Attamah, Nicholas (2018): Macroeconomic implications of Raising Income:The Nigerian Experience.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:90085
2019-09-26T23:59:34Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4432:443232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483231
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D4C:4C31:4C3133
7375626A656374733D4C:4C35:4C3531
7375626A656374733D4C:4C38:4C3831
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/90085/
Taxation and Market Power in the Legal Marijuana Industry
Hollenbeck, Brett
Uetake, Kosuke
D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
H21 - Efficiency ; Optimal Taxation
H22 - Incidence
L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
L51 - Economics of Regulation
L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade ; e-Commerce
In 2012 the state of Washington created a legal framework for production and retail sales of marijuana. Nine other U.S. states and Canada have followed. These states hope to generate tax revenue for their state budgets while limiting harms associated with marijuana consumption. We use a unique administrative dataset containing all transactions in the history of the industry in Washington to evaluate the effectiveness of different tax and regulatory policies under consideration by policymakers and study the role of imperfect competition in determining these results. We examine 3 main research questions. First, how effective is Washington’s excise tax at raising revenue? With the nation’s highest tax rate on marijuana, is Washington maximizing revenue or potentially overtaxing, leading to reduced legal sales and lower tax revenue. Second, what is the incidence of taxes in this industry? Finally, most states have restricted entry, resulting in firms with substantial market power. What is the role of imperfect competition in studying these basic questions on tax policy? We combine structural methods and a reduced form sufficient statistic approach to show a number of results. First, Washington’s 37% excise tax is still on the upward sloping portion of the Laffer curve and state revenue could be substantially higher with a higher tax rate. The amount of revenue generated by a tax increase is significantly larger due to retailer market power than it would be under perfect competition. In addition, these taxes are primarily borne by consumers and not by firms, and there is a large social cost associated with each dollar raised.
2018-11-12
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/90085/1/MPRA_paper_90085.pdf
Hollenbeck, Brett and Uetake, Kosuke (2018): Taxation and Market Power in the Legal Marijuana Industry.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:91343
2019-09-29T18:03:39Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4835
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483530
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/91343/
Informe de Equidad Fiscal de Bolivia: Incidencia Distributiva de la Política Fiscal
Cossio Muñoz, Fernando
H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
H22 - Incidence
H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
H50 - General
The document investigates the incidence of fiscal policy, the most important taxes of the revenue system and the most relevant public expenditures in the Bolivian economy.
El documento investiga la incidencia de la política fiscal, de los impuestos más importantes del sistema tributario y de los gastos públicos más relevantes en la economía de Bolivia.
2006-08
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/91343/4/MPRA_paper_91343.pdf
Cossio Muñoz, Fernando (2006): Informe de Equidad Fiscal de Bolivia: Incidencia Distributiva de la Política Fiscal. Published in: (August 2006)
es
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:93192
2019-09-26T11:52:19Z
7374617475733D696E7072657373
7375626A656374733D45:4536
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93192/
Business Taxation in an Emerging Economy: Analysing Corporate Tax Incidence
Agarwal, Samiksha
Chakraborty, Lekha
E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
H22 - Incidence
This paper estimates the incidence of corporate taxes in an emerging economy –India- using the data from 5,666 business firms listed in the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) for the period 2000-15. Using the dynamic panel models, we find that capital bear the burden of corporate taxation relatively more than the labour. Our findings highlight that the burden of corporate tax is more on capital than labour. It is also found that the effective tax rate is higher for the small corporate firms than the gigantic firms. Further research is required to understand whether less incidence of corporate taxation on wages in India is due to profit shifting.
2019-03-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93192/1/MPRA_paper_93192.pdf
Agarwal, Samiksha and Chakraborty, Lekha (2019): Business Taxation in an Emerging Economy: Analysing Corporate Tax Incidence. Forthcoming in:
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:94875
2019-09-29T18:21:46Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483235
7375626A656374733D48:4837:483731
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/94875/
The corporate tax, apportionment rules and employment: Evidence using policy discontinuity at U.S. state borders
Kakpo, Eliakim
H22 - Incidence
H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
A recent set of empirical works highlights a puzzling asymmetric response of labor market outcomes to the corporate tax. This paper explores a potential source of this disparity, using differentials in profit accounting rules across U.S. states. I exploit policy discontinuities at state borders by pairing counties in states featuring a tax change with their contiguous counterparts in control states. I notice that corporate tax cuts do not boost employment while tax hikes reduce job creation. The incidence of tax increases on employment seems limited in states with a single sales factor apportionment formula and pronounced in states that use a triple factor apportionment rule. I present a basic conceptual framework that explains this pattern.
2018-08
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/94875/1/MPRA_paper_94875.pdf
Kakpo, Eliakim (2018): The corporate tax, apportionment rules and employment: Evidence using policy discontinuity at U.S. state borders.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:95639
2019-09-26T23:48:23Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4432:443232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483231
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D4C:4C31:4C3133
7375626A656374733D4C:4C35:4C3531
7375626A656374733D4C:4C38:4C3831
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/95639/
Taxation and Market Power in the Legal Marijuana Industry
Hollenbeck, Brett
Uetake, Kosuke
D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
H21 - Efficiency ; Optimal Taxation
H22 - Incidence
L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
L51 - Economics of Regulation
L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade ; e-Commerce
In 2012 the state of Washington created a legal framework for production and retail sales of marijuana. Ten other U.S. states and Canada have followed. These states hope to generate tax revenue for their state budgets while limiting harms associated with marijuana sales and consumption. We use a unique administrative dataset containing all transactions in the his- tory of the industry in Washington to evaluate the effectiveness of different tax and regulatory policies under consideration by policymakers and study the role of imperfect competition in determining these results. We use both a reduced form sufficient statistic approach and structural methods to show a number of results. First, Washington’s strict cap on firm entry has resulted in retailers with substantial market power. This market power has immediate consequences for both state tax revenue and consumer welfare. Second, because these entry restrictions have caused retailers to behave like local monopolists, the state could substantially increase revenue generated from marijuana legalization by acting as the retailer itself, as it did for alcohol sales until 2012, without a large increase in prices. Third, despite having the nation’s highest tax rate at 37%, marijuana in Washington is not overtaxed as many policymakers in other states have argued. The high taxes do not result in lower revenue or a substantial black market. Instead Washington is still on the upward sloping portion of the Laffer curve and the amount of revenue generated by a tax increase is significantly larger due to retailer market power than it would be under perfect competition. Our results suggest there is not widely available black market marijuana competing with legal retail sales. Finally, the high excise tax is primarily borne by consumers and not by firms, and there is a large social cost associated with each dollar raised.
2018-11-12
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/95639/1/MPRA_paper_95639.pdf
Hollenbeck, Brett and Uetake, Kosuke (2018): Taxation and Market Power in the Legal Marijuana Industry.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:95808
2019-10-03T14:35:58Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433637
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433638
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483533
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/95808/
An Assessment of the Impact of Reducing Implicit and Explicit Energy Subsidies in Iran; Using a Computable General Equilibrium Model Based on a Modified Micro Consistent Matrix
Davood, Manzoor
Asghar, Shahmoradi
Iman, Haqiqi
C67 - Input-Output Models
C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models
H22 - Incidence
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
Q48 - Government Policy
This paper identifies two types of implicit and explicit energy subsidies in Iran. Using a computable general equilibrium model, we analyze the impacts of reducing implicit and explicit energy subsidies. The model is based on a Modified Micro Consistent Matrix of MOE (the Ministry of Energy) which includes implicit subsidies. The model consists of 36 commodity groups and 18 economic activities. Our findings suggest that overall economic activity and consumer welfare will be reduced following the reduction of energy subsidies. Energy exports would increase and nonenergy exports decline. Economic activity will decline across all sectors except for upstream energy activities. Domestic energy demand by households and producers would decline as well.
2010
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/95808/2/MPRA_paper_95808.pdf
Davood, Manzoor and Asghar, Shahmoradi and Iman, Haqiqi (2010): An Assessment of the Impact of Reducing Implicit and Explicit Energy Subsidies in Iran; Using a Computable General Equilibrium Model Based on a Modified Micro Consistent Matrix. Published in: Quarterly Energy Economics Review , Vol. 7, No. 26 (2010): pp. 21-54.
fa
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:95809
2019-10-03T14:22:49Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433637
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433638
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483533
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/95809/
Impact Analysis of Energy Price Reform and Cash Subsidy Payment in Iran: A CGE Approach
Asghar, Shahmoradi
Iman, Haqiqi
Zahedi, Raziyeh
C67 - Input-Output Models
C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models
H22 - Incidence
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
Q48 - Government Policy
This paper studies the impacts of domestic energy price increase along with cash subsidy payment to households and also to production sectors. We applied the MOF_CGE (Ministry of Finance_Computable General Equilibrium Model) which considers transport and trade margins and introduces a modified Armington aggregator for foreign transactions. The data is based on the 2001 social accounting matrix which includes energy carriers. We assume two policy scenarios for the price increase and two scenarios for cash subsidy payment. The energy prices increase up to FOB price in one scenario and to the 75% of FOB in another. The government pays 50% of the policy revenue to households in one scenario and 60% in another with 30% to production sectors in both. We found that increasing the household share from 50% to 60% will compensate half of the welfare reduction. The results show that in short-run the welfare and production decline but imports and exports increase. Comparing with those studies with no redistribution consideration, we found that the cash payment policy compensates the welfare and productivity reduction to some extent.
2011
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/95809/1/MPRA_paper_95809.pdf
Asghar, Shahmoradi and Iman, Haqiqi and Zahedi, Raziyeh (2011): Impact Analysis of Energy Price Reform and Cash Subsidy Payment in Iran: A CGE Approach. Published in: Quarterly Journal of Economic Research and Policy , Vol. 19, No. 57 (2011): pp. 5-30.
fa
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:95844
2019-10-03T14:18:41Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433637
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433638
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483533
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/95844/
Impact Analysis of Energy Price Reform and Cash Subsidy Payment in Iran: A CGE Approach
Shahmoradi, Asghar
Haqiqi, Iman
Zahedi, Raziyeh
C67 - Input-Output Models
C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models
H22 - Incidence
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
Q48 - Government Policy
This paper studies the impacts of domestic energy price increase along with cash subsidy payment to households and also to production sectors. We applied the MOF_CGE (Ministry of Finance_Computable General Equilibrium Model) which considers transport and trade margins and introduces a modified Armington aggregator for foreign transactions. The data is based on the 2001 social accounting matrix which includes energy carriers. We assume two policy scenarios for the price increase and two scenarios for cash subsidy payment. The energy prices increase up to FOB price in one scenario and to the 75% of FOB in another. The government pays 50% of the policy revenue to households in one scenario and 60% in another with 30% to production sectors in both. We found that increasing the household share from 50% to 60% will compensate half of the welfare reduction. The results show that in short-run the welfare and production decline but imports and exports increase. Comparing with those studies with no redistribution consideration, we found that the cash payment policy compensates the welfare and productivity reduction to some extent.
2011
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/95844/1/MPRA_paper_95809.pdf
Shahmoradi, Asghar and Haqiqi, Iman and Zahedi, Raziyeh (2011): Impact Analysis of Energy Price Reform and Cash Subsidy Payment in Iran: A CGE Approach. Published in: Quarterly Journal of Economic Research and Policy , Vol. 19, No. 57 (2011): pp. 5-30.
fa
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:95845
2019-10-02T17:23:14Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433637
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433638
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483533
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/95845/
An Assessment of the Impact of Reducing Implicit and Explicit Energy Subsidies in Iran; Using a Computable General Equilibrium Model Based on a Modified Micro Consistent Matrix
Manzoor, Davood
Shahmoradi, Asghar
Haqiqi, Iman
C67 - Input-Output Models
C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models
H22 - Incidence
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
Q48 - Government Policy
This paper identifies two types of implicit and explicit energy subsidies in Iran. Using a computable general equilibrium model, we analyze the impacts of reducing implicit and explicit energy subsidies. The model is based on a Modified Micro Consistent Matrix of MOE (the Ministry of Energy) which includes implicit subsidies. The model consists of 36 commodity groups and 18 economic activities. Our findings suggest that overall economic activity and consumer welfare will be reduced following the reduction of energy subsidies. Energy exports would increase and nonenergy exports decline. Economic activity will decline across all sectors except for upstream energy activities. Domestic energy demand by households and producers would decline as well.
2010
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/95845/2/MPRA_paper_95808.pdf
Manzoor, Davood and Shahmoradi, Asghar and Haqiqi, Iman (2010): An Assessment of the Impact of Reducing Implicit and Explicit Energy Subsidies in Iran; Using a Computable General Equilibrium Model Based on a Modified Micro Consistent Matrix. Published in: Quarterly Energy Economics Review , Vol. 7, No. 26 (2010): pp. 21-54.
fa
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:96928
2019-11-21T17:31:23Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483231
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483235
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483236
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483237
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483239
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/96928/
Medical Services Premimum Task Force: Tax Reform Proposals for the Province of British Columbia
Tedds, Lindsay M.
Duff, David
Ramsay, Paul
H21 - Efficiency ; Optimal Taxation
H22 - Incidence
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
H27 - Other Sources of Revenue
H29 - Other
In the September 2017 B.C. Budget Update, the government announced that MSP premiums would be
eliminated within four years, with advice from a task force of experts on how best to replace the foregone
MSP premium revenue. The MSP Task Force was formed in November 2017 and asked to report by March
31, 2018. The Terms of Reference1 for the Task Force required us to apply the principles of fairness, efficiency,
business competitiveness, simplicity, revenue stability, and progressivity in determining the best way to
replace MSP premium revenues.
On February 1, 2018 we provided the Minister with our Interim Report that described our process and what
we had heard so far. We conducted a thorough review of the B.C. tax system and met with or received input
from 70 individuals and 28 stakeholder groups. The most common theme in the input was that the revenue
should be replaced by a combination of an increase to personal income tax and a payroll tax. Other
suggestions included taxes on unhealthy activities, corporate tax changes, broadening the Provincial Sales
Tax (PST) base, and changing the Home Owner Grant to an income-tested program. Our Interim Report
provided the following initial advice to the Minister:
}} Eliminate premiums and start collecting the replacement revenues all at once without phase-in;
}} Provide reasonable notice to allow employees and employers to prepare for the change; and,
}} Use a combination of measures to mitigate the negative impacts of each individual measure.
In Budget 2018, delivered on February 20, 2018, the Minister announced that MSP premiums would be
eliminated effective January 2020, with foregone revenue offset by the Employer Health Tax, a payroll tax.
The budget document also indicated that the Task Force should continue its work and make recommendations
to improve the progressivity, fairness, and competitiveness of the tax system.
We have built upon some of the ideas we were working on to raise revenue and some observations we
made while reviewing the tax system, but our proposals are now generally intended to be revenue-neutral
rather than ways to raise revenues.
2018-04
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/96928/1/MPRA_paper_96928.pdf
Tedds, Lindsay M. and Duff, David and Ramsay, Paul (2018): Medical Services Premimum Task Force: Tax Reform Proposals for the Province of British Columbia. Published in: BC Ministry of Finance (May 2018)
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:99359
2020-03-30T15:53:03Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D45:4531:453133
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483235
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483332
7375626A656374733D4C:4C31:4C3136
7375626A656374733D4C:4C32:4C3236
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/99359/
Quantifying the Effect of Corporate Taxes on the Life Cycle of Firms
Neira, Julian
Singhania, Rish
E13 - Neoclassical
H22 - Incidence
H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
H32 - Firm
L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change ; Industrial Price Indices
L26 - Entrepreneurship
How does corporate taxation affect the life cycle of firms? A change in profit-tax rates affects the life cycle of firms through wages and through firm selection. We quantify these effects by looking at the average size of young and mature US firms 30 years after the Reagan Tax Cuts. We disentangle the wage and the selection effects using a model of firm dynamics. We find that the wage effect of profit tax cuts is about six times stronger than the selection effect. A change in population growth affects average firm size by changing the composition of surviving firms. We find that the effect of declining population growth on average firm size is three times stronger for mature firms than for young firms.
2020-03-19
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/99359/1/MPRA_paper_99359.pdf
Neira, Julian and Singhania, Rish (2020): Quantifying the Effect of Corporate Taxes on the Life Cycle of Firms.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:99877
2020-04-26T08:45:24Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4432:443232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483231
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D4C:4C31:4C3133
7375626A656374733D4C:4C35:4C3531
7375626A656374733D4C:4C38:4C3831
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/99877/
Taxation and Market Power in the Legal Marijuana Industry
Hollenbeck, Brett
Uetake, Kosuke
D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
H21 - Efficiency ; Optimal Taxation
H22 - Incidence
L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
L51 - Economics of Regulation
L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade ; e-Commerce
In 2012 the state of Washington created a legal framework for production and retail sales of marijuana. Nine other U.S. states and Canada have followed. These states hope to generate tax revenue for their state budgets while limiting harms associated with marijuana consumption. We use a unique administrative dataset containing all transactions in the history of the industry in Washington to evaluate the effectiveness of different tax and regulatory policies under consideration by policymakers and study the role of imperfect competition in determining these results. We examine 3 main research questions. First, how effective is Washington’s excise tax at raising revenue? With the nation’s highest tax rate on marijuana, is Washington maximizing revenue or potentially overtaxing, leading to reduced legal sales and lower tax revenue. Second, what is the incidence of taxes in this industry? Finally, most states have restricted entry, resulting in firms with substantial market power. What is the role of imperfect competition in studying these basic questions on tax policy? We combine structural methods and a reduced form sufficient statistic approach to show a number of results. First, Washington’s 37% excise tax is still on the upward sloping portion of the Laffer curve and state revenue could be substantially higher with a higher tax rate. The amount of revenue generated by a tax increase is significantly larger due to retailer market power than it would be under perfect competition. In addition, these taxes are primarily borne by consumers and not by firms, and there is a large social cost associated with each dollar raised.
2020-04-25
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/99877/1/MPRA_paper_99877.pdf
Hollenbeck, Brett and Uetake, Kosuke (2020): Taxation and Market Power in the Legal Marijuana Industry.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:102652
2020-09-01T07:44:39Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443631
7375626A656374733D44:4438:443832
7375626A656374733D44:4438:443836
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483231
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/102652/
Redistribution with Performance Pay
Doligalski, Pawel
Ndiaye, Abdoulaye
Werquin, Nicolas
D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis
D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information ; Mechanism Design
D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory
H21 - Efficiency ; Optimal Taxation
H22 - Incidence
Half of the jobs in the U.S. feature pay-for-performance. We study nonlinear income taxation in a model where such labor contracts arise as a result of moral hazard frictions within firms. We derive novel formulas for the incidence of arbitrarily nonlinear reforms of a given tax code on both average earnings and their sensitivity to output risk. We show theoretically and quantitatively that, following an increase in tax progressivity, the higher sensitivity of earnings to performance caused by the crowding-out of private insurance is almost fully o�set by a countervailing performance-pay effect driven by labor supply responses. As a result, earnings risk is hardly affected by policy. We then turn to the normative analysis of a government that levies taxes and transfers to redistribute income across workers with different levels of uninsurable productivity.
We�find that setting taxes without accounting for the endogeneity of private insurance is close to optimal. Thus, the common concern that standard models of taxation
underestimate the cost of redistribution is, in the context of performance-based compensation, overblown.
2020-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/102652/1/MPRA_paper_102652.pdf
Doligalski, Pawel and Ndiaye, Abdoulaye and Werquin, Nicolas (2020): Redistribution with Performance Pay.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:106618
2024-03-29T11:27:08Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:4432:443232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483231
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D4C:4C31:4C3133
7375626A656374733D4C:4C35:4C3531
7375626A656374733D4C:4C38:4C3831
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/106618/
Taxation and Market Power in the Legal Marijuana Industry
Hollenbeck, Brett
Uetake, Kosuke
D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
H21 - Efficiency ; Optimal Taxation
H22 - Incidence
L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
L51 - Economics of Regulation
L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade ; e-Commerce
In 2012 the state of Washington created a legal framework for production and retail sales of marijuana. Nine other U.S. states and Canada have followed. These states hope to generate tax revenue for their state budgets while limiting harms associated with marijuana consumption. We use a unique administrative dataset containing all transactions in the history of the industry in Washington to evaluate the effectiveness of different tax and regulatory policies under consideration by policymakers and study the role of imperfect competition in determining these results. We examine 3 main research questions. First, how effective is Washington’s excise tax at raising revenue? With the nation’s highest tax rate on marijuana, is Washington maximizing revenue or potentially overtaxing, leading to reduced legal sales and lower tax revenue. Second, what is the incidence of taxes in this industry? Finally, most states have restricted entry, resulting in firms with substantial market power. What is the role of imperfect competition in studying these basic questions on tax policy? We combine structural methods and a reduced form sufficient statistic approach to show a number of results. First, Washington’s 37% excise tax is still on the upward sloping portion of the Laffer curve and state revenue could be substantially higher with a higher tax rate. The amount of revenue generated by a tax increase is significantly larger due to retailer market power than it would be under perfect competition. In addition, these taxes are primarily borne by consumers and not by firms, and there is a large social cost associated with each dollar raised.
2021-03-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/106618/1/MPRA_paper_99877.pdf
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/106618/9/MPRA_paper_106618.pdf
Hollenbeck, Brett and Uetake, Kosuke (2021): Taxation and Market Power in the Legal Marijuana Industry. Published in: RAND Journal of Economics (2021)
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:108279
2022-02-23T22:56:43Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483230
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483231
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483234
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483236
7375626A656374733D48:4837
7375626A656374733D48:4837:483735
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/108279/
Social Network and Tax Evasion: Theoretical Model and Empirical Evidence in Bangladesh
Mannan, Kazi Abdul
Farhana, Khandaker Mursheda
Chowdhury, G. M. Omar Faruque
H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
H20 - General
H21 - Efficiency ; Optimal Taxation
H22 - Incidence
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
H7 - State and Local Government ; Intergovernmental Relations
H75 - State and Local Government: Health ; Education ; Welfare ; Public Pensions
This paper examines ethical and behavioral aspects of taxpayers, the financial condition of citizens, tax fairness, taxpayer services, complexities in the tax regime, tax rates, penalties and enforcement, and tax amnesties and the black economy. Primary data were collected by conducting a survey utilizing structured printed questionnaires. Secondary data were collected from project reports, government publications and documents, books, journals, reports, newspapers and electronic media. Empirical findings suggest that all these issues are associated with tax evasion in Bangladesh. We also find that eligibility in a social network increases the likelihood that others will take-up. This suggests that taxpayers affect each other’s decisions about tax avoidance, highlighting the importance of accounting for social interactions in understanding enforcement and tax avoidance behavior, and providing a concrete example of optimization frictions in the context of behavioral responses to taxation. The involvement and nexus of the three actors in tax policy formulation, implementation and compliance processes were examined. The empirical findings indicate the presence of this nexus which facilitates tax evasion. The high magnitude of tax evasion in Bangladesh is significantly acknowledged by respondents in the study. The empirical findings suggest that the absence of a participatory policy making process, lack of research into, and reform of, the tax system, short-term oriented and politically motivated tax policies, loopholes, anomalies and complexities of tax laws and policies are responsible for creating scope for tax evasion.
2021
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/108279/1/MPRA_paper_108279.pdf
Mannan, Kazi Abdul and Farhana, Khandaker Mursheda and Chowdhury, G. M. Omar Faruque (2021): Social Network and Tax Evasion: Theoretical Model and Empirical Evidence in Bangladesh. Published in: The Cost and Management , Vol. 49, No. 2 (2021): pp. 14-32.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:109545
2021-09-02T11:48:13Z
7374617475733D696E7072657373
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483235
7375626A656374733D4C:4C34:4C3433
7375626A656374733D4C:4C37:4C3731
7375626A656374733D4C:4C39:4C3931
7375626A656374733D4C:4C39:4C3938
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/109545/
Measuring Long-Run Gasoline Price Elasticities in Urban Travel Demand
Donna, Javier D.
H22 - Incidence
H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
L91 - Transportation: General
L98 - Government Policy
I develop a structural model of urban travel to estimate long run gasoline price elasticities. I model the demand for transportation services using a dynamic discrete-choice model with switching costs and estimate it using a panel dataset with public market-level data on automobile and public transit use in Chicago. Long-run own- (automobile) and cross- (transit) price elasticities are substantially more elastic than short-run elasticities. Elasticity estimates from static and myopic models are downward biased. I use the estimated model to evaluate the response to several counterfactual policies. A gasoline tax is less regressive after accounting for the long-run substitution behavior.
2021-05-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/109545/1/MPRA_paper_109545.pdf
Donna, Javier D. (2021): Measuring Long-Run Gasoline Price Elasticities in Urban Travel Demand. Forthcoming in:
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:111919
2022-02-11T11:57:02Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433638
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483331
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493338
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/111919/
Evaluating the economic effects of income security reforms in Switzerland: an integrated microsimulation - computable general equilibrium approach
Müller, Tobias
C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models
H22 - Incidence
H31 - Household
I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
This paper analyzes the economic consequences of various reforms of the Swiss tax-benefit system using a framework which integrates an econometrically estimated microsimulation model of labor supply, a tax-benefit module, and a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. By contrast to conventional microsimulation exercises, this integrated framework accounts for feedback effects arising in particular from the endogenization of wage rates and from the consistent treatment of the government's budget constraint. Compared to conventional CGE models, this framework provides a much more detailed representation of household income distribution and labor supply behavior. The reform scenarios considered in this paper include different versions of basic income, participation income and low-wage subsidy schemes.
2004-06
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/111919/1/MPRA_paper_111919.pdf
Müller, Tobias (2004): Evaluating the economic effects of income security reforms in Switzerland: an integrated microsimulation - computable general equilibrium approach.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:113899
2022-07-29T10:42:06Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D4F:4F34:4F3430
7375626A656374733D52:5231:523131
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/113899/
Sustained Economic Growth and Physical Capital Taxation in a Creative Region
Batabyal, Amitrajeet
Beladi, Hamid
H22 - Incidence
O40 - General
R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
We study the properties of economic growth in a region that is driven by the activities of the so-called creative class. On the consumption side of our regional economy, we focus on an infinitely lived creative class household and on the production side of this same economy, we concentrate on a final good that is produced using creative and physical capital. In this setting, we first define and then characterize a competitive equilibrium for our regional economy. Second, we show that this competitive equilibrium is Pareto optimal. Third, we demonstrate that sustained growth in this regional economy is impossible when the value of a key parameter of the production function is less than or equal to unity. Fourth, we specify the conditions in our model that need to hold for there to be sustained economic growth. Fifth, we study what happens to the share of physical capital in our region’s total income. Finally, we analyze what happens to the asymptotic growth rate of physical capital and consumption when a regional authority taxes the returns from physical capital.
2022-06-15
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/113899/1/MPRA_paper_113899.pdf
Batabyal, Amitrajeet and Beladi, Hamid (2022): Sustained Economic Growth and Physical Capital Taxation in a Creative Region.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:115898
2023-01-05T14:39:19Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4434:443432
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D4C:4C31:4C3132
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/115898/
Multiproduct Cost Passthrough: Edgeworth's Paradox Revisited
armstrong, mark
Vickers, John
D42 - Monopoly
H22 - Incidence
L12 - Monopoly ; Monopolization Strategies
Edgeworth's paradox of taxation occurs when an increase in the unit cost of a product causes a multiproduct monopolist to reduce prices. We give simple illustrations of the paradox, including how it can arise with uniform pricing. We then give a general analysis of the case of linear marginal cost and demand conditions, and characterize which matrices of cost passthrough terms are consistent with profit maximization. When the firm supplies at least one pair of substitute products we show how Edgeworth's paradox always occurs with a suitable choice of cost function. We then establish a connection between Ramsey pricing and the paradox in a form relating to consumer surplus, and use it to find further examples where consumer surplus increases with cost.
2023-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/115898/1/MPRA_paper_115898.pdf
armstrong, mark and Vickers, John (2023): Multiproduct Cost Passthrough: Edgeworth's Paradox Revisited.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:116214
2023-02-04T07:13:07Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4333
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D49:4933
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493339
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/116214/
Let them Eat Cake? The Net Consumer Welfare Impact of Sin Taxes
Di Cosmo, Valeria
Tiezzi, Silvia
C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models ; Multiple Variables
H22 - Incidence
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty
I39 - Other
When judging the distributional impact of a sin tax, what matters is not just how much low income people would pay but how much the tax would benefit or harm them overall. In this paper we assess the consumer welfare impact of a fat tax net of its expected benefits computed as savings from averted internalities. Using data on Italian consumers we estimate a censored Exact Affine Stone Index (EASI) incomplete demand system for food groups and simulate changes in purchases, calorie intake, consumers’ welfare and the monetary value of health benefits after the tax. Our results suggest costs from taxation larger than benefits at all income levels. As a fraction of income, the net impact would be regressively distributed.
2023-01-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/116214/1/MPRA_paper_116214.pdf
Di Cosmo, Valeria and Tiezzi, Silvia (2023): Let them Eat Cake? The Net Consumer Welfare Impact of Sin Taxes.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:119875
2024-01-21T12:11:52Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4338:433832
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483232
7375626A656374733D4F:4F34:4F3434
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/119875/
An efficient Bayes classifier for word classification: an application on the EU Recovery and Resilience Plans
Limosani, Michele
Millemaci, Emanuele
Mustica, Paolo
C82 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data ; Data Access
H22 - Incidence
O44 - Environment and Growth
This paper proposes the Prior Adaptive Bayes (PAB) classifier, a new algorithm to assign words appearing in a text to their respective topics. It is an adaption of the Bayes classifier where, as the prior probabilities of classes, their posterior probabilities associated with the adjacent words are used. Simulations show an improvement of more than 20% over the standard Bayes classifier. The PAB classifier is applied to the Recovery and Resilience Plans (RRPs) of the 27 European Union member states to evaluate their alignment with the environmental dimension of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as compared to the socioeconomic one. Results show that the attention paid by the countries to the pro-environment SDGs increases with the funds per capita assigned, the gap in the environmental endowment and the touristic attractiveness. Finally, the environmental dimension appears associated positively with available GDP growth projections for the next few years.
2023
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/119875/1/MPRA_paper_119875.pdf
Limosani, Michele and Millemaci, Emanuele and Mustica, Paolo (2023): An efficient Bayes classifier for word classification: an application on the EU Recovery and Resilience Plans.
en