2024-03-28T09:33:21Z
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/cgi/oai2
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:573
2019-10-04T16:17:03Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D4C:4C32:4C3232
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
7375626A656374733D4C:4C31:4C3134
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/573/
Entrepreneurship and market order: Some historical evidence
Bitros, George C.
Minoglou, Ioanna
N84 - Europe: 1913-
L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks
Our objective here is to establish the proposition that creative entrepreneurship gives rise to a market order which is optimally adjusted to facilitate the introduction and the diffusion of innovations, particularly those that take the form of new markets, new organizational schemes, new management devices and new methods and means of doing business. To substantiate this claim we extract from the existing historical literature and employ the ideal type entrepreneurial method of the Greek diaspora network. The interpretation we offer is that this method showed a high degree of operational flexibility and institutional adaptability and that it is these two proper-ties that explain its marked tenacity over time. The key ingredient for its success is traced to the self-regulatory robustness of the network, which was secured by the commitment of its partners to a moral order based on the triptych of ‘trust, reliability and reciprocity’ as well as to their ac-ceptance in advance of the sanctions in case of transgressions. Moreover, the embeddedness of the branches of the network in the Greek communities abroad, called Paroikies, where the Greek Orthodox Church provided moral leadership and maintained the community ties, reinforced the adherence of network partners to the rules of ethical business conduct. But in our view the domi-nant force in the design of the core mechanism that made the Greek diaspora network such a suc-cess was entrepreneurship.
2006-10-24
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/573/1/MPRA_paper_573.pdf
Bitros, George C. and Minoglou, Ioanna (2006): Entrepreneurship and market order: Some historical evidence.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:26691
2019-10-15T21:56:30Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E35:4E3533
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31:4F3132
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/26691/
The evolution of Port merchants: An evolutionary analysis of the transformation of an economic sector (1700-1833)
Jacquinet, Marc
N53 - Europe: Pre-1913
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
This historical episode is one of a profound transformation of this trade sector that between the end of the 17th century and the middle of the following one, namely the emergence and strengthening of the position of the British merchants in detriment to the competitive position of the merchants of other nationalities, including the Portuguese. During this period, England, the first import market for wine, a market undergoing substantial changes, dissociating itself from the traditional European wine of the previous century: the German and Italian wine, and associating itself with the Iberian Peninsular wines such as the Sherry (Jerez) and Port (vinho do Porto). Of course, the French wines retain a central place in the present story but this will not be our focus here.
If the gravity center of consumption is dislocated to England, the production regions are also reorganized. The Iberian Peninsula is the rising side of the trade, directly competing with the French wines. Behind this change, there lies the emergence of a new population of wine merchants, especially in the case of the Port wine that I study in the present research.
If the overall transformation of the sector, on an aggregated level has already been done, there is still a need of a research based on more detailed information. In this respect, I will insist above all on the transformation and evolution of the population of Port shipper from 1700 to 1833, basing my argument on historical documents from the Portuguese and English customs and other regulatory entities in Portugal.
I will present the evolution of the population of wine merchants based on quantitative data (quantities exported) and qualitative data on Port shippers. I will focus the constitution and evolution of the core British merchants that will obtain and maintain the dominance on the sector.
The second point of my research is the mechanism of transformation and renewal of the population of Port merchants of either group: British and non-British (as it is often referred to in the historical records).
The perspective I will adopt is straightforwardly evolutionary. In the first section I present the issue I will tackle: the evolution of trade and the population of Port shippers from roughly 1700 to 1833. In the second section, I will develop some basic theoretical concepts from evolutionary theory in order to adapt them to the present study. In the third part, I analyze the evolution of the population of wine merchants on quantitative data of exports, other economic and institutional indicators (market trends, regulation policy, market structure, etc.). I will finish with the presentation of a summary table that will compare the situation at the beginning of the period and the outcome of the evolutionary transformation of the sector at the end of the 1830s.
2006
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/26691/3/MPRA_paper_26691.pdf
Jacquinet, Marc (2006): The evolution of Port merchants: An evolutionary analysis of the transformation of an economic sector (1700-1833).
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:27663
2019-09-27T08:59:26Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E33:4E3333
7375626A656374733D4E:4E30
7375626A656374733D4F:4F33:4F3331
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27663/
«Un genere pressocché necessario»: consumo, politica e industria dello zucchero nel Regno di Napoli in età rivoluzionaria e napoleonica
Ciccolella, Daniela
N33 - Europe: Pre-1913
N0 - General
O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
During the late modern age, sugar moved from being a luxury to a necessary good. The Napoleonic era is an excellent point of view to examine this process. Indeed, the Napoleonic Wars interrupted the supply of cane sugar in Europe, determining reactions on the part of consumers but even from politicians and savants interested in promoting and finding out an alternative source of sugar, finally identified in the beet. The article explores the subject with special regard to the Kingdom of Naples. It describes the trend in sugar consumption during the eighteenth century, the effects of the Continental Blockade on consumers’ behaviour and the enterprises (public, academic and industrial) taken in those years to produce an indigenous sugar.
2004
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27663/1/MPRA_paper_27663.pdf
Ciccolella, Daniela (2004): «Un genere pressocché necessario»: consumo, politica e industria dello zucchero nel Regno di Napoli in età rivoluzionaria e napoleonica. Published in: Storia economica No. 2-3 (2004): pp. 263-314.
it
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:33596
2019-10-17T08:30:15Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/33596/
La publicité des artisans en France au XXème siècle
Perrin, Cedric
N84 - Europe: 1913-
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
Artisans are usually considered as businessmen who don't advertise. The way the dvertising business organized itself at the beginning of the 20th century seems to relegate them out of his field. However, craftsmen do seem to use some kind of commercial communication. To exist in their territory, they communicate through diversified means throughout the 20th century. (Signs, advertising inserts, commercial documents...) This communication has its own themes thanks to which craftsmen try to improve the reputation of their business and stand out from the competition. They do therefore advertise.
2008
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/33596/3/MPRA_paper_33596.pdf
Perrin, Cedric (2008): La publicité des artisans en France au XXème siècle.
fr
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:35167
2019-09-27T22:35:03Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D51:5130:513031
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/35167/
De sale à durable ? Le tannage du XIXe au XXIe siècle.
Perrin, Cedric
N84 - Europe: 1913-
Q01 - Sustainable Development
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
The tanning industry is presented today, by its own enterprises but also in the media, as a champion of sustainable development through the come back of the vegetable method, abandoned since the early twentieth century. The argument is problematic in relation to the concept of sustainable development itself, but also with regard to the history of this industry which is in contrary among the most polluting. The abandonment of vegetable tannage at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries must be understood by situating this technological development in its economic and social framework. Adherence to sustainable development seems well, therefore, like a recent development to meet the challenges of the sector.
2011-12-04
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/35167/1/MPRA_paper_35167.pdf
Perrin, Cedric (2011): De sale à durable ? Le tannage du XIXe au XXIe siècle.
fr
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:47335
2022-05-05T19:35:56Z
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:49481
2022-05-05T19:29:53Z
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:51614
2022-05-03T16:42:30Z
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:53010
2019-09-27T16:29:08Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D4E:4E39:4E3933
7375626A656374733D4E:4E39:4E3934
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/53010/
Les industries animales dans l'ouest de la France : les territoires industrielles de Chateau-Renault et Surgères.
Perrin, Cedric
N8 - Micro-Business History
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
N84 - Europe: 1913-
N93 - Europe: Pre-1913
N94 - Europe: 1913-
The author of this paper intends to compare two industrial territories from western France: Chateau-Renault and Surgères.
Chateau-Renault is a tanning center, and the city of Surgères houses a vast dairy. The industries of both areas deal with products of animal origins deriving from agriculture. They could be named “animal industries”. Besides, both areas are located in the west of France, where industrialization lagged behind the rest of the country.
The author will study the mechanism at work behind the development of those industries in a region with very little industry overall.
The relationship between local resources, notably agriculture, and the development of a specific form of industrialization are central to the emergence of those animal industries.
2011-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/53010/1/MPRA_paper_53010.pdf
Perrin, Cedric (2011): Les industries animales dans l'ouest de la France : les territoires industrielles de Chateau-Renault et Surgères.
fr
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:53776
2019-09-29T00:57:45Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493331
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
7375626A656374733D5A:5A31:5A3130
7375626A656374733D5A:5A31:5A3133
7375626A656374733D5A:5A31:5A3138
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/53776/
Identity, Nostalgia and Happiness among Migrants: The Case of the Kōshien High School Baseball Tournament in Japan
Yamamura, Eiji
I31 - General Welfare, Well-Being
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
Z10 - General
Z13 - Economic Sociology ; Economic Anthropology ; Social and Economic Stratification
Z18 - Public Policy
High school baseball is very popular in Japan. All games of the high school baseball tournaments are publicly broadcasted. This paper hypothesizes that high school baseball influences the happiness level of the Japanese. Individual level data in Japan was used to test this hypothesis. The key findings of the study were as follows. (1) The number of wins of a team representing a prefecture increased the happiness level of its residents. (2) This effect was only observed for residents of large cities and not for other areas. (3) For migrants who had moved from rural to urban areas, the effect of their home team wins was greater than that of the wins of the team representing their current residence. This effect was significant in cases where the cultural climate of the host area differed from that of the migrant’s home area. The findings of this study support the argument that a scarcity of goods related to the residential community increases the influence of high school baseball on happiness. Further, nostalgia for home influences migrants’ happiness, and this influence is greater than the attachment they form to their current residential community.
2014-02-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/53776/1/MPRA_paper_53776.pdf
Yamamura, Eiji (2014): Identity, Nostalgia and Happiness among Migrants: The Case of the Kōshien High School Baseball Tournament in Japan.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:55472
2019-09-27T02:07:41Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3233
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
7375626A656374733D4E:4E39:4E3933
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/55472/
A moneylender in Venice: Costantino Bogdano ‘da Patrasso’, c. 1800-44
Pepelasis, Ioanna Sapfo
Tzavara, Angeliki
N23 - Europe: Pre-1913
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
N93 - Europe: Pre-1913
Research on the practices of the moneylender, a permanent yet shadowy fixture of society, has focused on England in the early modern period. This paper, however, examines the business operations of Costantino Bogdano, a Greek moneylender active in Venice (c. 1800-44). At a time of transition in finance and cash shortage, Bogdano offered credit at a ‘just’ interest rate with competitive terms, combining profit with enlightened self-interest. Individuals from all walks of life repeatedly turned to him for money without ‘fear of losing their property’. He was patient, granted extensions for repayment and did not prosecute his bad debtors. The incidence of default was rare, testifying to a cautious choice of clientele. He required the usual guarantees of mortgages and jewels and also relied on implicit guarantees from family members linked to one another with bonds of trust. This strategy proved to be financially viable because he died a wealthy man.
2011
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/55472/1/MPRA_paper_55472.pdf
Pepelasis, Ioanna Sapfo and Tzavara, Angeliki (2011): A moneylender in Venice: Costantino Bogdano ‘da Patrasso’, c. 1800-44.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:55520
2019-09-27T16:54:20Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493331
7375626A656374733D4E:4E33:4E3333
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/55520/
Why did early industrial capitalists suggest minimum wages and social insurance?
Reckendrees, Alfred
I31 - General Welfare, Well-Being
N33 - Europe: Pre-1913
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
Today the European welfare states are strongly challenged and it is heavily debated how much social security a society should provide and how much private insurance is possible. This article goes back to the origins of the German welfare state. In the 1830s, industrialists from the district of Aachen (Prussian Rhineprovince) suggested to implement collective labour rules regulating working hours and wages. In the 1860s –20 years before Bismarck– they proposed a mandatory pension system with equal contributions of employers and employees; they suggested labour conflict resolution by joint arbitration panels of employers and labour representatives. The proposals did not gain support from the Prussian ministries arguing collective agreements would violate freedom of contracting.
Entrepreneurs demanding social welfare and the Prussian state defending economic liberalism – this challenges the perception of the Bismarckian welfare state as a means to reconcile labour with the German state. Yet, in the early 19th century the district of Aachen was the most advanced economic region in Prussia in regard with industrial employment and modern industrial organisation. Producing quality goods for the world markets, the industrialists aimed at stabilizing the social environment and reconciling labour with the capitalist society. Their motivation, however, was not based on philanthropy; it was guided by economic aims and collective self-interest. Analysing ‘social policy’ as a capitalist aim, the paper puts the German welfare state in a new perspective. By doing this it also wants to contribute to the discussion on the future of the modern welfare states, because if the argument presented here holds it might have implications for the possibility of privately solving social problems.
2014-04
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/55520/1/MPRA_paper_55520.pdf
Reckendrees, Alfred (2014): Why did early industrial capitalists suggest minimum wages and social insurance?
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:58186
2019-09-27T16:29:25Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D49:4933:493331
7375626A656374733D4E:4E33:4E3333
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/58186/
Why did early industrial capitalists suggest minimum wages and social insurance?
Reckendrees, Alfred
I31 - General Welfare, Well-Being
N33 - Europe: Pre-1913
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
Today the European welfare states are strongly challenged and it is heavily debated how much social security a society should provide and how much private insurance is possible. This article goes back to the origins of the German welfare state. In the 1830s, industrialists from the district of Aachen (Prussian Rhineprovince) suggested to implement collective labour rules regulating working hours and wages. In the 1860s –20 years before Bismarck– they proposed a mandatory pension system with equal contributions of employers and employees; they suggested labour conflict resolution by joint arbitration panels of employers and labour representatives. The proposals did not gain support from the Prussian ministries arguing collective agreements would violate freedom of contracting.
Entrepreneurs demanding social welfare and the Prussian state defending economic liberalism – this challenges the perception of the Bismarckian welfare state as a means to reconcile labour with the German state. Yet, in the early 19th century the district of Aachen was the most advanced economic region in Prussia in regard with industrial employment and modern industrial organisation. Producing quality goods for the world markets, the industrialists aimed at stabilizing the social environment and reconciling labour with the capitalist society. Their motivation, however, was not based on philanthropy; it was guided by economic aims and collective self-interest. Analysing ‘social policy’ as a capitalist aim, the paper puts the German welfare state in a new perspective. By doing this it also wants to contribute to the discussion on the future of the modern welfare states, because if the argument presented here holds it might have implications for the possibility of privately solving social problems.
2014-04
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/58186/1/MPRA_paper_55520.pdf
Reckendrees, Alfred (2014): Why did early industrial capitalists suggest minimum wages and social insurance?
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:67827
2019-09-27T10:22:46Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E31:4E3133
7375626A656374733D4E:4E33:4E3333
7375626A656374733D4E:4E35:4E3533
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
7375626A656374733D4E:4E39:4E3933
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/67827/
Per un'analisi del costo della vita nella Verona del Settecento
Ferlito, Carmelo
N13 - Europe: Pre-1913
N33 - Europe: Pre-1913
N53 - Europe: Pre-1913
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
N93 - Europe: Pre-1913
Focusing on the urban context of Verona (a major city in the Venice Republic) during the XVIII century, the paper aim to clarify if, and in which measure, the cost of living of the employed population changed along the century.
Instead of simply analyzing salaries and prices, the Author built a data analysis able to clarify if those salaries and prices allowed workers to survive and how the purchasing power modified from the beginning to the end of the XVIII century.
2006-02-15
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/67827/1/MPRA_paper_67827.pdf
Ferlito, Carmelo (2006): Per un'analisi del costo della vita nella Verona del Settecento. Published in: Studi Storici Luigi Simeoni , Vol. LVI, (2006): pp. 631-688.
it
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:68255
2019-09-26T13:08:43Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4D:4D34:4D3431
7375626A656374733D4D:4D34:4D3432
7375626A656374733D4D:4D34:4D3438
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3233
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3234
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/68255/
Fraud and Financial Scandals: A Historical Analysis of Opportunity and Impediment
Toms, Steven
M41 - Accounting
M42 - Auditing
M48 - Government Policy and Regulation
N23 - Europe: Pre-1913
N24 - Europe: 1913-
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
N84 - Europe: 1913-
The paper presents a conceptual framework of financial fraud based on the historical interaction of opportunity and impediment. In the long run the character of opportunity is determined by the technical characteristics of assets and their unique, unknowable or unverifiable features. Impediment is promoted by consensus about the real value of assets, such that through active governance processes, fraudulent deviations from real value can be easily monitored. Active governance requires individuals in positions of responsibility to exercise a duty of care beyond merely being honest themselves. Taking a long run historical perspective and reviewing a selection of British financial frauds and scandals, from the South Sea Bubble to the Global Financial Crisis, the paper notes the periodic occurrence of waves of opportunity and the evolutionary response of passive governance mechanisms.
2015-12-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/68255/1/MPRA_paper_68255.pdf
Toms, Steven (2015): Fraud and Financial Scandals: A Historical Analysis of Opportunity and Impediment.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:80058
2019-09-26T18:59:44Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4C:4C31:4C3134
7375626A656374733D4C:4C32:4C3236
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3233
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
7375626A656374733D4F:4F33:4F3333
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/80058/
Network preferences and the growth of the British cotton textile industry, c.1780-1914
Toms, Steven
L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks
L26 - Entrepreneurship
N23 - Europe: Pre-1913
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes
The paper considers the dual aspect of social networks in terms of 1) product innovators and developers and 2) the providers of finance. The growth of networks can be explained as a function of incumbents and entrants’ preferences to link with specific nodes defined according to the underlying duality. Such preferences can be used to explain network evolution and growth dynamics in the cotton textile industry, from being the first sector to develop in the industrial revolution through to its maturity. The network preference approach potentially explains several features of the long run industry life cycle:
1. The early combination of innovators with access to extensive credit networks, protected by entry barriers determined by pre-existing network structures, leading to lower capital costs for incumbents and rapid productivity growth, c.1780-1830.
2. The spread of innovation and productivity through value chain linkages during the nineteenth century.
3. The trust movement, joint stock and personal capitalism: the emergence of large firms and a preference for regional financial markets in Lancashire and Scotland.
4. The consolidation of regional instead of national business groups which help explain the decline of the industry.
The paper uses case studies of firms, networks, and market institutions based on a mixture of archival evidence, drawn mainly from the financial records of a large sample of cotton firms, and contemporary publications. It stresses human interactions (as opposed to population ecology mechanisms) as determinants of the character, scale and scope of network evolution. Intergenerational features of the networks are identified and classified by these characteristics. Networks were typically bounded in terms of product innovators and less bounded in terms of finance providers. Consequently, finance providers tend to provide the impetus for the rate of network growth in expansion, maturity and contraction phases.
2017-07-06
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/80058/2/MPRA_paper_80058.pdf
Toms, Steven (2017): Network preferences and the growth of the British cotton textile industry, c.1780-1914.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:100469
2020-06-28T12:30:51Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D4D:4D31:4D3133
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/100469/
Machine learning classification of entrepreneurs in British historical census data
Montebruno, Piero
Bennett, Robert
Smith, Harry
van Lieshout, Carry
M13 - New Firms ; Startups
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
This paper presents a binary classification of entrepreneurs in British historical data based on the recent availability of big data from the I-CeM dataset. The main task of the paper is to attribute an employment status to individuals that did not fully report entrepreneur status in earlier censuses (1851-1881). The paper assesses the accuracy of different classifiers and machine learning algorithms, including Deep Learning, for this classification problem. We first adopt a ground-truth dataset from the later censuses to train the computer with a Logistic Regression (which is standard in the literature for this kind of binary classification) to recognize entrepreneurs distinct from non-entrepreneurs (i.e. workers). Our initial accuracy for this base-line method is 0.74. We compare the Logistic Regression with ten optimized machine learning algorithms: Nearest Neighbors, Linear and Radial Support Vector Machine, Gaussian Process, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Neural Network, AdaBoost, Naive Bayes, and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis. The best results are boosting and ensemble methods. AdaBoost achieves an accuracy of 0.95. Deep-Learning, as a standalone category of algorithms, further improves accuracy to 0.96 without using the rich text-data that characterizes the OccString feature, a string of up to 500 characters with the full occupational statement of each individual collected in the earlier censuses. Finally, and now using this OccString feature, we implement both shallow (bag-of-words algorithm) learning and Deep Learning (Recurrent Neural Network with a Long Short-Term Memory layer) algorithms. These methods all achieve accuracies above 0.99 with Deep Learning Recurrent Neural Network as the best model with an accuracy of 0.9978. The results show that standard algorithms for classification can be outperformed by machine learning algorithms. This confirms the value of extending the techniques traditionally used in the literature for this type of classification problem.
2019-08-02
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/100469/1/MPRA_paper_100469.pdf
Montebruno, Piero and Bennett, Robert and Smith, Harry and van Lieshout, Carry (2019): Machine learning classification of entrepreneurs in British historical census data. Published in: Information Processing & Management , Vol. 57, No. 3 (May 2020): p. 102210.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:101452
2020-07-07T07:05:44Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D42:4235:423534
7375626A656374733D44:4431
7375626A656374733D44:4439:443931
7375626A656374733D4C:4C32:4C3236
7375626A656374733D4D:4D31:4D3133
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/101452/
Female entrepreneurship: business, marriage and motherhood in England and Wales, 1851–1911
van Lieshout, Carry
Smith, Harry
Montebruno, Piero
Bennett, Robert
B54 - Feminist Economics
D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics
D91 - Intertemporal Household Choice ; Life Cycle Models and Saving
L26 - Entrepreneurship
M13 - New Firms ; Startups
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
This article offers a new perspective on what it meant to be a business proprietor in Victorian Britain. Based on individual census records, it provides an overview of the full population of female business proprietors in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911. These census data show that around 30% of the total business population was female, a considerably higher estimate than the current literature suggests. Female entrepreneurship was not a uniform experience. Certain demographics clustered in specific trades and within those sectors employers and own-account proprietors had strikingly different age, marital status and household profiles. A woman’s life cycle event such as marriage, motherhood and widowhood played an important role in her decision whether to work, the work available to her and the entrepreneurial choices she could make. While marriage and motherhood removed women from the labour force, they had less of an effect on their levels of entrepreneurship. Women who had young children were more entrepreneurial than those who had none, and entrepreneurship rates rose with the arrival of one child and continued to rise the more children were added to the family.
2019-04-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/101452/1/MPRA_paper_101452.pdf
van Lieshout, Carry and Smith, Harry and Montebruno, Piero and Bennett, Robert (2019): Female entrepreneurship: business, marriage and motherhood in England and Wales, 1851–1911. Published in: Social History , Vol. 44, No. 4 (17 October 2019): pp. 440-468.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:102647
2020-08-29T12:21:32Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:4431
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31
7375626A656374733D4C:4C32:4C3236
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/102647/
Households and entrepreneurship in England and Wales, 1851-1911
Smith, Harry
Bennett, Robert J.
van Lieshout, Carry
Montebruno, Piero
D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics
J1 - Demographic Economics
L26 - Entrepreneurship
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
This article uses the British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE) to examine the relationship between the household and entrepreneurship in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911. The BBCE allows three kinds of entrepreneurial households to be identified: those where an entrepreneur employs co-resident family members in their business, those where two or more household members are partners in the same firm, and households with two or more entrepreneurs resident who are running different firms. The article traces the number of these different households across the period and examines their sector and gender breakdowns as well as their geographical distribution. The article demonstrates that these different kinds of entrepreneurial households served different purposes; co-resident family businesses were used in marginal areas where other sources of labour and capital were scarce and the incidence of such firms decreased over this period. In contrast, household partnerships and co-entrepreneurial households were used to share risk or diversify; they were found throughout England and Wales at similar levels during this period.
2020-08-18
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/102647/4/MPRA_paper_102647.pdf
Smith, Harry and Bennett, Robert J. and van Lieshout, Carry and Montebruno, Piero (2020): Households and entrepreneurship in England and Wales, 1851-1911. Published in: The History of the Family (18 August 2020)
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:106931
2021-04-06T01:43:10Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D4D:4D31:4D3133
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/106931/
Machine learning classification of entrepreneurs in British historical census data
Montebruno, Piero
Bennett, Robert
Smith, Harry
van Lieshout, Carry
M13 - New Firms ; Startups
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
This paper presents a binary classification of entrepreneurs in British historical data based on the recent availability of big data from the I-CeM dataset. The main task of the paper is to attribute an employment status to individuals that did not fully report entrepreneur status in earlier censuses (1851-1881). The paper assesses the accuracy of different classifiers and machine learning algorithms, including Deep Learning, for this classification problem. We first adopt a ground-truth dataset from the later censuses to train the computer with a Logistic Regression (which is standard in the literature for this kind of binary classification) to recognize entrepreneurs distinct from non-entrepreneurs (i.e. workers). Our initial accuracy for this base-line method is 0.74. We compare the Logistic Regression with ten optimized machine learning algorithms: Nearest Neighbors, Linear and Radial Support Vector Machine, Gaussian Process, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Neural Network, AdaBoost, Naive Bayes, and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis. The best results are boosting and ensemble methods. AdaBoost achieves an accuracy of 0.95. Deep-Learning, as a standalone category of algorithms, further improves accuracy to 0.96 without using the rich text-data that characterizes the OccString feature, a string of up to 500 characters with the full occupational statement of each individual collected in the earlier censuses. Finally, and now using this OccString feature, we implement both shallow (bag-of-words algorithm) learning and Deep Learning (Recurrent Neural Network with a Long Short-Term Memory layer) algorithms. These methods all achieve accuracies above 0.99 with Deep Learning Recurrent Neural Network as the best model with an accuracy of 0.9978. The results show that standard algorithms for classification can be outperformed by machine learning algorithms. This confirms the value of extending the techniques traditionally used in the literature for this type of classification problem.
2019-08-02
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/106931/49/MPRA_paper_106931.pdf
Montebruno, Piero and Bennett, Robert and Smith, Harry and van Lieshout, Carry (2019): Machine learning classification of entrepreneurs in British historical census data. Published in: Information Processing & Management , Vol. 57, No. 3 (May 2020): p. 102210.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:117360
2023-05-26T10:18:01Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
7375626A656374733D4E:4E39:4E3933
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/117360/
Samuel Biolley, “notre fameux fondeur”
Gay, Guido Benvenuto
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
N93 - Europe: Pre-1913
This contribution analyzes the working and family life of Samuel Biolley – born in Neuchâtel in 1787, moved to Lyon at the beginning of 1807, settled permanently in Turin in the spring of 1814 where he died in 1863. He is a man of his time: entrepreneur, innovator, able to move in space and to change activities, to seize favorable opportunities. The examination of his memoirs and documents related to his activities allowed us to provide some additional information on Gensoul's steam apparatus for silk filatures, an important technical innovation that had a substantial diffusion in the silk industry in pre-unification Piedmont, but also to highlight a collaborative process with his brother-in-law Henri Decker.
2023-05-19
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/117360/1/MPRA_paper_117357.pdf
Gay, Guido Benvenuto (2023): Samuel Biolley, “notre fameux fondeur”.
it
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:119086
2023-11-12T14:34:48Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D59:5938:593830
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/119086/
Gendering the Company: A Critical Perspective on German Business History
Heinemann, Isabel
Reckendrees, Alfred
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
N84 - Europe: 1913-
Y80 - Related Disciplines
In this short essay, we discuss the opportunities for German business history if it takes gender seriously as a category of inquiry and point out why historical gender research should focus more on the company as a social arena. We argue that business history should integrate gender as an analytical category and draw on methods of social and cultural history. We seek to encourage innovative research projects that explore the potential of gender – produced by social practices, values, norms and moral concepts – as an analytical category for business history. Likewise we are interested in exploring how historical gender studies might develop when they move to the social arena of the company as a field of investigation.
2023-11-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/119086/1/MPRA_paper_119086.pdf
Heinemann, Isabel and Reckendrees, Alfred (2023): Gendering the Company: A Critical Perspective on German Business History.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:119299
2023-12-20T11:24:44Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3234
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3238
7375626A656374733D4E:4E33:4E3333
7375626A656374733D4E:4E33:4E3334
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/119299/
Socio-economic characteristics as determinants in the job market: The case of Piedmont in Italy (1867–2005)
Calabrese, Matteo
Van Leeuwen, Bas
J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity
J28 - Safety ; Job Satisfaction ; Related Public Policy
N33 - Europe: Pre-1913
N34 - Europe: 1913-
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
N84 - Europe: 1913-
In Modernization Theory, it is argued that both the socio-economic background and education level of labourers affect the job market. In this article, we analyse the effects of both factors on the job market of Piedmont, a region in the north-west of Italy, using a new dataset of job-offer advertisements (job ads) from the newspaper La Stampa between 1867 and 2005. In line with Modernization Theory, we find that the number of job ads mentioning job-unrelated factors (e.g. ‘family background’) as a requirement for hiring, declined over the years. Yet, when present in the text of the job ads, job-unrelated characteristics increased the probability of ending up in jobs with a lower occupational status. However, contrary to job-unrelated factors, the frequency of mentions of socio-attitudinal characteristics (e.g. the ‘ability to deal with the public’) increased over time in the job ads while contributing to the probability of ending in jobs with higher occupational status.
2023-11-30
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/119299/1/MPRA_paper_119299.pdf
Calabrese, Matteo and Van Leeuwen, Bas (2023): Socio-economic characteristics as determinants in the job market: The case of Piedmont in Italy (1867–2005).
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:119453
2023-12-14T08:58:17Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
7375626A656374733D4E:4E39:4E3933
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/119453/
Samuel Biolley, “notre fameux fondeur”
Gay, Guido Benvenuto
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
N93 - Europe: Pre-1913
This contribution analyzes the working and family life of Samuel Biolley – born in Neuchâtel in 1787, moved to Lyon at the beginning of 1807, settled permanently in Turin in the spring of 1814 where he died in 1863. He is a man of his time: entrepreneur, innovator, able to move in space and to change activities, to seize favorable opportunities. The examination of his memoirs and documents related to his activities allowed us to provide some additional information on Gensoul's steam apparatus for silk filatures, an important technical innovation that had a substantial diffusion in the silk industry in pre-unification Piedmont, but also to highlight a collaborative process with his brother-in-law Henri Decker.
2023-05-19
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/119453/1/MPRA_paper_119453.pdf
Gay, Guido Benvenuto (2023): Samuel Biolley, “notre fameux fondeur”.
it