2024-03-29T11:27:41Z
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/cgi/oai2
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:573
2019-10-04T16:17:03Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D4C:4C32:4C3232
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
7375626A656374733D4C:4C31:4C3134
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/573/
Entrepreneurship and market order: Some historical evidence
Bitros, George C.
Minoglou, Ioanna
N84 - Europe: 1913-
L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks
Our objective here is to establish the proposition that creative entrepreneurship gives rise to a market order which is optimally adjusted to facilitate the introduction and the diffusion of innovations, particularly those that take the form of new markets, new organizational schemes, new management devices and new methods and means of doing business. To substantiate this claim we extract from the existing historical literature and employ the ideal type entrepreneurial method of the Greek diaspora network. The interpretation we offer is that this method showed a high degree of operational flexibility and institutional adaptability and that it is these two proper-ties that explain its marked tenacity over time. The key ingredient for its success is traced to the self-regulatory robustness of the network, which was secured by the commitment of its partners to a moral order based on the triptych of ‘trust, reliability and reciprocity’ as well as to their ac-ceptance in advance of the sanctions in case of transgressions. Moreover, the embeddedness of the branches of the network in the Greek communities abroad, called Paroikies, where the Greek Orthodox Church provided moral leadership and maintained the community ties, reinforced the adherence of network partners to the rules of ethical business conduct. But in our view the domi-nant force in the design of the core mechanism that made the Greek diaspora network such a suc-cess was entrepreneurship.
2006-10-24
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/573/1/MPRA_paper_573.pdf
Bitros, George C. and Minoglou, Ioanna (2006): Entrepreneurship and market order: Some historical evidence.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:875
2019-09-27T15:46:29Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4C:4C36:4C3637
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/875/
Elda Pavan Cecchele e il mondo della moda: 1950-1970
Inguanotto, Irina
Piva, Francesca
L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment
N84 - Europe: 1913-
This paper deals with the history of the Italian fashion. The figure of Elda Cecchele, a textile artisan (hand weaver) who worked in the second half of the last century with famous Italian fashion designers (Salvatore Ferragamo, Jole Veneziani, Roberta di Camerino, Franca Polacco) is analysed through her work and documents. Elda Cecchele's activity was creative and imaginative. She wove many different materials with incredible results.
In addition she acted on behalf of Roberta di Camerino as an intermediary in creating a network of subcontractors working for the fashion firm exploiting the confidence and the reputation she had gained in the territory around her laboratory. In the sixties the Veneto countryside was still very poor and women were unemployed and obliged to emigrate so that her activity is remembered as a significant relief.
2006-11
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/875/1/MPRA_paper_875.pdf
Inguanotto, Irina and Piva, Francesca (2006): Elda Pavan Cecchele e il mondo della moda: 1950-1970.
it
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:2238
2019-09-27T06:17:08Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3234
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2238/
Universal Banking Failure? An Analysis of the Contrasting Responses of the Amsterdamsche Bank and the Rotterdamsche Bankvereeniging to the Dutch Financial Crisis of the 1920s
Colvin, Chris
N24 - Europe: 1913-
N84 - Europe: 1913-
Whilst in some financial systems in the early twentieth century
commercial and investment banking activities were carried out by functionally
separate firms, in others both kinds of operation were conducted under one roof
by “universal banks”. Explaining the evolutionary paths that lead to these
divergent banking structures has remained a hot topic of multidisciplinary
debate for many years. So has their respective exposure to financial crises. On
the one hand, universal banks – which hold both long- and short-term assets –
are able to reduce information asymmetries and internalise risk. But on the
other hand, their mixed asset structure arguably decreases versatility during an
economic downturn and may create a “dual market for lemons” in which
information asymmetries cause financially sound clients and banks to exit the
market, leaving only the riskier crisis-prone ones behind.
This paper analyses these debates using the case study of the
Netherlands in the early 1920s. The literature argues that it is during this
decade that the Netherlands experienced her one and only traditional banking
crisis from 1600 to the present day, and after which her short-lived experiment
with a system of universal banking came to an end. By calculating an equitydeposit
ratio panel for the Big Five Dutch banks, this paper attempts to measure
to what degree the sector evolved to become universal and subsequently
returned to functional separation. It then conducts a matched pair comparison of
two similar-sized banks operating in the Netherlands in the 1920s: the
Amsterdamsche Bank and the Rotterdamsche Bankvereeniging. Whilst the first
escaped the crisis relatively unscathed, the second required assistance from
the Nederlandsche Bank, the Dutch central bank. A new and detailed narrative
of one episode of the crisis using as yet unused primary sources is developed
for this comparison.
This paper finds that the Rotterdamsche Bankvereeniging was more
universal than her Amsterdam rival. It concludes that it was primarily this
difference that caused her to suffer during the crisis. However, it does so with
caution in view of the paucity of data to hand and methodological restrictions.
2007-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2238/1/MPRA_paper_2238.pdf
Colvin, Chris (2007): Universal Banking Failure? An Analysis of the Contrasting Responses of the Amsterdamsche Bank and the Rotterdamsche Bankvereeniging to the Dutch Financial Crisis of the 1920s.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13133
2022-08-30T04:47:11Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3234
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D47:4733:473332
7375626A656374733D47:4732:473231
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13133/
Institutional Clash and Financial Fragility. An Evolutionary Model of Banking Crises
Knutsen, Sverre
Sjögren, Hans
N24 - Europe: 1913-
N84 - Europe: 1913-
G32 - Financing Policy ; Financial Risk and Risk Management ; Capital and Ownership Structure ; Value of Firms ; Goodwill
G21 - Banks ; Depository Institutions ; Micro Finance Institutions ; Mortgages
There are mainly two types of theories explaining banking crisis, emanating from the monetarist school respectively institutional economics. Using an allegory, monetarists are discussing how much water in terms of liquidity that is needed to stop a fire escalating into a disaster, while institutionalists are occupied with the causes of the fire. Our study rejects the explanatory value of the monetarist view, but also criticizes the Kindleberger-Minsky model for not taking the legalisation and the sanctions in the hands of the authorities into account.
We consider the institutional factor as a decisive part in the understanding of systemic risk and the process towards increasing debt in non-financial sectors and introduce the concept institutional clash. Not every recession has caused a banking crisis. But all banking crises have been preceded by an institutional clash. Consequently, an institutional clash is a prerequisite but not sufficient to cause a banking crisis: there must be a recession for a crisis to emerge. We also launch a stage-model for the evolution of banking crises. The stages in that model highlight decisive factors before, under and after a crisis. Our model has the capability to explain the occurrence of crises in a re-regulated economy. However, we only give few examples from Nordic banking crises how our model could be applied. Thus, the article is explorative. It is natural to make further empirical observation in order get a solid theory of driving forces behind banking crisis. The next step would be to empirically integrate all the Nordic banking crises between 1850 and 2000 in our analysis.
2009-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13133/1/MPRA_paper_13133.pdf
Knutsen, Sverre and Sjögren, Hans (2009): Institutional Clash and Financial Fragility. An Evolutionary Model of Banking Crises.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:14479
2022-08-24T07:01:56Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3230
7375626A656374733D4F:4F33:4F3333
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14479/
Organisational change and the computerisation of British and Spanish savings banks, circa 1965-1985
Batiz-Lazo, Bernardo
Maixe-Altes, J. Carles
N20 - General, International, or Comparative
O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes
N84 - Europe: 1913-
In this article we explore organisational changes associated with the computarization of British savings banks while making a running comparison with developments in Spain. This international comparison addresses the evolution of the same organisational form in two distinct competitive environments in the late 20th century. Changes in regulation and technological developments (particularly applications of information technology) are said to be responsible for enhancing competitiveness of retail finance. Archival research on the evolution of savings banks helps to ascertain how, prior to competitive changes taking place, participants in bank markets had to develop capabilities to compete. Moreover, assess the response of collaborative agreements to opportunities opened by technological change (in particular resolve apparent scale disadvantages to contest bank markets). Of particular interest are choices made between applications of computer technology to redefine the relation between head office and retail branches as well as between staff at retail branches and customers.
2008-04-04
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14479/1/MPRA_paper_14479.pdf
Batiz-Lazo, Bernardo and Maixe-Altes, J. Carles (2008): Organisational change and the computerisation of British and Spanish savings banks, circa 1965-1985.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:14786
2022-08-24T17:55:37Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E37:4E3734
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14786/
Americanización y consumo de masas, la distribución alimentaria en España, 1947-2007
Maixe-Altes, J. Carles
N74 - Europe: 1913-
N84 - Europe: 1913-
The main objective of this article is to provide a robust analysis, in conceptual, historical and chronological terms, of the modern food distribution systems in Spain, a relatively recent area of research. To this end, different previously unused business sources are used, including professional reviews and journals, material which has been largely neglected. These sources shed light on the history food distribution in Spain. Special emphasis is placed upon the initial phase of the modern era of distribution and the role of some of the pioneers in the field. The revolution in retailing, which began in the 1970’s, is also placed under the spotlight, illuminating the structural changes that have lead to an intense process of concentration in the sector.
2008-12
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14786/1/MPRA_paper_14786.pdf
Maixe-Altes, J. Carles (2008): Americanización y consumo de masas, la distribución alimentaria en España, 1947-2007.
es
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:14838
2019-09-27T09:07:09Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3234
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14838/
The diversity of organisational forms in banking: France, Italy and Spain 1900-2000
Maixe-Altes, J. Carles
N24 - Europe: 1913-
N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions
N84 - Europe: 1913-
This paper examines, from a historical perspective, the gradual entrance into the market of mutual and not for profit banks (specifically cooperative banks and savings banks), their continually increasing competitiveness with traded banks in France, Italy and Spain. In all three countries, these institutions played an important role in the retail banking sector. Special attention will be devoted to analysing the different models of adjustment adopted by the banking systems in the south of Europe in the wake of the deregulating process undertaken in the last quarter of the twentieth century. In summary, then, this paper is an attempt to identify the historical factors responsible for the persistence, or disappearance, of certain idiosyncratic aspects of the banking system in each country, together with the various adjustments produced in each case.
2009-04
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14838/1/MPRA_paper_14838.pdf
Maixe-Altes, J. Carles (2009): The diversity of organisational forms in banking: France, Italy and Spain 1900-2000.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:18164
2019-09-27T08:54:38Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38
7375626A656374733D4C:4C38:4C3831
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18164/
Interpreting the Early Stages of the Self-service Revolution in Europe: the Modernization of Food Retailing in Spain, 1947-1972
Maixe-Altes, J Carles
N8 - Micro-Business History
L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade ; e-Commerce
N84 - Europe: 1913-
This article explores the Americanisation of food retailing in Spain while making a running comparison with developments in Britain and more especially, within the development of self-service techniques. This international comparison helps to ascertain the evolution and modernisation of food retailing in two distinct competitive environments. The aim of this study is to understand how Americanisation and retail innovation take place in a late-comer like Spain in the early stages of the self-service revolution. The comparison between Spain and the UK facilitates how different starting points favoured differentiated entrepreneurial options which, finally led to similar positions or modes of development. The Americanization of Spanish retailing is assessed against the backdrop of developments elsewhere in Europe. New archival evidence allows us to highlight specific aspects of the path to the Spanish modernization of food distribution. In addition to American aid, there were other elements that were crucial to the modernization process, chief among these being the contacts between Spanish and European businessmen and the influence of voluntary chains of cooperation.
2009
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18164/1/MPRA_paper_18164.pdf
Maixe-Altes, J Carles (2009): Interpreting the Early Stages of the Self-service Revolution in Europe: the Modernization of Food Retailing in Spain, 1947-1972.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:21171
2022-08-25T20:50:50Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3234
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D47:4732:473231
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21171/
Comparative performance of UK mutual building societies and stock retail banks: further evidence: a comment
Batiz-Lazo, Bernardo
Billings, Mark
N24 - Europe: 1913-
N84 - Europe: 1913-
G21 - Banks ; Depository Institutions ; Micro Finance Institutions ; Mortgages
Shiwakoti et al. (2008) concluded that four of the largest UK mutual societies which converted to listed bank status in 1997 outperformed, on a variety of measures, those societies which did not convert in the four-year periods both before and after conversion. All four converting societies have since been subject to ownership change, suggesting that this out-performance failed to persist, or was perhaps illusory. We do not criticise the results obtained by the authors, but suggest that they leave unanswered important questions, such as how to measure ‘superior’ performance and the appropriate time frame over which to evaluate this.
2009
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21171/1/MPRA_paper_21171.pdf
Batiz-Lazo, Bernardo and Billings, Mark (2009): Comparative performance of UK mutual building societies and stock retail banks: further evidence: a comment.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:26209
2022-08-24T07:05:55Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3234
7375626A656374733D41:4132:413230
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D4D:4D31:4D3133
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/26209/
Virgin Finance: Sir Richard Brandson’s pursuit of a significant presence in retail financial services
Batiz-Lazo, Bernardo
Kase, Kimio
N24 - Europe: 1913-
A20 - General
N84 - Europe: 1913-
M13 - New Firms ; Startups
This teaching case study tells of the foundation and growth of the Virgin Group over the forty years to 2010. The creation of over 300 business interests in parts as far afield as the UK, South Africa, Australia and the USA resulted from a unique management style. Branson and the Virgin brand often associate with music (such as records and music stores) and travel (airlines, trains and booked holidays) but between August 2007 and February 2008 they were involved in a failed takeover of Northern Rock, a collapsed British bank. However, as this case study details, the Northern Rock affair was one of a long series of steps dating to the 1980s through which Branson and Virgin have been developing capabilities to enter the British retail banking sector.
2010-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/26209/1/MPRA_paper_26209.pdf
Batiz-Lazo, Bernardo and Kase, Kimio (2010): Virgin Finance: Sir Richard Brandson’s pursuit of a significant presence in retail financial services.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:27084
2022-08-24T07:07:28Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3234
7375626A656374733D45:4534:453432
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D47:4732:473231
7375626A656374733D4C:4C36:4C3633
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27084/
Building Bankomat: The development of on-line, real-time systems in British and Swedish savings banks, c.1965-1985
Batiz-Lazo, Bernardo
Karlsson, Tobias
Thodenius, Björn
N24 - Europe: 1913-
E42 - Monetary Systems ; Standards ; Regimes ; Government and the Monetary System ; Payment Systems
N84 - Europe: 1913-
G21 - Banks ; Depository Institutions ; Micro Finance Institutions ; Mortgages
L63 - Microelectronics ; Computers ; Communications Equipment
The massification of retail finance in the 1980s relied on the successful deployment of automated teller machines (ATM) and on-line real-time (OLRT) computing during the 1960s and 1970s. We document how the deployment of ATM networks interweaved with the adoption of OLRT computing in Sweden and the UK (alongside a running comparison of similar developments in the USA). Low transaction volume and small retail bank networks facilitated the early adoption of OLRT by savings banks in America. Although they started their computerisation rather ‘late’, British savings banks benefited from adopting ‘tried and tested’ technology while overtaking clearing banks. Meanwhile, Swedish savings banks spearheaded technological change in Europe. In documenting cases of organizational change in Sweden and the UK, we depart from predominant view that considers the development of OLRT in a single move. We put forward the idea that there are specific conditions inside banking organisations that require considering on-line (OL) and on-line real-time (OLRT) as two distinct stage of development in adoption of computer technology. As a result, we show how in the process of diffusion of OLRT computing enabled the transformation of cash dispensers into ATM at the same time that European financial intermediaries were active in shaping technological change.
2009-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27084/1/MPRA_paper_27084.pdf
Batiz-Lazo, Bernardo and Karlsson, Tobias and Thodenius, Björn (2009): Building Bankomat: The development of on-line, real-time systems in British and Swedish savings banks, c.1965-1985.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:27086
2022-08-24T07:01:11Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3234
7375626A656374733D45:4534:453432
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D4C:4C36:4C3633
7375626A656374733D47:4732:473231
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27086/
Managing technological change by committee: Adoption of computers in Spanish and British savings banks (circa 1960-1988)
Batiz-Lazo, Bernardo
Maixe-Altes, J. Carles
N24 - Europe: 1913-
E42 - Monetary Systems ; Standards ; Regimes ; Government and the Monetary System ; Payment Systems
N84 - Europe: 1913-
L63 - Microelectronics ; Computers ; Communications Equipment
G21 - Banks ; Depository Institutions ; Micro Finance Institutions ; Mortgages
This article explores how savings banks managed the process of computerization through ad hoc management committees articulated under the aegis of national associations (with an emphasis on developments in Spain). The combination of cash payments (and low penetration of cheques) in the Spanish retail sector together with increasing administrative costs, acted as incentives for Spanish savings banks embracing applications of computer technology (and specifically data processing infrastructure) to articulate viable solutions for cost reductions, offer alternative payment systems to cash and facilitate greater diversification of their business portfolio within retail banking. A running comparison is made with similar developments in Britain. Computerization committees had little impact amongst the trustee savings banks. This responded to a combination of a poor corporate strategy and a number of external events (including regulatory constrains limiting their business portfolio as well as amalgamation into a single entity). By the mid-1970s it was evident that the trustee savings banks had lost a significant share of the total deposits in sterling made by UK residents. Meanwhile, collective investments in computer technology were instrumental for Spanish savings banks to successfully contest the domestic retail bank market.
2009-06
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27086/1/MPRA_paper_27086.pdf
Batiz-Lazo, Bernardo and Maixe-Altes, J. Carles (2009): Managing technological change by committee: Adoption of computers in Spanish and British savings banks (circa 1960-1988).
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:29535
2019-09-30T16:35:31Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3234
7375626A656374733D47:4733:473334
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/29535/
Governance in Spanish Savings Banks. A Historical Perspective
Maixe-Altes, J. Carles
N24 - Europe: 1913-
G34 - Mergers ; Acquisitions ; Restructuring ; Corporate Governance
N84 - Europe: 1913-
During the previous three decades, mutual financial firms have been experiencing a process of demutualization, and some of the non-for-profit banks have become publicly listed companies. Hence, the persistence of the Spanish Savings Banks constitutes an interesting case study. In line with recent literature, this paper attempts to reach a better understanding of the factors that have contributed to the persistence of these entities in the long run and to the maintenance of a very specific model of corporate governance. Regulatory influences, politics and political institutions have proved to be key elements of a model which has proved capable of delivering successful outcomes in increasingly competitive conditions. Nonetheless, the financial crisis would seem to have exacerbated the stresses and strains within this model and, in combination with the pressure of increasingly globalized markets, the Spanish Savings Banks find themselves in a new scenario.
2011-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/29535/1/MPRA_paper_29535.pdf
Maixe-Altes, J. Carles (2011): Governance in Spanish Savings Banks. A Historical Perspective.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:33017
2019-09-26T12:03:28Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4C:4C39:4C3936
7375626A656374733D4E:4E37:4E3734
7375626A656374733D4C:4C35:4C3531
7375626A656374733D46:4632:463233
7375626A656374733D4E:4E34:4E3434
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D4C:4C39:4C3938
7375626A656374733D48:4838:483832
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/33017/
From national monopoly to Multinational Corporation: how regulation shaped the road towards telecommunications internationalization
Clifton, Judith
Díaz-Fuentes, Daniel
Comín Comín, Francisco
L96 - Telecommunications
N74 - Europe: 1913-
L51 - Economics of Regulation
F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business
N44 - Europe: 1913-
N84 - Europe: 1913-
L98 - Government Policy
H82 - Governmental Property
One of the consequences of major regulatory reform of the telecommunications sector from the end of the 1970s – particularly, privatization, liberalization and deregulation – was the establishment of a new business environment which permitted former national telecommunications monopolies to expand internationally. From the 1990s, a number of these firms, particularly those based in Europe, joined the rankings of the world’s leading Multinational Corporations. Their internationalization was uneven, however: while some firms internationalised strongly, others went abroad much slower. This article explores how the regulatory framework within which telecommunications incumbents evolved over the long-term helped shape their subsequent, uneven, paths to internationalization. Two cases representing ´maximum variation´ are selected: Telefónica, whose early and unrelenting expansion transformed it into one of the world’s most international of Multinational Corporations, and BT, whose international ventures failed and, with decline domestic shares, forced the firm to partial de-internationalization, becoming the least international of the large European incumbents. Long-term ownership, access to capital, management style and exposure to liberalization strongly influenced firms’ approaches to internationalization.
2011
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/33017/1/MPRA_paper_33017.pdf
Clifton, Judith and Díaz-Fuentes, Daniel and Comín Comín, Francisco (2011): From national monopoly to Multinational Corporation: how regulation shaped the road towards telecommunications internationalization.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:33596
2019-10-17T08:30:15Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/33596/
La publicité des artisans en France au XXème siècle
Perrin, Cedric
N84 - Europe: 1913-
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
Artisans are usually considered as businessmen who don't advertise. The way the dvertising business organized itself at the beginning of the 20th century seems to relegate them out of his field. However, craftsmen do seem to use some kind of commercial communication. To exist in their territory, they communicate through diversified means throughout the 20th century. (Signs, advertising inserts, commercial documents...) This communication has its own themes thanks to which craftsmen try to improve the reputation of their business and stand out from the competition. They do therefore advertise.
2008
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/33596/3/MPRA_paper_33596.pdf
Perrin, Cedric (2008): La publicité des artisans en France au XXème siècle.
fr
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:35167
2019-09-27T22:35:03Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D51:5130:513031
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/35167/
De sale à durable ? Le tannage du XIXe au XXIe siècle.
Perrin, Cedric
N84 - Europe: 1913-
Q01 - Sustainable Development
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
The tanning industry is presented today, by its own enterprises but also in the media, as a champion of sustainable development through the come back of the vegetable method, abandoned since the early twentieth century. The argument is problematic in relation to the concept of sustainable development itself, but also with regard to the history of this industry which is in contrary among the most polluting. The abandonment of vegetable tannage at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries must be understood by situating this technological development in its economic and social framework. Adherence to sustainable development seems well, therefore, like a recent development to meet the challenges of the sector.
2011-12-04
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/35167/1/MPRA_paper_35167.pdf
Perrin, Cedric (2011): De sale à durable ? Le tannage du XIXe au XXIe siècle.
fr
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:37726
2019-10-01T23:21:55Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3234
7375626A656374733D4F:4F33:4F3333
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D47:4732:473231
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/37726/
Las cajas de ahorro y el cambio tecnológico antes de Internet, 1945-1995
Maixe-Altes, J. Carles
N24 - Europe: 1913-
O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes
N84 - Europe: 1913-
G21 - Banks ; Depository Institutions ; Micro Finance Institutions ; Mortgages
Technical advances in retail banking have had profound repercussions for the competitiveness of individual firms and for the sector as a whole. This paper looks at the role played by new technological resources within the context of organizational change and the products and services offered by Spanish savings banks. These entities constitute an excellent case study, given that they have been incorporating technology intensively, particularly since the 1960’s. In the case in question, persistence had little influence on the process of technological change. However, the mechanization of operations, the computerization of administrative systems and the establishment of data transfer networks were all exceptional and premature in the way in which they developed. It was the banking industry, prior to other sectors that stimulated the demand for certain technologies, which was somewhat idiosyncratic when compared to other countries.
2012-02
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/37726/1/MPRA_paper_37726.pdf
Maixe-Altes, J. Carles (2012): Las cajas de ahorro y el cambio tecnológico antes de Internet, 1945-1995.
es
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:39092
2019-10-05T16:40:06Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463133
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/39092/
External Trade in Italy, 1922-38 .Some Evidence from Trade Index Numbers
Tattara, Giuseppe
F13 - Trade Policy ; International Trade Organizations
N84 - Europe: 1913-
This paper presents new estimates of value and quantity indices for Italian exter-nal trade in goods from 1922 to 1938, Trade in goods is defined so as to exclude transit trade and reparations but to include trade with the Itahan colornes and possessions. The quantity is defined as the net weight of the goods transferred or their number, and the urnt value as the value per unit of quantity. The constructed price and quantlty indi-ces are fixed-weighted indices. What ISTAT tells us about the construction of their trade series is not much and is not by any means clear. Firstly, we are told that the available ISTAT series is a sample senes and, 'although it is claimed that the sample is very lar-ge, we are not told the categories that have been left out. Secondly, the old unlt value figures are chain indices applied to the Laspeyres formula, using the previous quantities as weights; a procedure that can considearably distort the price changes. Thirdly, quan-tity indices are indirectly obtained by dividing total current value indices by unit value indices, a procedure which is not particular1y recommended.
1988-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/39092/1/MPRA_paper_39092.pdf
Tattara, Giuseppe (1988): External Trade in Italy, 1922-38 .Some Evidence from Trade Index Numbers. Published in: rivista di storia economica , Vol. 1, No. 1988 (1988): pp. 102-120.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:49570
2019-09-28T16:07:20Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4C:4C38
7375626A656374733D4C:4C38:4C3831
7375626A656374733D4E:4E37
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/49570/
Structural Change in Distribution Markets in Peripheral Europe: Spanish Food Retailing, 1950-2007
Maixe-Altes, J. Carles
Castro Balaguer, Rafael
L8 - Industry Studies: Services
L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade ; e-Commerce
N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services
N8 - Micro-Business History
N84 - Europe: 1913-
The processes of structural change and modernisation in the food distribution industry have been submitted to different economic and institutional frameworks in European countries. Two essential factors have affected these changes: on one hand, the role of technical, financial and organisational innovations and on the other, institutional factors. The weight of both has varied depending on the historical circumstances of the countries in consideration and their level of development.
This paper discusses with the framework of the “latecomers”. In these countries, the factor of innovation has been produced in terms of appropriation, whether this is technological or organisational, usually influenced by foreign models or through direct foreign investment. The impact of these innovations has been highly conditioned by inflexible institutional surroundings.
Considering the Spanish food trade in the last sixty years is a good way of dealing with the processes of structural change in Mediterranean Europe. This paper helps one understand the role taken by countries which introduced factors of innovation and growth in less favourable surroundings than those of developed Europe.
2013-08
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/49570/1/MPRA_paper_49570.pdf
Maixe-Altes, J. Carles and Castro Balaguer, Rafael (2013): Structural Change in Distribution Markets in Peripheral Europe: Spanish Food Retailing, 1950-2007.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:53010
2019-09-27T16:29:08Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D4E:4E39:4E3933
7375626A656374733D4E:4E39:4E3934
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/53010/
Les industries animales dans l'ouest de la France : les territoires industrielles de Chateau-Renault et Surgères.
Perrin, Cedric
N8 - Micro-Business History
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
N84 - Europe: 1913-
N93 - Europe: Pre-1913
N94 - Europe: 1913-
The author of this paper intends to compare two industrial territories from western France: Chateau-Renault and Surgères.
Chateau-Renault is a tanning center, and the city of Surgères houses a vast dairy. The industries of both areas deal with products of animal origins deriving from agriculture. They could be named “animal industries”. Besides, both areas are located in the west of France, where industrialization lagged behind the rest of the country.
The author will study the mechanism at work behind the development of those industries in a region with very little industry overall.
The relationship between local resources, notably agriculture, and the development of a specific form of industrialization are central to the emergence of those animal industries.
2011-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/53010/1/MPRA_paper_53010.pdf
Perrin, Cedric (2011): Les industries animales dans l'ouest de la France : les territoires industrielles de Chateau-Renault et Surgères.
fr
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:68255
2019-09-26T13:08:43Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4D:4D34:4D3431
7375626A656374733D4D:4D34:4D3432
7375626A656374733D4D:4D34:4D3438
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3233
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3234
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/68255/
Fraud and Financial Scandals: A Historical Analysis of Opportunity and Impediment
Toms, Steven
M41 - Accounting
M42 - Auditing
M48 - Government Policy and Regulation
N23 - Europe: Pre-1913
N24 - Europe: 1913-
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
N84 - Europe: 1913-
The paper presents a conceptual framework of financial fraud based on the historical interaction of opportunity and impediment. In the long run the character of opportunity is determined by the technical characteristics of assets and their unique, unknowable or unverifiable features. Impediment is promoted by consensus about the real value of assets, such that through active governance processes, fraudulent deviations from real value can be easily monitored. Active governance requires individuals in positions of responsibility to exercise a duty of care beyond merely being honest themselves. Taking a long run historical perspective and reviewing a selection of British financial frauds and scandals, from the South Sea Bubble to the Global Financial Crisis, the paper notes the periodic occurrence of waves of opportunity and the evolutionary response of passive governance mechanisms.
2015-12-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/68255/1/MPRA_paper_68255.pdf
Toms, Steven (2015): Fraud and Financial Scandals: A Historical Analysis of Opportunity and Impediment.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:69466
2019-09-26T09:47:42Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4835:483534
7375626A656374733D4E:4E34:4E3434
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D4E:4E39:4E3934
7375626A656374733D52:5231:523132
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/69466/
State intervention and economic growth in Southern Italy: the rise and fall of the «Cassa per il Mezzogiorno» (1950-1986)
Felice, Emanuele
Lepore, Amedeo
H54 - Infrastructures ; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
N44 - Europe: 1913-
N84 - Europe: 1913-
N94 - Europe: 1913-
R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
In the second half of the twentieth century, the Italian government carried out a massive regional policy in southern Italy, through the State-owned agency «Cassa per il Mezzogiorno» (1950-1986). The article reconstructs the activities of the Cassa, by taking advantage of its yearly reports. The agency was effective in the first two decades, thanks to substantial technical autonomy and, in the 1960s, to a strong focus on industrial development; however, since the 1970s it progressively became an instrument of waste and misallocation. Below this broad picture, we find important differences at the regional level, and significant correspondence between the quality of state intervention and the regional patterns of GDP and productivity.
2016-02-11
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/69466/1/MPRA_paper_69466.pdf
Felice, Emanuele and Lepore, Amedeo (2016): State intervention and economic growth in Southern Italy: the rise and fall of the «Cassa per il Mezzogiorno» (1950-1986).
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:71689
2019-09-27T05:40:00Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D42:4232:423231
7375626A656374733D4E:4E34:4E3434
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D50:5031:503131
7375626A656374733D50:5031:503132
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/71689/
A “Statute of the Firm” as an antitrust law during the Seventies. Guido Carli’s chairmanship of the Italian Industrial Association (Confindustria)
Dafano, Alessandro
B21 - Microeconomics
N44 - Europe: 1913-
N84 - Europe: 1913-
P11 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P12 - Capitalist Enterprises
This paper aims to highlight a newsworthy initiative built up by the Italian Industrial Association which tried to give the Italian economy a forerunner “competition law”; however, in the Seventies Italy proved incapable of tying itself with rules of conduct, which were substituted, empowering an “external constraint”. We will firstly provide an economic and historical-institutional framework of that period; we will then describe the making and the contents of the “Statute of the Firm”, together with a critical analysis on it; finally, we will report some critics around the debate on this proposal, and why the Statute was rejected by entrepreneurs themselves.
2016-06
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/71689/1/MPRA_paper_71689.pdf
Dafano, Alessandro (2016): A “Statute of the Firm” as an antitrust law during the Seventies. Guido Carli’s chairmanship of the Italian Industrial Association (Confindustria).
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:95460
2019-09-26T08:10:25Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3232
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3234
7375626A656374733D4E:4E37
7375626A656374733D4E:4E37:4E3732
7375626A656374733D4E:4E37:4E3734
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3832
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/95460/
Deuss’ demise: an oil trader’s struggle to keep up with the market, 1970s-1990s
Boon, Marten
N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions
N22 - U.S. ; Canada: 1913-
N24 - Europe: 1913-
N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services
N72 - U.S. ; Canada: 1913-
N74 - Europe: 1913-
N8 - Micro-Business History
N82 - U.S. ; Canada: 1913-
N84 - Europe: 1913-
In contrast to many other commodities, crude oil trading is a relatively new phenomenon. The end of the concession system in the 1970s caused the oil value chain to disintegrate and a spot market for crude oil to emerge. Oil traders, in particularly the infamous US oil trader Marc Rich, have been credited with creating this spot market and its subsequent development into the global locus of oil price formation. As such traders can be viewed as the little known but vital agents of globalization. Although traders certainly did contribute in the first formative years of the spot market in the late 1970s and early 1980s, their business models were fundamentally challenged by the subsequent evolution of the market in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Whereas globalization is about market integration, traders were typically geared toward profiting from large market distortions and opaque prices. As the spot market matured and gained global acceptance for price formation, the original oil traders were either forced out of the market or fundamentally transformed their businesses. One particular example is Dutch oil trader John Deuss. During the 1980s among the top 3 global oil traders, Deuss’ company languished in the 1990s after a failed corner of the Brent market and competition from firms that were both more sophisticated and better financed. Using Deuss as an example, this paper raises two questions: On the one hand, how did independent oil trading firms contribute to the formation of the modern oil market since the 1970s? On the other hand, how did the subsequent evolution of the market affect the business model of independent oil trading firms from the mid-1980s onwards? The core aim of the paper is to question the relationship between the economics of the trading firm and the economics of the market. The paper combines quantitative data on the development of the spot market using a deals database compiled by Argus Media since 1975 with secondary material ranging from scholarly, trade and news publications.
2019
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/95460/1/MPRA_paper_95460.pdf
Boon, Marten (2019): Deuss’ demise: an oil trader’s struggle to keep up with the market, 1970s-1990s.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:114629
2022-09-22T01:14:07Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3132
7375626A656374733D4A:4A31:4A3136
7375626A656374733D4D:4D33
7375626A656374733D4E:4E32:4E3234
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/114629/
Gender and the financialization of Spanish retail banking, 1949-1970
Batiz-Lazo, Bernardo
Martínez-Rodríguez, Susana
J12 - Marriage ; Marital Dissolution ; Family Structure ; Domestic Abuse
J16 - Economics of Gender ; Non-labor Discrimination
M3 - Marketing and Advertising
N24 - Europe: 1913-
N84 - Europe: 1913-
This article analyzes a previously unexplored register of Spanish banks’ marketing material to document changes in the access of large numbers of women to the retail banking sector. In 1949 the Franco dictatorship deployed a Censorship Bureau to control and supervise all retail bank marketing. Initially, this office was part of the Finance Ministry but in 1962 it was relocated to the central bank. Examination of the surviving printed material allows us to map a shift in banks' strategies towards large-scale consumer banking and, indeed, the beginning of a new period that some have labelled ‘financialization’ and the extent to which it precedes or follows that of ‘bankarization’. We identify three ‘events’ or moments in this shift, in which women appear first as figureheads, second, the first steps to attract women as customers, and third, the direct recruitment of female customers. This work contributes to the history of marketing and the business history of banking, but also sheds light on the less explored beginnings of the financialization of everyday life.
2022-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/114629/1/MPRA_paper_114629.pdf
Batiz-Lazo, Bernardo and Martínez-Rodríguez, Susana (2022): Gender and the financialization of Spanish retail banking, 1949-1970.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:119086
2023-11-12T14:34:48Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
7375626A656374733D59:5938:593830
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/119086/
Gendering the Company: A Critical Perspective on German Business History
Heinemann, Isabel
Reckendrees, Alfred
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
N84 - Europe: 1913-
Y80 - Related Disciplines
In this short essay, we discuss the opportunities for German business history if it takes gender seriously as a category of inquiry and point out why historical gender research should focus more on the company as a social arena. We argue that business history should integrate gender as an analytical category and draw on methods of social and cultural history. We seek to encourage innovative research projects that explore the potential of gender – produced by social practices, values, norms and moral concepts – as an analytical category for business history. Likewise we are interested in exploring how historical gender studies might develop when they move to the social arena of the company as a field of investigation.
2023-11-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/119086/1/MPRA_paper_119086.pdf
Heinemann, Isabel and Reckendrees, Alfred (2023): Gendering the Company: A Critical Perspective on German Business History.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:119299
2023-12-20T11:24:44Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3234
7375626A656374733D4A:4A32:4A3238
7375626A656374733D4E:4E33:4E3333
7375626A656374733D4E:4E33:4E3334
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3833
7375626A656374733D4E:4E38:4E3834
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/119299/
Socio-economic characteristics as determinants in the job market: The case of Piedmont in Italy (1867–2005)
Calabrese, Matteo
Van Leeuwen, Bas
J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity
J28 - Safety ; Job Satisfaction ; Related Public Policy
N33 - Europe: Pre-1913
N34 - Europe: 1913-
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
N84 - Europe: 1913-
In Modernization Theory, it is argued that both the socio-economic background and education level of labourers affect the job market. In this article, we analyse the effects of both factors on the job market of Piedmont, a region in the north-west of Italy, using a new dataset of job-offer advertisements (job ads) from the newspaper La Stampa between 1867 and 2005. In line with Modernization Theory, we find that the number of job ads mentioning job-unrelated factors (e.g. ‘family background’) as a requirement for hiring, declined over the years. Yet, when present in the text of the job ads, job-unrelated characteristics increased the probability of ending up in jobs with a lower occupational status. However, contrary to job-unrelated factors, the frequency of mentions of socio-attitudinal characteristics (e.g. the ‘ability to deal with the public’) increased over time in the job ads while contributing to the probability of ending in jobs with higher occupational status.
2023-11-30
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/119299/1/MPRA_paper_119299.pdf
Calabrese, Matteo and Van Leeuwen, Bas (2023): Socio-economic characteristics as determinants in the job market: The case of Piedmont in Italy (1867–2005).
en