2024-03-29T15:47:39Z
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/cgi/oai2
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:375
2019-10-03T17:52:54Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513530
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/375/
Political economy of citizens’ participation in environmental improvement: The case of Istanbul
Adaman, Fikret
Gökşen, Fatoş
Zenginobuz, Unal
Q50 - General
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
Q58 - Government Policy
We aim at questioning, within a political economy framework, the institutional context of environmental policies for the case of Turkey in general and of Istanbul in particular. The paper is centred around a survey study conducted with citizens of Istanbul (n=1565), a metropolitan city whose population is around 9 millions, with regard to their attitudes and behaviours on environmental issues, together with a set of in-depth interviews (n=16) carried out with representatives of business, NGOs, trade unions, and bureaucrats. The point of departure of the paper is the claim that environmental policies are likely to alter, overtly or covertly, the income distribution of societies, and ipso facto those who will be worse off in the ex-post sense will have a clear incentive to influence public authorities and politicians (be they central or local units) in not implementing them—their success depending of course on the extent to which the governing body is not sterile but open to corruption (the so-called “government failures”). The implication of the existence of such government failures on the enforceability of regulations dealing with environmental issues is certainly an area to which attention has recently been given, both at theoretical and empirical levels, where the issue of institutional context has emerged as one if not the important issue in addressing such failures. Turkey, being one of the clear examples of the existence of such corruptive elements, should certainly offer rich inputs to the said discussion, and the paper makes an attempt to questioning the institutional aspect of environmental policies from the point of view of citizens of Istanbul and of different stakeholders.
2003-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/375/1/MPRA_paper_375.pdf
Adaman, Fikret and Gökşen, Fatoş and Zenginobuz, Unal (2003): Political economy of citizens’ participation in environmental improvement: The case of Istanbul. Published in: Integrating and Articulating Environments: A Challenge for Northern and Southern Europe, , Vol. Volume, No. Integrated Assessment Series (2003): pp. 73-90.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:386
2019-09-27T10:54:20Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513537
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/386/
Analysis of Trends in Emission of Criteria Air Pollutants and Human Health in an Era of Regulation
Mariam, Yohannes
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
Q58 - Government Policy
Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services ; Biodiversity Conservation ; Bioeconomics ; Industrial Ecology
Several studies have shown the environmental and health impacts of emission of criteria air pollutants such as SO2, NOx, PM, and VOCs. These pollutants are primarily associated with acid rain, ground level ozone or smog, and formation of inhalable particulate. The present study will examine trends in emissions of these pollutants, and selected indicators of human health affected by these pollutants over the past two decades. Furthermore, the study will implement a method called linear structural relationship or causal analysis to identify the impact of factors that may affect ambient concentration of pollutants and the human health. Finally, the study will determine whether or not the changes observed over the past two decades with respect to reduction in emissions, improvements in human health indicators, and environmental expenditures are statistically significant. The study is expected to make contribution towards identification of factors or issues that policy makers and regulators should focus on and whether or not regulations have made significant difference in influencing emissions, environmental and human health risk factors.
2001-06-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/386/1/MPRA_paper_386.pdf
Mariam, Yohannes (2001): Analysis of Trends in Emission of Criteria Air Pollutants and Human Health in an Era of Regulation.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:413
2019-09-26T12:00:16Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D4C:4C35:4C3531
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513537
7375626A656374733D4C:4C39:4C3934
7375626A656374733D4C:4C35:4C3532
7375626A656374733D4C:4C39:4C3935
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513433
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D4C:4C39:4C3938
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/413/
Environmental Sustainability and Regulation: To-Down Versus Bottom-Up Regulation
Mariam, Yohannes
Q48 - Government Policy
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
L51 - Economics of Regulation
Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services ; Biodiversity Conservation ; Bioeconomics ; Industrial Ecology
L94 - Electric Utilities
L52 - Industrial Policy ; Sectoral Planning Methods
L95 - Gas Utilities ; Pipelines ; Water Utilities
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy
Q58 - Government Policy
L98 - Government Policy
Environmental regulation can be broadly divided into those that follow the top-down and bottom-up approaches. The two approaches have similar objective with respect to environmental protection and sustainability. However, the success with which each approach achieves goals of environmental protection and sustainability may vary. Moreover, the costs and benefits of each approach differ. The present study will explore the implication of environmental regulation to sustainability, costs associated with regulations, and alternatives with respect to using mixes of market-based instruments. The study will review top-down and bottom-up environmental regulations with the objective of identifying weakness and strength of each approach. Furthermore, the study will make recommendations on possible strategies (e.g., mixes of regulatory instruments) that will contribute toward the attainment of sustainable environment, and by implication to sustainable development.
2001-06-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/413/1/MPRA_paper_413.pdf
Mariam, Yohannes (2001): Environmental Sustainability and Regulation: To-Down Versus Bottom-Up Regulation.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:658
2019-09-28T08:08:09Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513531
7375626A656374733D49:4931:493138
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513537
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513535
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433631
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/658/
VOCs’s Cost functions in the Design of Emission Abatement Strategies
Mariam, Yohannes
Barre, Mike
Q58 - Government Policy
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health
Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services ; Biodiversity Conservation ; Bioeconomics ; Industrial Ecology
Q55 - Technological Innovation
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
C61 - Optimization Techniques ; Programming Models ; Dynamic Analysis
VOCs and NOx are the primary precursors in the formation of ground-level ozone (SMOG). The rate of formation is a function of concentrations, temperature and sunlight strength. Both pollutants as well as the ozone itself can be transported over very long distances. Therefore, it can affect regions that are close or far from the sources of emissions. In fact approximately 50% of the ozone problem found in the Windsor - Quebec corridor can be attributed to US emissions.
Ozone can affect the health and productivity of humans, crops, forests and other ecosystems. It is now recognized that there is no thresh-hold level below which no effects are felt.
Strategies to reduce emission of VOCs involve either cost or emission optimization. Cost optimization requires the availability of abatement cost functions. The current study presents methodologies to derive cost functions for VOCs in Canada. Abatement cost functions are mathematical representations of discrete emission reduction points and their corresponding total annualized cost. The objective for which cost functions are derived determines the procedure employed in deriving cost functions. In this study, cost functions are derived based on cost estimates from engineering models by analyzing plant level data on end of pipe abatement technologies and their related costs.
Emissions of VOCs were gathered by plant, by sector, by region and nationally. Commonly used, VOCs control technologies were identified. Engineering cost models were used to generate total annualized costs and the corresponding emission reduction for individual plants. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to fit different functional forms to the total annualized cost and removal data.
Four kinds of cost functions were derived. These include national, regional, sectoral and plant specific cost functions. The results showed that cost functions derived for the four categories indicated above, can be represented by different types of curves such as exponential, quadratic or even power. These curves could be used to facilitate the design of bilateral or multilateral, national, inter-provincial, or intra-provincial air pollution management strategies. The uses of these cost functions in pollution abatement not only treat countries, regions, sectors or plants equitably but also produce realistic cost data compared to average cost data. Furthermore, these functions could be incorporated into an integrated assessment model so that the resulting emission abatement strategies would cost the industry and/or the public minimum amount.
1996
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/658/1/MPRA_paper_658.pdf
Mariam, Yohannes and Barre, Mike (1996): VOCs’s Cost functions in the Design of Emission Abatement Strategies.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:659
2019-10-06T00:36:34Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4C:4C35:4C3531
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513537
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513531
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513535
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433631
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/659/
Use of Aggregate Emission Reduction Cost Functions in Designing Optimal Regional SO2 Abatement Strategies
Mariam, Yohannes
Barre, Mike
L51 - Economics of Regulation
Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services ; Biodiversity Conservation ; Bioeconomics ; Industrial Ecology
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q5 - Environmental Economics
Q58 - Government Policy
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
Q55 - Technological Innovation
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
C61 - Optimization Techniques ; Programming Models ; Dynamic Analysis
The 1990 Canadian long-range transport of air pollutants and acid deposition report divided North America into 40 sources of emission and 15 sensitive receptor sites. For the purpose of national policy making and international negotiation, the use of these large sources and few receptors may prove adequate. Due to inadequate information regarding cost of reducing emissions from each point source, it was felt necessary to design a method to generate cost functions for emission regions.
The objective of this study was to develop aggregate cost functions that relate the cost of SO2 emission reductions to the amount of reduction achieved. The cost curves generated presume the application of control technologies to achieve a mandated regional emission reduction in the year 2000. The study has also assumed that trading will take place among plants within a region.
The emissions inventories (GECOT and AIRS for the USA and RDIS for Canada) were used as the major source of data for the study. Cost functions were derived for forty emission regions. The functional forms that best fits estimated costs are either quadratic, power or linear in specifications. Furthermore, the cost functions indicted substantial variation (differences in marginal costs of removal) across emission regions. Preliminary analysis using Environment Canada’s Integrated Assessment Modelling platform indicated that strategies that make use of these functions and environmental goals will cost the industry and government the minimum amount compared to those that relay on quantitative emission reductions. Considering the findings of studies that indicated exposure of several watersheds to excess depositions of SO2 compared to critical loads, policy makers should examine ways of reducing emissions beyond what is already committed for the year 2005 or 2010. Future work will investigate interregional trading, especially between the bordering states of the USA and provinces of Canada based on these cost functions.
1997
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/659/1/MPRA_paper_659.pdf
Mariam, Yohannes and Barre, Mike (1997): Use of Aggregate Emission Reduction Cost Functions in Designing Optimal Regional SO2 Abatement Strategies.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:663
2019-09-27T16:57:05Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4332:433232
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513537
7375626A656374733D51:5135
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513531
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D43:4335:433533
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/663/
Statistical Time Series Analysis of Emission and Deposition of SO2 and NOx in Northeastern North America
Mariam, Yohannes
Barre, Mike
C22 - Time-Series Models ; Dynamic Quantile Regressions ; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models ; Diffusion Processes
Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services ; Biodiversity Conservation ; Bioeconomics ; Industrial Ecology
Q5 - Environmental Economics
Q58 - Government Policy
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
C53 - Forecasting and Prediction Methods ; Simulation Methods
Trend analysis and forecasting of time series data on air-pollutants is important to design effective measures to minimize damages to ecosystems and human health. In this study, autoregressive, moving average, autoregressive-moving average and autoregressive integrated moving average processes of different order were implemented to examine patterns of depositions and emissions. Analysis was undertaken to examine stationarity of the series or to design a method to create stationary series. The model that satisfied selected statistical criteria was chosen to make forecasts. Forecasts of depositions were compared with critical loads by watersheds.
The findings of this study indicated that both wet depositions and emissions of SO2 and NOx data exhibited non-stationarity. After removing non-stationarity, suitable time-series model was selected for short-run forecasting (1994 to 2005). The resulting depositions and emissions data were examined with respect to their long-run movement and critical deposition loadings. The analysis showed that excess wet depositions of SO2 and NO3 would be major problems at least for ten years. Most of these problems are observed in Atlantic Canada and few watersheds in Quebec and Ontario. Although emissions of SO2 have declined, emissions of NOx remained unchanged or increased compared to the 1980 level. Considering the fact that these pollutants contribute to acidification, eutrophication and formation of secondary particulates that are hazardous to human health, it is necessary to find ways of further reducing emissions and depositions of these pollutants. While substantial progress has been made with respect to reduction of SO2 emissions (especially in Canada), the analysis presented in this study indicated that there must be substantially more reductions to ensure the protection of sensitive ecosystems. Thus, evidences similar to those presented in this study should be gathered to initiate negotiations for reductions beyond the 2005 or 2010 commitments.
1997
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/663/1/MPRA_paper_663.pdf
Mariam, Yohannes and Barre, Mike (1997): Statistical Time Series Analysis of Emission and Deposition of SO2 and NOx in Northeastern North America.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:665
2019-09-29T11:21:47Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513531
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513537
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513535
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D51:5135
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433631
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/665/
Integrated Assessment Modeling in Canada: The Case of Acid Rain
Mariam, Yohannes
Lam, David
Barre, Mike
Q58 - Government Policy
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services ; Biodiversity Conservation ; Bioeconomics ; Industrial Ecology
Q55 - Technological Innovation
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
Q5 - Environmental Economics
C61 - Optimization Techniques ; Programming Models ; Dynamic Analysis
In the past, environmental decision making has been based on analysis of policy options with respect to emission reduction, deposition or concentration of pollutants and the design of preventive strategies using disparate single-model and discipline results. It was impossible to obtain optimal solution to environmnetal problems because it is difficult to conduct a coherent, systematic and sound analysis of environmental problems using a single disciplinary model. Thus, a need arises for an integrated approach in environmental policy making.
The trend in environmental management is a move from single pollutant/single-effect to multi-pollutant/multi-effect approach and to the inclusion of socioeconomic issues for the purposes of determining the interaction of the environment with the economy. Integrated assessment modeling (IAM) enables us to examine these kinds of issues by creating logical and scientific relationship between the functioning of various ecosystems and the manner in which they respond to external stimuli. Recognizing the crucial role that an integrative approach could play in the development of sound environmental decision making, Environment Canada and other government agencies have jointly participated in the development of IAM. Using data on emissions, depositions, source-receptor matrix, costs of emission abatement, models describing the functioning of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, IAM can be used to identify optimal emission reduction strategies that benefit both the economy and ecology.
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how economic aspects of emission abatement can be incorporated into IAM using acid rain as a case. The present study compared findings of optimal abatement strategies when economic abatement costs are included and when they are not. The findings indicate that i) a strong long-term commitment is required to provide 100% proetction and allow the rejuvenation of acidified lakes, ii) major reductions in emissions of SO2 are still required from the USA, iii) inter-regional trading with the USA can play a major role in reducing emission of SO2 , and iv) polluters, as well as the society, would be better-off when emission abatement strategies incorporate abatement costs than when not. This is particularly important in ensuring the integration of the economy with environment, and the attainment of sustainable development.
1998
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/665/1/MPRA_paper_665.pdf
Mariam, Yohannes and Lam, David and Barre, Mike (1998): Integrated Assessment Modeling in Canada: The Case of Acid Rain.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:670
2019-09-27T10:47:13Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4332:433232
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D43:4331:433133
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513537
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513535
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D51:5135
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433631
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/670/
The Impact of Acid Rain on the Aquatic Ecosystems of Eastern Canada
Mariam, Yohannes
C22 - Time-Series Models ; Dynamic Quantile Regressions ; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models ; Diffusion Processes
Q58 - Government Policy
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
C13 - Estimation: General
Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services ; Biodiversity Conservation ; Bioeconomics ; Industrial Ecology
Q55 - Technological Innovation
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
Q5 - Environmental Economics
C61 - Optimization Techniques ; Programming Models ; Dynamic Analysis
In the past environmental management practices have been based on disparate analysis of the impacts of pollutants on selected components of ecosystems. However, holistic analysis of emission reduction strategies is necessary to justify that actions taken to protect the environment would not unduly punish economic growth or vice versa.
When environmental management programs are implemented, it would be extremely difficult for the industry to attain the targeted emission reduction in a single year in order to eliminate impacts on ecosystems. It means that targets have to be established as increments or narrowing the gap between the desired level of atmospheric deposition and actual deposition. These targets should also be designed in a way that would balance the impacts on the economy with improvements in environmental quality.
Environment Canada in partnership with other organizations has developed an Integrated Assessment Modeling Platform. This platform enables to identify an emission reduction strategy(ies) that is(are) able to attain the desired environmental protection at a minimum cost to the industry. In this study, an attempt is made to examine the impact on the industry when the level of protection provided to the aquatic ecosystems is implemented using environmental and environmental-economic goals as objectives using Canadian IAM platform.
The modeling platform takes into account sources and receptor regions in North America. The results of the analysis indicated that reductions of at least 50% of depositions of SO2 would require complete removal of emissions from all sources. However, this is not compatible with the paradigm of balancing economy with the environment. Therefore, gradual reductions in emissions as well as depositions were found to be plausible strategy. When depositions are reduced by 80% and maximum emission reduction is set at 90%, the number of lakes with pH>6 as well as the presence of fish increased significantly compared to current level. These improvements in acidification in lakes are particularly visible for a strategy that incorporates both environmental and economic goals. Furthermore, optimization using only a single receptor at a time resulted in significantly higher reduction in emissions compared to optimization that incorporates all the twelve Canadian receptors in a single run. It implies that globally optimal emission reduction strategy (i.e., multi-receptor optimization) would not penalize the sources of emission compared to locally optimal emission reduction strategy (i.e., single receptor optimization). It is hoped that with this kind of analysis of feasible environmental targets can be put in place without jeopardizing the performance of the economy or industry while ensuring continual improvements in environmental health of ecosystems.
1999
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/670/1/MPRA_paper_670.pdf
Mariam, Yohannes (1999): The Impact of Acid Rain on the Aquatic Ecosystems of Eastern Canada.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:776
2019-09-30T12:19:12Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4C:4C35:4C3531
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D4C:4C33:4C3333
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/776/
Efficiency inducing taxation for polluting oligopolists: the irrelevance of privatization
Claude, Denis
Tidball, Mabel
L51 - Economics of Regulation
Q58 - Government Policy
L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions ; Privatization ; Contracting Out
This paper examines the optimal environmental policy in a mixed oligopoly when pollution accumulates over time. Specifically, we assume quantity competition between several private firms and one partially privatized firm. The optimal emission tax is shown to be independent of the weight the privatized firm puts on social welfare. The optimal tax rule, the accumulated stock of pollution, firms' production paths and profit streams are identical irrespective of the public firm's ownership status.
2006-07-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/776/1/MPRA_paper_776.pdf
Claude, Denis and Tidball, Mabel (2006): Efficiency inducing taxation for polluting oligopolists: the irrelevance of privatization.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:1521
2019-10-01T05:07:16Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1521/
Organización Rural, Desarrollo Territorial y Sostenibilidad Ambiental en el Caribe de Costa Rica: El Caso del Área de Conservación Tortuguero
Mora-Alfaro, Jorge
Román-Vega, Isabel
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q58 - Government Policy
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
The rural areas of Costa Rica suffered significant transformations as a consequence of two phenomenon: In one hand, the long tendency to economical, political and cultural global integration living by the most diverse nations in the contemporary time. In the other hand, the reorientation of the growth economy model and the institutional reform introduced since the 80 decade in this country. In this document are presented the main discoveries obtained with the evaluating study about the impact of these economic and political changes in Tortuguero Conservation Area (ACTo), focused in the rural organizations development. The main tendencies follow up by the productive, environmental, institutional and social processes, occurred in this rural territory, allow to perceive the context conditions in which the local rural organizations development happened and the opportunities and challenges that they confront in the present time.
2006
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1521/1/MPRA_paper_1521.pdf
Mora-Alfaro, Jorge and Román-Vega, Isabel (2006): Organización Rural, Desarrollo Territorial y Sostenibilidad Ambiental en el Caribe de Costa Rica: El Caso del Área de Conservación Tortuguero.
es
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:1658
2019-09-26T11:32:32Z
7374617475733D696E7072657373
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513531
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1658/
Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of Delhi Metro
M N, Murty
Dhavala, Kishore Kumar
Ghosh, Meenakshi
Singh, Rashmi
Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
Q58 - Government Policy
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
The growing demand for public transport in mega cities has serious effects on urban ecosystems, especially due to the increased atmospheric pollution and changes in land use patterns. An ecologically sustainable urban transport system could be obtained by an appropriate mix of alternative modes of transport resulting in the use of environmentally friendly fuels and land use patterns. The introduction of CNG in certain vehicles and switching of some portion of the transport demand to the metro rail have resulted in a significant reduction of atmospheric pollution in Delhi. The Delhi Metro provides multiple benefits: reduction in air pollution, time saving to passengers, reduction in accidents, reduction in traffic congestion and fuel savings. There are incremental benefits and costs to a number of economic agents: government, private transporters, passengers, general public and unskilled labour. The social cost-benefit analysis of Delhi Metro done in this paper tries to measure all these benefits and costs from Phase I and Phase II projects covering a total distance of 108 kms in Delhi. Estimates of the social benefits and costs of the project are obtained using the recently estimated shadow prices of investment, foreign exchange and unskilled labour as well as the social time preference rate for the Indian economy for a study commissioned by the Planning Commission, Government of India and done at the Institute of Economic Growth. The financial internal rate of return on investments in the Metro is estimated as 17 percent while the economic rate of return is 24 percent. Accounting for benefits from the reduction of urban air pollution due to the Metro has increased the economic rate of return by 1.4 percent.
2006-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1658/1/MPRA_paper_1658.pdf
M N, Murty and Dhavala, Kishore Kumar and Ghosh, Meenakshi and Singh, Rashmi (2006): Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of Delhi Metro. Forthcoming in: Economic and Political Weekly
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:2010
2019-09-27T13:02:58Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513235
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513230
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513537
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513530
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513238
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513233
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2010/
Payments for Environmental Services in Costa Rica
Pagiola, Stefano
Q58 - Government Policy
Q25 - Water
Q20 - General
Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services ; Biodiversity Conservation ; Bioeconomics ; Industrial Ecology
Q50 - General
Q28 - Government Policy
Q23 - Forestry
Costa Rica pioneered the use of the payments for environmental services (PES) approach in developing countries by establishing a formal, country-wide program of payments, the PSA program. The PSA program has worked hard to develop mechanisms to charge the users of environmental services for the services they receive. It has made substantial progress in charging water users, and more limited progress in charging biodiversity and carbon sequestration users. Because of the way it makes payments to service providers (using approaches largely inherited from earlier programs), however, the PSA program has considerable room for improvement in the efficiency with which it generates environmental services. With experience, many of these weaknesses are being gradually corrected as the PSA program evolves towards a much more targeted and differentiated program. An important lesson is the need to be flexible and to adapt to lessons learned and to changing circumstances.
2006-12-20
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2010/1/MPRA_paper_2010.pdf
Pagiola, Stefano (2006): Payments for Environmental Services in Costa Rica.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:3461
2019-09-30T15:17:08Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D4C:4C36:4C3632
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3461/
Economic analysis of feebates to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from light vehicles for California
McManus, Walter
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q58 - Government Policy
L62 - Automobiles ; Other Transportation Equipment ; Related Parts and Equipment
A growing majority of climate scientists are convinced that unless emissions are reduced, global warming would cause a number of adverse effects throughout the United States. In California, rising temperatures would reduce the snow pack in the Sierra-the state's primary source of water-and lead to less water for irrigating farms in the Central Valley. Global warming would increase the number of extreme heat days and greatly increase the risk of poor air quality across the state. California's 1,100 miles of coastline and coastal communities are vulnerable to rising sea levels. Concerted action could curb global warming, but all sectors would need to take immediate steps to reduce heattrapping pollution.
In California, the transportation sector consumes well over half the oil used statewide, and passenger cars and trucks emit 20 to 30 percent of the state's global warming pollution. Vehicles therefore are a central focus of the immediate action required to reduce global warming.
The state of California's regulatory approach involves phasing in limits to average global warming emissions from passenger cars and trucks beginning in 2009 and culminating in 2016. This regulation is often called "Pavley," after its author, Assemblywoman Fran Pavley.
The federal government's approach provides tax incentives to buyers of hybrid vehicles, which emit significantly lower amounts of global warming pollution than most conventional vehicles. However, the hybrid incentive affects only a small portion of the vehicle market.
A third approach that could be used to enhance or replace existing regulations would be a feebates program. A feebates program creates a schedule of both fees and rebates that reflects the amount of global warming pollution that different vehicles emit. Purchasers of new vehicles that emit larger amounts of heat-trapping emissions pay a one-time surcharge at the point of purchase. These surcharges are then used to provide rebates to buyers of new vehicles that emit less pollution. A feebates program has several advantages over other approaches: Market-oriented: A feebates program recognizes the power of price signals to change consumer behavior. That is, incentives spur consumers to purchase and manufactures to produce cleaner vehicles. Self-financing: A feebates program can be designed so that the surcharges collected equal the rebates paid.
Affects entire market: A feebates program applies to all new vehicles-clean and dirty-spurring a transformation of the entire market. Consumer choice: A feebates program can be designed so that consumers have the option to buy vehicles that carry no surcharge in each vehicle class, such as cars, trucks, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), and minivans.
This study explores the economic impacts on consumers and manufacturers of the existing Pavley regulation and a feebates program by analyzing four alternative scenarios, using information from 2002 as the base year.
Our findings show that a feebates program is an effective strategy to reduce global warming pollution by up to 25% more than Pavley alone. Also, under a feebates program consumers will save thousands of dollars and retailers will see their revenue rise by as much as 6%.
2007-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3461/1/MPRA_paper_3461.pdf
McManus, Walter (2007): Economic analysis of feebates to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from light vehicles for California.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:5351
2019-10-15T04:46:50Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5131:513138
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5351/
Rent seeking, interest groups and environmental lobbying: Cane Farmers versus Great Barrier Reef Protectionists
Beard, Rodney
Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
Q58 - Government Policy
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
In this paper an interest group model of rent seeking behaviour between sugarcane farmers and
environmental protectionists is developed. The motivation for this scenario comes from the debate over
fertilizer run-off and its possible impact on Queensland’s Great Barrier Reef. The paper takes Gordon
Tullock’s rent-seeking model and applies it to the bargaining process over controls on fertilizer
application in an effort to learn something about the likely political outcomes of this debate.
2007-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5351/1/MPRA_paper_5351.pdf
Beard, Rodney (2007): Rent seeking, interest groups and environmental lobbying: Cane Farmers versus Great Barrier Reef Protectionists.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:5983
2019-09-27T12:51:01Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513530
7375626A656374733D4B:4B33:4B3332
7375626A656374733D47:4733:473338
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5983/
A survey of the Romanian Environmental Fund
Dănuleţiu, Dan-Constantin
Teiuşan, Sorin-Ciprian
Q50 - General
K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
G38 - Government Policy and Regulation
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
Q58 - Government Policy
The environment protection is considered to be a legitimate domain of the national policies in Romania since 1990, when the former Ministry of Environment appeared. Later on, the Environment Security National Strategy had been elaborated, being considered the first official document establishing the national objectives of that specific field. But the environment policies will be highly developed starting with 2000, when Romania’s preparation to join the European Union started; and this flourishing flow will take place according to European Union’s elaborated strategy regarding the candidate states within Agenda 2000. Due to the complexity of concerns on the EU acquis in the environment security field, Romania obtained a series of transition steps necessary for the high costs. Therefore, our country created the Environment Funds, namely an economic-financial tool designated to sustain and develop the environment protection projects. The present paper aims to present and analyze the way of creating, managing and using this fund from the perspective of the accomplished goals. So, there are brought into play the modalities and income sources of the Romanian Environmental Fund, the contributions paid to the fund and their payers. The environment protection projects financed by this fund, the norms required and the rewarded fields of this domain are also taken into consideration. In the end, there are exposed some measures that should be taken in order to determine a more active involvement of the potential beneficiaries in accessing grants financed by the Environmental Fund.
2007-11-30
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5983/1/MPRA_paper_5983.pdf
Dănuleţiu, Dan-Constantin and Teiuşan, Sorin-Ciprian (2007): A survey of the Romanian Environmental Fund.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:6457
2019-10-05T20:21:38Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6457/
Forest Management
Hasan, Lubna Hasan
Q58 - Government Policy
This study analyses the institutional set-up of forest management in Pakistan, focusing on the North West Frontier Province, which houses 40 percent of the total forestlands. These areas have faced significant deforestation in the past. It is feared that if nothing is done to check this process, these forests will soon disappear. The study argues for the Property Rights School of thought that the roots of environmental problems are to be traced to inadequate and ill-defined property institutions. The study develops a normative criterion, describing the conditions that are essential for optimal utilisation and conservation of a resource, to be used in assessing the present situation. The analysis indicates that there are problems in the ownership structure, in the enforcement of property rules, as well as in the management system. It is concluded that the present institutional set-up is inappropriate to achieve the objective of forest conservation, and changes in this set-up are suggested. The study puts forward ‘collective management’ as an alternative institutional set-up.
2001
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6457/1/MPRA_paper_6457.pdf
Hasan, Lubna Hasan (2001): Forest Management.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:6513
2019-10-01T23:10:48Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513233
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6513/
An Anatomy of State Failures in The Forest Management in Pakistan
Hasan, Lubna
Q23 - Forestry
Q58 - Government Policy
Deforestation remains one of the most intractable environmental problems of today. Pakistan also faces serious problem of depletion of its forest reserves.The general perception among planners is that over population is the primary culprit behind forest degradation. Moreover, people living close to forestlands, and using it for their needs, show an imprudent behaviour towards these forests and use it in an unsustainable manner. So there is tendency among the policy makers to find ways of keeping people away from this resource, and to strengthen government’s hold over it. This is a rather simplistic conception of the issue since most of the forests in Pakistan are state owned/managed, and responsibility for the protection/conservation of these forests rests with the state, therefore, any inquiry into the causes of forest degradation in Pakistan must analyse the state’s role in it. Putting the entire burden of deforestation on ‘other factors’ shifts attention away from more important causes (namely, failure of government to manage forests), and leads to wrong policy conclusions. This study intends to focus attention on this important factor behind deforestation - the role of state in forest degradation in Pakistan.
2008-02
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6513/1/MPRA_paper_6513.pdf
Hasan, Lubna (2008): An Anatomy of State Failures in The Forest Management in Pakistan.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:8228
2019-09-30T00:54:48Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433631
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8228/
Environmental policy in dynamic models: The impact of the elasticity of substitution if consumers pollute
Barthel, Jens
C61 - Optimization Techniques ; Programming Models ; Dynamic Analysis
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
Q58 - Government Policy
This paper discusses first results of a comparative study of different environmental policy instruments. In a model with pollution as a side effect of consumption different environmental policies are studied. In simulations we observe the dynamic behavior of models with utility functions of the Leontief, CES, and Cobb-Douglas type. Environmental policy is modeled as a consumption tax. Tax revenues are used to pay a subsidy for environment-friendly activities, are reimbursed as lump-sum payments or vanish. Furthermore we investigate the implications of errors in the choice of instruments.
2005-11-23
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8228/1/MPRA_paper_8228.pdf
Barthel, Jens (2005): Environmental policy in dynamic models: The impact of the elasticity of substitution if consumers pollute.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:8229
2019-09-29T17:04:03Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433631
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8229/
Environmental policy in dynamic models with pollution by consumers: The impact of exogenous shocks and dozy politicians
Barthel, Jens
C61 - Optimization Techniques ; Programming Models ; Dynamic Analysis
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
Q58 - Government Policy
The paper discusses questions resulting from a study of the interaction of exogenous shocks and environmental policy. In a model with pollution as a side effect of consumption environmental policy is introduced in the form of a consumption tax with or without a subsidy on eco-friendly investments. In simulations we observe the dynamic behavior of models before and after sudden changes of exogenous variables. These shocks are jumps in productivity or a sudden depreciation of capital. Additionally we examine the effect of a simultaneous appearance of both types of shocks. Furthermore we investigate the consequences of a lagged reaction of the policy agents.
2007-07-17
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8229/1/MPRA_paper_8229.pdf
Barthel, Jens (2007): Environmental policy in dynamic models with pollution by consumers: The impact of exogenous shocks and dozy politicians.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:8230
2019-09-28T04:35:00Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433631
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8230/
Environmental policy in dynamic models with pollution by consumers: The greening and blackening of preferences
Barthel, Jens
C61 - Optimization Techniques ; Programming Models ; Dynamic Analysis
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
Q58 - Government Policy
The paper discusses questions resulting from a study of the interaction of a change of preferences and environmental policy. In a model with pollution as a side effect of consumption environmental policy is introduced in the form of a consumption tax with or without a subsidy on eco-friendly investments. In simulations we observe the dynamic behavior of models before and after sudden changes of exogenous variables. These shocks are jumps in the preference structure of individuals towards more environmental-friendly or consumption-friendly attitudes. Additionally we examine the effect of a lagged reaction of the policy agents.
2007-10-23
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8230/1/MPRA_paper_8230.pdf
Barthel, Jens (2007): Environmental policy in dynamic models with pollution by consumers: The greening and blackening of preferences.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:9564
2019-09-27T01:04:06Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D45:4530:453030
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9564/
Productivity Dispersion across Plants, Emission Abatement, and Environmental Policy
Li, Zhe
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
E00 - General
Q58 - Government Policy
Empirical studies suggest systematic relationships between plant’s productivity and plant’s emissions and emission-abatement costs. This paper demonstrates that productivity dispersion across plants is an important factor that influences the transmission of environmental policy. Within a general equilibrium framework, I model heterogeneous polluting plants by allowing them to be differing in productivity and to choose optimally a discrete emission-reduction technology taking into account both the costs of reducing emissions and the competition in the goods market. An emission-reduction policy affects the distribution of plants with the advanced abatement technology and relocates resources and market shares across plants. As a result, the aggregate effects of an environmental policy depend on the degree of productivity dispersion. Using Canadian data, I show quantitatively that the aggregate effects of an environmental policy significantly affected by the degree of productivity dispersion both in the transition periods and in the long-run steady-state equilibrium.
2008-09-14
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9564/1/MPRA_paper_9564.pdf
Li, Zhe (2008): Productivity Dispersion across Plants, Emission Abatement, and Environmental Policy.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:9906
2019-09-27T20:28:14Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D4E:4E35:4E3530
7375626A656374733D50:5032:503238
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9906/
Экологическая практика транснациональных корпораций
Gerasimchuk, Ivetta
N50 - General, International, or Comparative
P28 - Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment
Q58 - Government Policy
The monograph analyzes environmental practice of transnational corporations (TNCs) at the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st century. The study investigates into the reasons for differing environmental practices of TNCs thorough the world and in Russia in particular. The author researches both external and internal factors of corporate environmental practices. First, the monograph covers the impact of government environmental regulations on foreign direct investment in host economies and environmental practices of corporations. Second, it is established that environmental performance of a company depends on the stage of its life-cycle, ownership structure, and ‘portfolio’ of technologies and equipment. Conclusions are given as to development of economic leverage of making corporate practices in Russia more environmentally friendly.
The book is addressed to economists, environmentalists and everyone interested in the topical issues of Russia’s integration into the global economy and nature conservation.
2006
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9906/1/MPRA_paper_9906.pdf
Gerasimchuk, Ivetta (2006): Экологическая практика транснациональных корпораций. Published in: (8 November 2007): pp. 1-93.
ru
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:10816
2019-09-30T03:44:24Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D4F:4F32:4F3231
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10816/
Building new frontiers: An ecosystemic approach to development, culture, education, environment and quality of life
Pilon, André Francisco
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
O21 - Planning Models ; Planning Policy
Q58 - Government Policy
Quality of life, natural and man-made environments, physical, social and mental well-being are currently undermined by all sorts of hazards and injuries; political, economical, social and cultural disarray normalise atrocious behaviours and violence throughout the world. Considering the multiple problems of difficult settlement or solution in our times, current environmental, social, cultural, educational, political and economic policies and practices are examined in view of new paradigms of growth, power, wealth, work and freedom. A multidimensional ecosystemic approach and planning model for the diagnosis and prognosis of quality of life integrate into a dynamic configuration four dimensions of being-in-the- world (intimate, interactive, social and biophysical), as they induce the events (deficits and assets), cope with consequences (desired or undesired) and reorganise for change, enhancing connexions and sealing ruptures. Development and evaluation of teaching programmes, research projects and public policies benefit from a deep understanding of the events, providing a critical comprehensive four-dimensional framework and planning model for effective and responsible action.
2008
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10816/3/MPRA_paper_10816.pdf
Pilon, André Francisco (2008): Building new frontiers: An ecosystemic approach to development, culture, education, environment and quality of life.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:12224
2019-09-27T09:41:51Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513238
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513432
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513433
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12224/
Asian Energy and Environmental Policy: Promoting Growth While Preserving the Environment
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q48 - Government Policy
Q28 - Government Policy
Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy
Q58 - Government Policy
Asia has truly experienced spectacular economic growth over the past 15 years. However, this economic progress has come at a high cost. It has led to unprecedented environmental consequences. The ecological footprint shows that, despite the fact that one-fifth of the population in Asia still lives on less than US$ 1 per day (PPP-adjusted), the region is already living beyond its ecological carrying capacity. The region is facing a dilemma. On the one hand, continued economic growth is needed to alleviate the poverty of the two-thirds of the world’s poor living in this region. On the other hand, that economic growth will further place tremendous strains on the natural environment.
In order to extricate itself from this difficult position, the region needs to shift the conventional pattern of “develop first and then treat the pollution” to a different trajectory of sustainable development. To that end, this paper examines a variety of policy responses at national, regional and international levels to deal with growing concerns about the environmental challenges in Asia in order to help to put the region on a more sustainable development path. In the context of national responses, special attention is paid to the following issues: coordination between the central and local governments, market-based environmental instruments and industrial policies, tougher emissions standards for mobile and stationary sources and for fuel quality, policies to promote energy efficiency and the use of clean energy and biofuels, the integration of environmental policies with economic and sectoral policies, and engagement of the private sector through e.g., ecolabelling, green government procurement, corporate ratings and disclosure programs, and drawing the support of financial institutions to promote improved corporate environmental performance. It is concluded that having the right policy mix, coupled with strengthened cooperation at national, local and regional levels, will ensure continuing economic growth in the region without compromising its limited ecological carrying capacity and environmental quality.
2008-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12224/2/MPRA_paper_12224.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2008): Asian Energy and Environmental Policy: Promoting Growth While Preserving the Environment.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:12276
2019-09-27T15:46:08Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513432
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12276/
Is it fair to treat China as a Christmas tree to hang everybody’s complaints? putting its own energy saving into perspective
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q48 - Government Policy
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
China has been the world’s second largest carbon emitter for years. Recent studies show that China had overtaken the U.S. as the world’s largest emitter in 2007. This has put China on the spotlight, just at a time when the world community starts negotiating a post-Kyoto climate regime under the Bali Roadmap. China seems to become such a Christmas tree on which everybody can hang his/her complaints. This paper will first discuss whether such a critics is fair by examining China’s own efforts towards energy saving, the widespread use of renewable energy and participation in clean development mechanism. Next, the paper puts carbon reductions of China’s unilateral actions into perspective by examining whether the estimated greenhouse gas emission reduction from meeting the country’s national energy saving goal is achieved from China’s unilateral actions or mainly with support from the clean development mechanism projects. Then the paper discusses how far developing country commitments can go in an immediate post-2012 climate regime, thus pointing out the direction and focus of future international climate negotiations. Finally, emphasizing that China needs to act as a large and responsible developing country and take due responsibilities and to set a good example to the majority of developing countries, the paper articulates what can be expected from China to illustrate that China can be a good partner in combating global climate change.
2008-10-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12276/1/MPRA_paper_12276.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2008): Is it fair to treat China as a Christmas tree to hang everybody’s complaints? putting its own energy saving into perspective.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:12441
2019-09-27T00:45:28Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513432
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12441/
How far can developing country commitments go in an immediate post-2012 climate regime?
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q48 - Government Policy
Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
To point out the direction and focus of future international climate negotiations, this paper discusses how far developing country commitments can go in an immediate post-2012 climate regime. The paper argues that developing country commitments are most unlikely to go beyond the defined polices and measures in this timeframe. On this basis, the paper suggests that, rather than attempting the unrealistic goal, international climate negotiations may instead need to initially frame the post-2012 developing country participation in terms of certain policies and policies that I envisioned a decade ago. This conclusion does not change, as Barack Obama becomes the U.S. President and the Democrats have regained control of both U.S. House of Representatives and Senate. However, it should be emphasized that his stance on climate issues and how ambitious U.S. commitments would be under his administration are going to be critical for developing countries to take bold steps themselves and to even agree to reflect those national commitments in a global deal.
2008-10-28
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12441/1/MPRA_paper_12441.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2008): How far can developing country commitments go in an immediate post-2012 climate regime?
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:12451
2019-09-27T11:01:15Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513432
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12451/
How far can developing country commitments go in an immediate post-2012 climate regime?
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q48 - Government Policy
Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
To point out the direction and focus of future international climate negotiations, this paper discusses how far developing country commitments can go in an immediate post-2012 climate regime. The paper argues that developing country commitments are most unlikely to go beyond the defined polices and measures in this timeframe. On this basis, the paper suggests that, rather than attempting the unrealistic goal, international climate negotiations may instead need to initially frame the post-2012 developing country participation in terms of certain policies and policies that I envisioned a decade ago. This conclusion does not change, as Barack Obama becomes the U.S. President and the Democrats have regained control over both U.S. House of Representatives and Senate. However, it should be emphasized that his stance on climate issues and how ambitious U.S. commitments would be under his administration are going to be critical for developing countries to take bold steps themselves and to even agree to reflect those national commitments in a global deal.
2008-10-28
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12451/2/MPRA_paper_12451.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2008): How far can developing country commitments go in an immediate post-2012 climate regime?
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:12782
2019-09-27T14:18:00Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463138
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12782/
Multilateral Trade Measures in a Post-2012 Climate Change Regime?: What Can Be Taken from the Montreal Protocol and the WTO?
Zhang, ZhongXiang
F18 - Trade and Environment
Q48 - Government Policy
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
The climate-trade nexus gains increasing attention as governments are taking great efforts to forge a post-2012 climate change regime to succeed the Kyoto Protocol. This raises the issues of the scope of trade-related measures and of when and how they could be used. To gain some guidance on the scope of trade provisions in a post-2012 climate regime, this paper first discusses the Montreal Protocol in which such trade provisions have been included. The paper argues that while it is unlikely for developing country parties to agree the inclusion of trade-related measures in a post-2012 climate regime, trade-related measures should, at the very least, be contemplated for a set of industrialized countries (Annex I or II countries) as part of the evolving climate regime. It should be specified how these measures will apply to non-complying parties within this group and when and how unilateral trade measures can be used against countries outside the group. To that end, the paper emphasizes that there is a clear need to define comparable efforts towards climate mitigation and adaptation to discipline the use of unilateral trade measures at the international level, as the Lieberman-Warner bill in the U.S. Senate demonstrated great possibility that some industrialized countries, if not all, are considering the term “comparable” as the standard by which to assess the efforts made by their trading partners in order to decide on whether to impose unilateral trade measures on them. While that bill died on the floor of the Senate, this is by no means the end of the prospect for border adjustment type of unilateral trade measures bill. The paper argues that the Lieberman-Warner type of border adjustment bill, in its current form, is likely to face WTO-consistency and methodological challenges. It also holds out more sticks than carrots to developing countries. In order to encourage developing countries to do more to combat climate change, the paper suggests that developed countries should clearly focus on carrots. Sticks can be incorporated, but only if they are credible and realistic and serve as a useful supplement to push developing countries to take actions or adopt policies and measures earlier than would otherwise have been the case.
2008-09-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12782/1/MPRA_paper_12782.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2008): Multilateral Trade Measures in a Post-2012 Climate Change Regime?: What Can Be Taken from the Montreal Protocol and the WTO?
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:12783
2019-09-27T06:00:23Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12783/
Why Has China not Embraced a Global Cap-and-Trade Regime?
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
Many economic studies suggest that China would reap significant benefits from participating in a global cap-and-trade regime. The question then is that even if such a regime is so beneficial to China, why China has consistently refused in international negotiations even to discuss its participation in it. In this paper, we look at this issue from the following perspectives: a) from the point of view of fairness, how do developing countries including China and India perceive emissions caps in the first place?; b) why have China and India been sceptical to international emissions trading?; c) how is an inflow of CDM investment in China perceived politically in comparison with the exports of emissions permits to the U.S.?; d) what are the implications of “lock in” to emissions cap, in particular no rules and principles for setting emissions targets for the commitment periods subsequent to Kyoto?; e) how to address the complex undertaking of setting emissions caps for developing countries, which must be linked to future, unobserved levels in comparison with the historically observed levels for industrialized countries?. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to analyse why China has not embraced an international greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme, thus pointing out efforts/directions towards getting the country into such a scheme. Thus, the paper is of significant policy relevance.
2003-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12783/1/MPRA_paper_12783.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2003): Why Has China not Embraced a Global Cap-and-Trade Regime?
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:12801
2019-10-02T11:47:04Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513238
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513535
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513432
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12801/
China, the United States and technology cooperation on climate control
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q48 - Government Policy
Q28 - Government Policy
Q55 - Technological Innovation
Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
The U.S. and China are the world’s largest and second largest CO2 emitters, respectively, and to what extent the U.S. and China get involved in combating global climate change is extremely important both for lowering compliance costs of climate mitigation and adaptation and for moving international climate negotiations forward. While it is unavoidable that China will take on commitments at some specific point of time in the future, this paper has argued that the proposal for joint accession by the U.S. and China is not a way forward. For various reasons, such a proposal is in the U.S. interest, but is not in the interest of China. Given the U.S. political reality and institutional settings on the one hand and China’s over-riding concern about economic growth and poverty reduction on the other, the two countries are unlikely to take on emissions caps under an international regime, at least for the time being. Therefore, we need to explore the area where cooperation between the two countries to address climate change seems best. The research, development and deployment of clean technology is the area that is in the best interests of the two countries. The U.S. has adopted a technology-oriented approach to climate issues, and has launched the four multilateral initiatives on technology cooperation and the Asia Pacific Partnership for Clean Development and Climate (APP). China has participated in all these U.S.-led initiatives, and is a partner to the APP. Strengthened technology cooperation between the two countries through these initiatives and the APP has led some tangible benefits. However, it should be pointed out that while technology is a critical ingredient in a climate policy package, efforts such as the APP can only be part of the solution. They alone cannot ensure that best available technologies are always deployed in the marketplace, and that new technologies will roll out at the pace and on the scale that we need. In order to have such technology-oriented approach to play a full role, we do need a coordinated policy framework agreed via the Kyoto Protocol or a follow-up regime or the parent United Nations Framework Convention.
2006-11
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12801/1/MPRA_paper_12801.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2006): China, the United States and technology cooperation on climate control.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:12830
2019-09-27T08:45:58Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513238
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513432
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12830/
Reconstructing climate policy: how best to engage China and other developing countries?
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q28 - Government Policy
Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
Duke University organized the International Conference on Reconstructing Climate Policy: Moving Beyond the Kyoto Impasse, May 2003. The organizer invited me to specifically address the following two issues at the conference: 1) Whether is the proposal for joint accession by the U.S. and China in the interest of China?, and 2) Even if participating a global cap-and-trade regime is so beneficial to China as many economic studies suggest, why has China consistently refused in international negotiations even to discuss its participation in it?. In this paper, we look at the first issue from the following perspectives: a) how does China value importance of maintaining unity of the Group of 77?; b) what lessons has China learned from bilateral negotiations with the U.S. to work out the terms for China to get accession to the WTO?; c) what is the legitimacy of the U.S. insistence that it re-joins the Kyoto Protocol only if major developing countries join?; d) what are implications of the U.S. strikingly reversed position on the commitments of developing countries in New Delhi for initiating discussions on joint accession by the U.S. and China?; and e) how would joint accession by the U.S. and China be perceived?. We then address the second issue from the following perspectives: a) from the point of view of fairness, how do developing countries including China and India perceive emissions caps in the first place?; b) why have China and India been sceptical to international emissions trading?; c) how is an inflow of CDM investment in China perceived politically in comparison with the exports of emissions permits to the U.S.?; d) what are the implications of “lock in” to emissions cap, in particular no rules and principles for setting emissions targets for the commitment periods subsequent to Kyoto?; e) how to address the complex undertaking of setting emissions caps for developing countries, which must be linked to future, unobserved levels in comparison with the historically observed levels for industrialized countries?. Finally, the paper touches on the likely path forward.
2003-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12830/1/MPRA_paper_12830.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2003): Reconstructing climate policy: how best to engage China and other developing countries?
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:12893
2019-10-04T09:22:08Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12893/
Interregional burden-sharing of greenhouse gas mitigation in the United States
Rose, Adam
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
Emissions trading is an attractive candidate for implementing greenhouse gas mitigation, because it can promote both efficiency and equity. This paper analyzes the interregional impacts of alternative allocations of carbon dioxide emission permits within the U.S. The analysis is performed with the aid of a nonlinear programming model for ten EPA Regions and for six alternative permit distribution formulas. The reason that various alternatives need to be considered is that there is no universal consensus on the best definition of equity. Advance knowledge of absolute and relative regional economic impacts provides policy-makers with a stronger basis for making the choice.
The analysis yields several useful results. First, the simulations indicate that no matter how permits are allocated, this policy instrument can substantially reduce the cost of greenhouse gas mitigation for the U.S. in comparison to a system of fixed quotas for each of its regions. Interestingly, the welfare impacts of several of the allocation formulas differ only slightly despite the large differences in their philosophical underpinnings. Also, the results for some equity criteria differ greatly from their application in the international domain. For example, the Egalitarian (per capita) criterion results in the relatively greatest cost burden being incurred by one of the regions of the U.S. with the lowest per capita income.
2003-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12893/1/MPRA_paper_12893.pdf
Rose, Adam and Zhang, ZhongXiang (2003): Interregional burden-sharing of greenhouse gas mitigation in the United States.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:12971
2019-09-26T22:18:48Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4B:4B33:4B3332
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463138
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12971/
Greenhouse gas emissions trading and the world trading system
Zhang, ZhongXiang
K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
F18 - Trade and Environment
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
This article examines whether a greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme has the potential to bring parties into conflict with the WTO provisions in dealing with the initial allocation of permits, non-compliance with emissions targets, emissions trading system enlargement, and trade measures against non-members of an emissions trading club, and relates the discussion to joint implementation with developing countries. To our knowledge, this is the first article to analyze potential conflicts between an international emissions trading scheme and the world trade system.
1998-04
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12971/1/MPRA_paper_12971.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (1998): Greenhouse gas emissions trading and the world trading system.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13023
2019-09-27T00:09:55Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13023/
Towards a successful international greenhouse gas emissions trading
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
The inclusion of emissions trading in the Kyoto Protocol reflects an important decision to address climate change issues through flexible market mechanisms. In this paper, we have addressed a number of policy issues that must be considered in designing and implementing an international greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading scheme. These include how much of a Party’s assigned amounts of GHG emissions can be traded internationally; emissions trading models; competitiveness concern in the allocation of emissions permits; banking and borrowing; accountability; emissions trading system enlargement; and bubbles. Although our focus has been exclusively on emissions trading, we have discussed its relationship with the clean development mechanism, joint implementation and bubbles wherever necessary. By providing some new insights, the paper aims to contribute to the design and operationlization of an international emissions trading scheme.
1998-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13023/1/MPRA_paper_13023.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (1998): Towards a successful international greenhouse gas emissions trading.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13046
2019-09-30T16:37:42Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4B:4B33:4B3332
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13046/
The design and implementation of an international greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme
Zhang, ZhongXiang
K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
The inclusion of emissions trading in the Kyoto Protocol reflects an important decision to address climate change issues through flexible market mechanisms. In this paper, we address a number of policy issues that must be considered in designing and implementing an international greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading scheme. These include how much of a Party’s assigned amount of GHG emissions can be traded internationally; emissions trading models; competitiveness concerns in the allocation of emissions permits; banking and borrowing; the issue of liability for non-compliance; enlarging emissions trading system; and bubbles. Although our focus is exclusively on emissions trading, we discuss its relationship with the clean development mechanism, joint implementation and bubbles wherever necessary. By providing some new insights, the paper aims to contribute to the design and operationlization of an international emissions trading scheme.
1999-12
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13046/1/MPRA_paper_13046.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (1999): The design and implementation of an international greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13054
2019-09-27T08:18:07Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D43:4336:433638
7375626A656374733D52:5231:523133
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513433
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13054/
Is China taking actions to limit its greenhouse gas emissions? past evidence and future prospects
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models
R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
Q48 - Government Policy
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy
As the world’s second largest carbon emitter, China has long been criticised as a “free-rider” enjoying benefits from other countries’ efforts to abate greenhouse gas emissions but not taking due responsibilities of its own. China has been singled out as one of the major targets at the subsequent negotiations after the Kyoto curtain had fallen. By an¬alyzing the historical contributions of inter-fuel switching, energy conserva¬tion, economic growth and population expan¬sion to China’s CO2 emissions during the period 1980-1997, this article first demonstrates that the above criticism cannot hold its ground. Then the article envisions some efforts and commitments that could be expected from China until its per capita income catches up with the level of middle-developed countries. By emphasizing the win-win strategies, these efforts and commitments could be unlikely to severely jeopardize China’s economic development and, at the same time, would give the country more leverage at the post-Kyoto climate change negotiations.
1998-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13054/1/MPRA_paper_13054.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (1998): Is China taking actions to limit its greenhouse gas emissions? past evidence and future prospects.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13088
2019-10-02T23:38:10Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D52:5231:523133
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513433
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13088/
Estimating the size of the potential market for all three flexibility mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol
Zhang, ZhongXiang
R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy
Q58 - Government Policy
The Kyoto Protocol is the first international environmental agreement that sets legally binding greenhouse gas emissions targets and timetables for Annex I countries. It incorporates emissions trading and two project-based flexibility mechanisms, namely joint implementation and the clean development mechanism to help Annex I countries to meet their Kyoto targets at a lower overall cost. This paper aims to estimate the size of the potential market for all three flexibility mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol over the first commitment period 2008-2012, both on the demand side and on the supply side. Taking the year 2010 as representative of the first commitment period and based on the national communications from 35 Annex I countries, the paper first estimates the potential demand in the greenhouse gas offset market. We show that for most of the OECD countries excluding the EU, their Kyoto targets are stringent than they appear at first glance. Then, the paper addresses supplementarity constraints and provides a quantitative assessment of the implications of the EU proposal for concrete ceilings on the use of flexibility mechanisms for the division of abatement actions at home and abroad. Our results suggest that although the aggregate allowed acquisitions for the Annex I countries as a whole in 2010 from all three flexibility mechanisms under the two alternatives are well below 50% of the difference between the projected baseline emissions and the target in 2010, the proposed restrictions to each Annex I country vary, in some case even substantially. Finally, using the 12-region’s marginal abatement cost-based model, the paper estimates the contributions of three flexibility mechanisms to meet the total emissions reductions required of Annex I countries under the four trading scenarios, respectively. Our results clearly demonstrate that the fewer the restrictions on trading the gains from trading are greater. The gains are unevenly distributed, however, with Annex I countries that have the highest autarkic marginal abatement costs tending to benefit the most. With respect to non-Annex I countries, their net gains are highest when trading in hot air is not allowed. Because of a great deal of low-cost abatement opportunities available in the energy sectors of China and India and their sheer sizes of population, we found that the two countries account for about three-quarters of the total non-Annex I countries’ exported permits to the Annex I regions.
1999-11
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13088/1/MPRA_paper_13088.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (1999): Estimating the size of the potential market for all three flexibility mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13147
2019-09-27T02:17:11Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513432
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13147/
Towards an effective implementation of clean development mechanism projects in China
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
With the already huge and growing amount of greenhouse gas emissions and a great deal of low-cost abatement options available, China is widely expected as the world’s number one host country of clean development mechanism (CDM) projects. But, making this potential a reality represents a significant challenge for China, because there has been a general lack of awareness by both the Chinese government and business communities, clear institutional structure, and implementation strategy. This has raised great concern about China’s ability to compete internationally for CDM projects and exploit fully its CDM potential.
This paper aims to address how CDM projects will be effectively implemented in China by examining the major CDM capacity building projects in China with bilateral and multilateral donors, the treatment of low-cost, non-priority CDM projects, and how a system for application, approval and implementation of CDM projects is set up in China and what roles the main institutional actors are going to play in the system. We conclude that these capacity building assistances, the establishment of streamlined and transparent CDM procedures and sound governance, and the lessons learned and experience gained from the implementation of the CDM project in Inner Mongolia and the two Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF)’ projects will help China to take advantage of CDM opportunities. Moreover, in order to further capitalize on its CDM potential, there is a pressing need for the Chinese government to amend its current interim CDM regulations, in particular those controversial provisions on the eligibility to participate in CDM projects in China and the distribution of the revenues derived from CDM project between the project developer and the Chinese government. We believe that taking these capacity building projects and the recommended actions to clearly define the sustainable development objective of the CDM and disseminate CDM knowledge to local authorities and project developers as sectorally and geographically wide as possible, addressing those controversial CDM provisions with clearer guidance, and gaining experience from real practice will reduce the perceived project risks and lower the barriers to CDM project development in China. This is, in turn, likely to lead a much greater percentage of carbon credits to come from CDM projects in China over the next several years.
2004-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13147/1/MPRA_paper_13147.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2004): Towards an effective implementation of clean development mechanism projects in China.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13148
2019-10-02T09:57:52Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D52:5231:523133
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513433
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13148/
An economic assessment of the Kyoto Protocol using a global model based on the marginal abatement costs of 12 regions
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
Q48 - Government Policy
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy
The Kyoto Protocol incorporates emissions trading, joint implementation and the clean development mechanism to help Annex 1 countries to meet their Kyoto targets at a lower overall cost. Using a global model based on the marginal abatement costs of 12 countries and regions, this paper estimates the contributions of the three Kyoto flexibility mechanisms to meet the total greenhouse gas emissions reductions required of Annex 1 countries under the three trading scenarios respectively. Our results clearly demonstrate that the fewer the restrictions on the use of flexibility mechanisms the gains from their use are greater. The gains are unevenly distributed, however, with Annex 1 countries that have the highest autarkic marginal abatement costs tending to benefit the most. Our results also indicate that restrictions on the use of flexibility mechanisms not only reduce potential of the Annex 1 countries’ efficiency gains, but also are not beneficial to developing countries because they restrict the total financial flows to developing countries under the clean development mechanism.
2001-11
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13148/1/MPRA_paper_13148.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2001): An economic assessment of the Kyoto Protocol using a global model based on the marginal abatement costs of 12 regions.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13150
2019-09-29T00:45:11Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13150/
Joint implementation: sacrifices or opportunities for China?
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
Q58 - Government Policy
The extent to which non-Annex I countries would work together with Annex I countries in combating global warming would be contingent on Annex I countries really taking the lead in reducing their GHG emissions and providing adequate technology transfer and financing. This is the best means of encouraging developing country participation and convincing hitherto sceptical countries of joint implementation (JI) as a cost-effective climate measure. Moreover, given the breadth of the subject of JI and its close linkage with national sovereignty, global political agenda, and national development priorities, a wide and successful implementa¬tion of JI will be conditional upon the consensus on a variety of operational issues such as the form of JI, criteria for JI, the establish¬ment of baselines against which the effects of JI projects can be measured, and the verification of emission reductions of JI projects. Even if such a consensus would be reached, given the fact that AIJ/JI remains virtually unknown to the majority of social and economic sectors in China as in most developing countries, it is still unrealistic to expect that AIJ/JI projects with China work as smoothly and fast as the developed countries wish. This underlines the need to promote JI through pilot projects in China's interest and capacity building in China in order to make JI gain ground and provide mutual benefits to all the parties involved. Furthermore, the extent of China's cooperation on JI will to some extent depend on the certainties about climate change. This in turn underlines the need for the scientific community to continue its efforts to clarify the scientific basis for climate change problem in order to lower the uncertainties about its magnitude, timing and regional patterns.
1998-02
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13150/1/MPRA_paper_13150.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (1998): Joint implementation: sacrifices or opportunities for China?
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13151
2019-09-26T14:09:37Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513433
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13151/
An assessment of the EU proposal for ceilings on the use of Kyoto flexibility mechanisms
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy
Q58 - Government Policy
The Kyoto Protocol is the first international environmental agreement that sets legally binding greenhouse gas emissions targets and timetables for Annex I countries. It incorporates emissions trading, joint implementation and the clean development mechanism. Because each of the Articles defining the three flexibility mechanisms carries wording that the use of the mechanism must be supplemental to domestic actions, the supplementarity provisions have been the focus of the international climate change negotiations subsequent to Kyoto. Whether the supplementarity clauses will be translated into a concrete ceiling, and if so, how should a concrete ceiling on the use of the three flexible mechanisms be defined remain to be determined. To date, the European Union (EU) has put forward a proposal for ceilings on the use of these flexibility mechanisms. Given the great policy relevance to the ongoing negotiations on the overall issues of flexibility mechanisms, this paper has provided a quantitative assessment of the implications of the EU ceilings with and without considering the however clause. Our results suggest that such ceilings are less restrictive to the EU than to the US and Japan in terms of levels of restriction on permits imports, and can prevent one third of the amount of hot air from entering the market. Our results also demonstrate that although the US and Japan are firmly opposed to such a restriction, they tend to benefit more from it than the EU which strongly advocates such ceilings, in terms of the reductions in the total abatement costs relative to the no trading case. Moreover, their gains can increase even further, provided that the however clause would operate as intended.
2000-07
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13151/1/MPRA_paper_13151.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2000): An assessment of the EU proposal for ceilings on the use of Kyoto flexibility mechanisms.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13172
2019-10-05T10:35:25Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13172/
The role of China in combating global climate change
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
China is the world's second largest CO2 emitter behind the U.S. To what extent China gets involved in combating global climate change is extremely important both for lowering compliance costs of climate mitigation and adaptation and for moving international climate negotiations forward. This explains why the role of China is an issue of perennial concern at the international climate change negotiations. In ascending order of stringency, this article envisions the six options that could be put on the table as China's plausible negotiation position on commitments. It argues that a combination of a targeted carbon intensity level with an emissions cap on a particular sector at some point around or beyond 2020 is the bottom line, beyond which China can not afford to go until its per capita income catches up with the level of middle-developed countries. The article is concluded with the argument that combating global climate change is in China's interest. It will be beneficial to a more sustainable development of the Chinese economy as well as to the global climate.
1999-02
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13172/1/MPRA_paper_13172.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (1999): The role of China in combating global climate change.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13174
2019-09-28T10:12:43Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463138
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13174/
Encouraging developing country involvement in a post-2012 climate change regime: carrots, sticks or both?
Zhang, ZhongXiang
F18 - Trade and Environment
Q48 - Government Policy
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
The climate-trade nexus has become the focus of academic debate, and has gained increasing attention as governments are taking great efforts to forge a post-2012 climate change regime to succeed the Kyoto Protocol. With concerns about their own competitiveness and growing greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries, some industrialized countries, if not all, are considering whether to impose unilateral trade measures against developing country trading partners. While it is clear that greenhouse gas emissions targets of developed countries need to be tightened further in a post-2012 climate change regime, developing country involvement is also crucial for climate change mitigation and adaptation, given that climate change is a global problem requiring a global response. This raises the issue of which approach would be most likely to stimulate developing countries to take appropriate actions in the post-2012 climate regime. Would positive or negative incentives work best, in other words, do we need carrots, sticks or both?
This paper seeks to answer this question. By revisiting the six options for China that I envisioned a decade ago and examining a variety of factors, the paper first discusses how far developing country commitments can go in an immediate post-2012 climate regime. It argues that developing country commitments are most unlikely to go beyond defined policies and measures in this timeframe. The type of border adjustment provisions currently being discussed by most developed countries include more sticks than carrots for developing countries. Sticks can be incorporated, but only if they are credible and realistic and serve as a useful supplement to push developing countries to take actions or adopt policies and measures earlier than would otherwise have been the case. In order to encourage developing countries to do more to combat climate change, the paper suggests that developed countries should rather focus on carrots.
2009-01-29
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13174/1/MPRA_paper_13174.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2009): Encouraging developing country involvement in a post-2012 climate change regime: carrots, sticks or both?
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13222
2019-09-30T18:30:03Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13222/
The World Bank's prototype carbon fund and China
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
As the first global carbon fund, the World Bank's Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF) aims to catalyze the market for project-based greenhouse gas emission reductions while promoting sustainable development and offering a learning-by-doing opportunity to its stakeholders. Since the inception in 1999, the PCF has engaged in a dialogue with China to get it to sign up as a host country, because the World Bank and other international and bilateral donors expect great potential of the clean development mechanism (CDM) in China and feel the significant need for building CDM capacity in China to enable it to gain more insight into the CDM and increase its capacity to initiate and undertake CDM projects. This paper first discusses why China had hesitated to sign up as a host country of PCF projects until September 2003. Then the paper explains what has led China to endorse the PCF projects. The paper ends with discussions on the implications of the PCF's offering prices for the emerging global carbon market.
2004-04
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13222/1/MPRA_paper_13222.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2004): The World Bank's prototype carbon fund and China.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13223
2019-09-30T21:32:35Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4B:4B33:4B3332
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463138
7375626A656374733D4B:4B33:4B3333
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13223/
Domestic climate policies and the WTO
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Assunção, Lucas
K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
F18 - Trade and Environment
K33 - International Law
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
Experience with existing multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) shows that trade measures agreed to within the MEAs themselves may not necessarily lead to a dispute between parties. On the contrary, there is a great chance that disputes may arise from national measures undertaken to fulfil those obligations under the MEAs. This possibility of conflict with their WTO obligations may well arise in implementing the Kyoto Protocol, given that Article 2 of the Protocol gives Annex 1 countries considerable flexibility in the choice of domestic policies to meet their greenhouse gas emissions commitments. It is highly likely that Annex 1 governments with differentiated legal and political systems might pursue their domestic policies in such a way as to unfairly favour domestic producers over foreign ones. Such differential treatments could occur in governing eligibility for, and the amount of, the subsidy, in establishing energy efficiency standards, in the determinations of the category of eco-labelled products and the procedures of establishing eco-labels, in the specifications in tenders, and in specifying condition for participating in government procurement bids. In case where a country unilaterally imposes a carbon tax, it may adjust taxes at the border to mitigate competitiveness effects of cheaper imports not subject to a similar level of the carbon tax in the country of origin. Measure of this sort may well raise complex questions with respect to the WTO consistency and the conditions under which border taxes can be adjusted to accommodate a loss of international competitiveness. All this clearly indicates the necessity of addressing policy coordination between the trade and climate regimes.
Against this background, this paper discusses carbon/energy taxes, subsidies, energy efficiency standards, eco-labels and government procurement policies, and explores the potential interaction between these domestic climate polices and WTO rules. It highlights their potential conflicts, and argues that such conflicts can be avoided or at least minimized if WTO rules are carefully scrutinised at the time Annex 1 governments undertake measures to achieve the required reductions in emissions. The paper suggests an early process of pursuing consultations between WTO members and the Parties to the Climate Change Convention and points to the need of further exploring ways to enhance synergies between the trade and climate regimes.
2002-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13223/1/MPRA_paper_13223.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang and Assunção, Lucas (2002): Domestic climate policies and the WTO.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13225
2019-09-26T13:34:47Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4433:443331
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463138
7375626A656374733D52:5231:523133
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13225/
What do we know about carbon taxes? an inquiry into their impacts on competitiveness and distribution of income
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Baranzini, Andrea
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
F18 - Trade and Environment
R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
Q48 - Government Policy
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has set legally binding emissions targets for a basket of six greenhouse gases and timetables for industrialised countries. It has also incorporated three international flexibility mechanisms. However, the Articles defining the flexibility mechanisms carry wording that their use must be supplemental to domestic actions. This has led to the open debates on interpretations of these supplementarity provisions. Such debates ended at the resumed sixth Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC, held in Bonn, July 2001, and at the subsequent COP-7 in Marrakesh, November 2001. The final wording in the Bonn Agreement, reaffirmed in the Marrakesh Accords, at least indicates that domestic policies will have an important role to play in meeting Annex B countries’ emissions commitments. Carbon taxes have long been advocated because of their cost-effectiveness in achieving a given emissions reduction. In this paper, the main economic impacts of carbon taxes are assessed. Based on a review of empirical studies on existing carbon/energy taxes, it is concluded that competitive losses and distributive impacts are generally not significant and definitely less than often perceived. However, given the ultimate objective of the Framework Convention, future carbon taxes could have higher rates than those already imposed and thus the resulting economic impacts could be more acute. In this context, it has been shown that how to use the generated fiscal revenues will be of fundamental importance in determining the final economic impacts of carbon taxes. Finally, we briefly discuss carbon taxes in combination with other domestic and international instruments.
2000-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13225/1/MPRA_paper_13225.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang and Baranzini, Andrea (2000): What do we know about carbon taxes? an inquiry into their impacts on competitiveness and distribution of income.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13226
2019-09-26T20:21:31Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4B:4B33:4B3332
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13226/
Using emissions trading to regulate global greenhouse gas emissions
Zhang, ZhongXiang
K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
The inclusion of emissions trading in the Kyoto Protocol reflects an important decision to address climate change issues through flexible market mechanisms. This Article addresses a number of policy issues that must be considered in designing and implementing an international greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions trading scheme. These include emissions trading models, the initial allocation of emissions permits and its competitiveness concerns, banking and borrowing, the liability rules for non-compliance, and bubbles. The following conclusions emerge from the discussion. First, although emissions trading could take place either on an inter-governmental basis or on an inter-source basis, sub-national legal entities are the best entities to trade emissions permits. Allocating permits to individual emissions sources will facilitate private participation in emissions trading. Moreover, it has been argued that individual governments should be left free to devise their own ways of allocating assigned amounts. Second, it has been pointed out that although national emissions trading systems could be modelled as either upstream or downstream or hybrid systems, the distinguishing features of broad coverage and administrative simplicity would make an upstream system the more attractive approach. Moreover, national emissions trading systems should incorporate the maximum degree of flexibility in banking. Third, the liability rules are essential to the success of an international GHG emissions trading scheme. In general, a seller beware liability works well in a strong enforcement environment. In the Kyoto Protocol, however, it may not always work. By contrast, a buyer beware liability could be an effective deterrent to non-compliance, but the costs of imposing it are expected to be very high. To strike a middle ground, it has been suggested a combination of preventive measures with strong but feasible end-of-period punishments to ensure compliance with the Kyoto emissions commitments. Such measures aim to maximize efficiency gains from emissions trading and at the same time, to minimize over-selling risks.
2000-02
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13226/1/MPRA_paper_13226.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2000): Using emissions trading to regulate global greenhouse gas emissions.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13300
2019-09-30T17:15:13Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13300/
International tradable carbon permits as a strong form of joint implementation
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Nentjes, Andries
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
The concept of international tradable carbon permits has been discussed in scientific circles for over ten years. Since mid 1996, however, it has become a subject of more than just academic interest. The main reason for this change is to be found in the U.S. Draft Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), submitted by the U.S. government on January 17, 1997. The U.S. contribution to preparations for the third Conference of the Parties to the FCCC, held in Kyoto in December 1997, represents the first concrete official proposal for an international emissions trading scheme. The European Union proposal for internal community burden sharing is also in line with the broad definition of emissions trading, although the individual country quotas are currently not transferable. These proposals clearly indicate that international trade in carbon dioxide emissions has turned into a politically relevant subject. In this article, we use the term ‘strong form’ deliberately to distinguish a tradable carbon permit (TCP) scheme from a weak form of project level joint implementation. We focus on discussing the following three aspects: (1) basic requirements for a TCP scheme; (2) a blueprint for designing national TCP schemes; and (3) constituting elements of an international TCP scheme. By discussing these aspects, the chapter indicates what a TCP scheme could look like and how it relates to joint implementation.
1997-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13300/1/MPRA_paper_13300.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang and Nentjes, Andries (1997): International tradable carbon permits as a strong form of joint implementation.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13547
2019-09-30T03:13:23Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D52:5231:523133
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D44:4434:443432
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13547/
Regional carbon dioxide permit trading in the United States: coalition choices for Pennsylvania
Rose, Adam
Peterson, Thomas D.
Zhang, ZhongXiang
R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
D42 - Monopoly
Q58 - Government Policy
An overview is given of the growing number of regional associations in which states have entered into voluntary arrangements to limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In particular, in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), a number of northeastern states have joined to create a regional GHG cap and trade program, beginning with the utility industry. Analysis is made of the five key issues relating to these current and potential climate action associations: the extent of the total and individual state mitigation cost-savings across all sectors from potential emission permit trading coalitions; the size of permit markets associated with the various coalitions; the relative advantages of joining various coalitions for swing states such as Pennsylvania; the implications of the exercise of market power in the permit market; and the total and individual state/country cost-savings from extending the coalition beyond US borders. It is shown that overall efficiency gains from trading with a system of flexible state caps, with greater overall cost savings increasing with increasing geographic scope.
2006-02
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13547/1/MPRA_paper_13547.pdf
Rose, Adam and Peterson, Thomas D. and Zhang, ZhongXiang (2006): Regional carbon dioxide permit trading in the United States: coalition choices for Pennsylvania.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:13676
2019-09-26T23:50:07Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4B:4B33:4B3332
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13676/
The design and implementation of an international trading scheme for greenhouse gas emissions
Zhang, ZhongXiang
K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
The inclusion of emissions trading in the Kyoto Protocol reflects an important decision to address climate change issues through flexible market mechanisms. In this paper, we address a number of policy issues that must be considered in designing and implementing an international greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading scheme. These include how much of a Party’s assigned amount of GHG emissions can be traded internationally; emissions trading models; competitiveness concerns in the allocation of emissions permits; banking and borrowing; the issue of liability for non-compliance; enlarging emissions trading system; and bubbles. Although our focus is exclusively on emissions trading, we discuss its relationship with the clean development mechanism, joint implementation and bubbles wherever necessary. By providing some new insights, the paper aims to contribute to the design and operationlization of an international emissions trading scheme.
1998-12
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13676/1/MPRA_paper_13676.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (1998): The design and implementation of an international trading scheme for greenhouse gas emissions.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:14049
2019-09-29T16:12:18Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513431
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513433
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14049/
The Kyoto Protocol: a cost-effective strategy for meeting environmental objective?: discussion
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q41 - Demand and Supply ; Prices
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy
Q58 - Government Policy
This is an invited discussion on the Manne and Richels’ paper “The Kyoto Protocol: A Cost-Effective Strategy for Meeting Environmental Objective”. It focuses on four issues or questions: distributional realities of the international climate change negotiations, correspondence between geopolitical regional aggregates in MERGE and Annex B countries, implications of the autonomous energy efficiency improvement rates assumed in MERGE on the income elasticity of energy consumption, and market power in an international greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme.
1999-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14049/1/MPRA_paper_14049.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (1999): The Kyoto Protocol: a cost-effective strategy for meeting environmental objective?: discussion.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:14182
2019-09-27T09:06:14Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4339:433932
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513232
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513235
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14182/
Fees and the efficiency of tradable permit systems: an experimental approach
Baldursson, Fridrik M.
Sturluson, Jon Thor
C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior
Q22 - Fishery ; Aquaculture
Q25 - Water
Q58 - Government Policy
The paper presents the results of an economic experiment in which the effects of fees on allocative efficiency of tradable utilization permits (e.g. pollution permits) are explored. Laboratory subjects (university students) play the roles of firms whose generic product requires a specific input or permits. Scarcity is exogenously introduced by a fixed supply of tradable production permits. Three treatments are compared: A) no fee imposed; B) a fixed tax per permit; C) partial retraction of permits which are reissued by auction. We regard B and C as two ways of imposing fees. Our results indicate that, after controlling for deviation of permit prices from a prediction based on fundamentals, fees have an impact on distribution of permits. Interestingly, a fixed tax enhances efficiency compared to the case of no fees, while retraction and reallocation by auction reduces efficiency compared to both alternative treatments. Apparently, subjects’ decision making is affected by the imposition of fees, but it matters how such costs are presented or framed.
2008
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14182/1/MPRA_paper_14182.pdf
Baldursson, Fridrik M. and Sturluson, Jon Thor (2008): Fees and the efficiency of tradable permit systems: an experimental approach.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:14191
2019-09-27T02:51:24Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513432
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14191/
Is it fair to treat China as a Christmas tree to hang everybody’s complaints? Putting its own energy saving into perspective
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q48 - Government Policy
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
China had been the world’s second largest carbon emitter for years. Recent studies show that China had overtaken the U.S. as the world’s largest emitter in 2007. This has put China on the spotlight, just at a time when the world community starts negotiating a post-Kyoto climate regime under the Bali Roadmap. China seems to become such a Christmas tree on which everybody can hang his/her complaints. This paper first discusses whether such a critics is fair by examining China’s own efforts towards energy saving, the widespread use of renewable energy and participation in clean development mechanism. Next, the paper puts carbon reductions of China’s unilateral actions into perspective by examining whether the estimated greenhouse gas emission reduction from meeting the country’s national energy saving goal is achieved from China’s unilateral actions or mainly with support from the clean development mechanism projects. Then the paper discusses how far developing country commitments can go in an immediate post-2012 climate regime, thus pointing out the direction and focus of future international climate negotiations. Finally, emphasizing that China needs to act as a large and responsible developing country and take due responsibilities and to set a good example to the majority of developing countries, the paper articulates what can be expected from China to illustrate that China can be a good partner in combating global climate change.
2008-10-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14191/1/MPRA_paper_14191.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2008): Is it fair to treat China as a Christmas tree to hang everybody’s complaints? Putting its own energy saving into perspective.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:14258
2019-09-29T00:48:53Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14258/
Towards a sustainable development of the chinese economy: Accomplishments and challenges in limiting greenhouse gas emissions
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
This is an invited discussion on the Ye, Jin and Liu’s paper “Analysis of Advantages and Disadvantages of Implementation of AIJ for China”. It focuses on five issues or questions: the subject of the paper, China’s concerns about clean development mechanism, what China has done so far in limiting its carbon emissions, what can be expected from China at the international climate change negotiations subsequent to Buenos Aires, and whether combating global climate change is in China’s interest.
1999-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14258/1/MPRA_paper_14258.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (1999): Towards a sustainable development of the chinese economy: Accomplishments and challenges in limiting greenhouse gas emissions.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:14465
2019-09-27T16:56:18Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513531
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14465/
Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of Delhi Metro
M N, Murty
Dhavala, Kishore Kumar
Ghosh, Meenakshi
Singh, Rashmi
Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
Q58 - Government Policy
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
The growing demand for public transport in mega cities has serious effects on urban ecosystems, especially due to the increased atmospheric pollution and changes in land use patterns. An ecologically sustainable urban transport system could be obtained by an appropriate mix of alternative modes of transport resulting in the use of environmentally friendly fuels and land use patterns. The introduction of CNG in certain vehicles and switching of some portion of the transport demand to the metro rail have resulted in a significant reduction of atmospheric pollution in Delhi. The Delhi Metro provides multiple benefits: reduction in air pollution, time saving to passengers, reduction in accidents, reduction in traffic congestion and fuel savings. There are incremental benefits and costs to a number of economic agents: government, private transporters, passengers, general public and unskilled labour. The social cost-benefit analysis of Delhi Metro done in this paper tries to measure all these benefits and costs from Phase I and Phase II projects covering a total distance of 108 kms in Delhi. Estimates of the social benefits and costs of the project are obtained using the recently estimated shadow prices of investment, foreign exchange and unskilled labour as well as the social time preference rate for the Indian economy for a study commissioned by the Planning Commission, Government of India and done at the Institute of Economic Growth. The financial internal rate of return on investments in the Metro is estimated as 17 percent while the economic rate of return is 24 percent. Accounting for benefits from the reduction of urban air pollution due to the Metro has increased the economic rate of return by 1.4 percent.
2006-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14465/1/MPRA_paper_14465.pdf
M N, Murty and Dhavala, Kishore Kumar and Ghosh, Meenakshi and Singh, Rashmi (2006): Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of Delhi Metro.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:14507
2019-10-21T01:45:07Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D52:5231:523133
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14507/
The size of the carbon market study: discussion
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
This is an invited discussion on the Morozova and Stuart’s paper “The Size of the Carbon Market Study”. It suggests a number of issues for consideration in appropriately estimating the size of carbon markets. They include Annex 1 (industrialised) countries’ baseline emissions; qualitative and quantitative assessments of the role of carbon sinks; and the difficulty from an economic and legal perspective of interpreting and inferring impacts in relation to specific provisions attached to each flexibility mechanism for regulating the extent of their use.
2000-12
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14507/1/MPRA_paper_14507.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2000): The size of the carbon market study: discussion.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:14519
2019-09-26T09:06:07Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D4B:4B33:4B3332
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463135
7375626A656374733D4C:4C35:4C3531
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14519/
The Sustainability Impact of the EU Emissions Trading System on the European Industry
bleischwitz, raimund
fuhrmann, katrin
huchler, elias
K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
F15 - Economic Integration
L51 - Economics of Regulation
Q58 - Government Policy
This BEEP explains the mechanism of the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) for the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide and explore into its likely sustainability impact on European industry. In doing so, it focuses on energy-intensive indus-tries like cement, steel and aluminium production as well as on the emerging hy-drogen economy. The BEEP concludes that at the moment it is still very inconsis-tently implemented and has a fairly narrow scope regarding greenhouse gases and involved sectors. It may also give an incentive to relocate for energy-intensive industries. In its current format, the EU ETS does not yet properly facilitate long term innovation dynamics such as the transition to a hydrogen economy. Nevertheless, the EU ETS is foremost a working system that – with some improvements – has the potential to become a pillar for effective and efficient climate change policy that also gives incentives for investment into climate friendly policies.
2007-06
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14519/1/MPRA_paper_14519.pdf
bleischwitz, raimund and fuhrmann, katrin and huchler, elias (2007): The Sustainability Impact of the EU Emissions Trading System on the European Industry. Published in: Bruges European Economic Policy Paper No. briefing no. 17 (September 2007): pp. 1-33.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:14668
2019-09-27T13:07:25Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513432
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14668/
Ways to improve the design of the EU emissions trading scheme: key issues and answers
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
The Europe Union is about to lunch the world’s first greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme in history. This represents an enormous challenge because there is no previous experience with such an unprecedented scheme, and because its final outcome might shape the design of future environmental market-based policies as well as the political viability of future efforts towards emissions reductions. There are five basic issues that not only will shape the final design of the scheme but also might hinder the performance of such a scheme, if not effectively addressed. They include universal vs. reduced scope, member country vs. European-wide sector objectives and allocations, allocation methodology and base year choice, energy mix and national security, and incentives for technological innovation. This paper aims to address these key issues to help to shape the final design of the scheme in a positive manner.
2004-09
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14668/1/MPRA_paper_14668.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2004): Ways to improve the design of the EU emissions trading scheme: key issues and answers.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:15208
2019-09-27T04:39:19Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513531
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15208/
Household’s willingness to pay for safe drinking water: A case study of Abbottabad district
Haq, Mirajul
Usman Mustafa, Usman
Ahmad, Iftikhar
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
Q58 - Government Policy
This study is based on survey data and used both the contingent valuation method and averting behaviour approach to capture HH's willingness to pay for services and quality in the drinking water sector. In case of the HH’s WTP for improved water services, the study estimates that there is statistically significant effect of location that in urban areas, HHs has more WTP for improved water services. The study also finds that sources of water have a significant effect on WTP i.e. the HH who have own source are willing to pay in the higher range (Rs 51–100) further tap water has significant effect on WTP for the first two quartiles. As expected, education level ignificantly affects WTP for safe drinking water.
2008-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15208/1/MPRA_paper_15208.pdf
Haq, Mirajul and Usman Mustafa, Usman and Ahmad, Iftikhar (2008): Household’s willingness to pay for safe drinking water: A case study of Abbottabad district. Published in: The Pakistan Development Review , Vol. 46, No. 4 (2007): pp. 1137-1153.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:15554
2019-09-27T20:12:40Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513233
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513537
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15554/
Assessing the role of economic instruments in a policy mix for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services provision: a review of some methodological challenges
Barton, D.N.
Rusch, G.
May, P.
Ring, I.
Unnerstall, H.
Santos, R.
Antunes, P.
Brouwer, R.
Grieg-Gran, M.
Similä, J.
Primmer, E.
Romeiro, A.
DeClerck, F.
Ibrahim, M.
Q23 - Forestry
Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services ; Biodiversity Conservation ; Bioeconomics ; Industrial Ecology
Q58 - Government Policy
In this paper we review a number of methodological challenges of evaluating and designing economic instruments aimed at biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services provision in the context of an existing policy mix. In the context of the EU 2010 goal of halting biodiversity loss, researchers have been called upon to evaluate the role of economic instruments for cost-effective decision-making, as well as non-market methods to assess their benefits. We argue that cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and non-market valuation (NMV) methods are necessary, but not sufficient, approaches to assessing the role of economic instruments in a policy mix. We review the principles of “social-ecological-systems”(SES) (Ostrom et al. 2007) and discuss how SES can complement economic cost and benefit assessment methods, in particular in policy design research. To illustrate our conceptual comparison of assessment methodologies, we look at two examples of economic instruments at different government levels – payments for ecosystem services (PES) at farm level and ecological fiscal transfers to municipal /county government. What conceptual problems are introduced when evaluating policies in an instrument mix? How can the SES framework complement CEA and NMV in policy assessment and design? We draw on experiences from Brazil and Costa Rica to exemplify these questions. We conclude with some research questions.
2009-06-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15554/1/MPRA_paper_15554.pdf
Barton, D.N. and Rusch, G. and May, P. and Ring, I. and Unnerstall, H. and Santos, R. and Antunes, P. and Brouwer, R. and Grieg-Gran, M. and Similä, J. and Primmer, E. and Romeiro, A. and DeClerck, F. and Ibrahim, M. (2009): Assessing the role of economic instruments in a policy mix for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services provision: a review of some methodological challenges.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:15587
2019-09-26T10:28:25Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D4F:4F35:4F3533
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513432
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15587/
In what format and under what timeframe would China take on climate commitments? A roadmap to 2050
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
O53 - Asia including Middle East
Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
Given that China is already the world’s largest carbon emitter and its emissions continue to rise rapidly in line with its industrialization and urbanization, there is no disagreement that China eventually needs to take on binding greenhouse gas emissions caps. However, the key challenges are when that would occur and what credible interim targets China would need to take on during this transition period. This paper takes these challenges by mapping out the roadmap for China’s specific commitments towards 2050. Specifically, I suggest that China make credible quantified domestic commitments during the second commitment period, commit to voluntary no lose targets during the third commitment period, adopt binding carbon intensity targets during the fourth commitment period, and take on binding emissions caps starting the fifth commitment period and aimed for the global convergence of per capita emissions by 2050. These proposed commitments should be viewed as China’s political commitments, not necessarily China’s actual takings in the ongoing international climate change negotiations, in order to break the current political impasse between developed and developing countries. It is worthwhile China considering these political commitments either on its own or through a joint statement with U.S. and other major countries, provided that a number of conditions can be worked out. These commitments are principles, and still leave flexibility for China to work out details as international climate change negotiations move on. But in the meantime, they signal well ahead that China is seriously committed to addressing climate change issues, alleviate, if not completely remove, U.S. and other industrialized country’s concerns about when China would get in, an indication that the whole world has long awaited from China, help U.S. to take on long-expected emissions commitments, and thus pave the way for reaching an international climate agreement at Copenhagen.
2009-06-02
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15587/1/MPRA_paper_15587.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2009): In what format and under what timeframe would China take on climate commitments? A roadmap to 2050.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:15601
2019-09-27T16:26:16Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513233
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513537
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15601/
Assessing the role of economic instruments in a policy mix for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services provision: a review of some methodological challenges
Barton, D.N.
Rusch, G.
May, P.
Ring, I.
Unnerstall, H.
Santos, R.
Antunes, P.
Brouwer, R.
Grieg-Gran, M.
Similä, J.
Primmer, E.
Romeiro, A.
DeClerck, F.
Ibrahim, M.
Q23 - Forestry
Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services ; Biodiversity Conservation ; Bioeconomics ; Industrial Ecology
Q58 - Government Policy
In this paper we review a number of methodological challenges of evaluating and designing economic instruments aimed at biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services provision in the context of an existing policy mix. In the context of the EU 2010 goal of halting biodiversity loss, researchers have been called upon to evaluate the role of economic instruments for cost-effective decision-making, as well as non-market methods to assess their benefits. We argue that cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and non-market valuation (NMV) methods are necessary, but not sufficient, approaches to assessing the role of economic instruments in a policy mix. We review the principles of “social-ecological-systems”(SES) (Ostrom et al. 2007) and discuss how SES can complement economic cost and benefit assessment methods, in particular in policy design research. To illustrate our conceptual comparison of assessment methodologies, we look at two examples of economic instruments at different government levels – payments for ecosystem services (PES) at farm level and ecological fiscal transfers to municipal /county government. What conceptual problems are introduced when evaluating policies in an instrument mix? How can the SES framework complement CEA and NMV in policy assessment and design? We draw on experiences from Brazil and Costa Rica to exemplify these questions. We conclude with some research questions.
2009-06-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15601/1/MPRA_paper_15601.pdf
Barton, D.N. and Rusch, G. and May, P. and Ring, I. and Unnerstall, H. and Santos, R. and Antunes, P. and Brouwer, R. and Grieg-Gran, M. and Similä, J. and Primmer, E. and Romeiro, A. and DeClerck, F. and Ibrahim, M. (2009): Assessing the role of economic instruments in a policy mix for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services provision: a review of some methodological challenges.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:15943
2019-09-27T19:33:46Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463138
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15943/
Multilateral Trade Measures in a Post-2012 Climate Change Regime?: What Can Be Taken from the Montreal Protocol and the WTO?
Zhang, ZhongXiang
F18 - Trade and Environment
Q48 - Government Policy
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
The climate-trade nexus gains increasing attention as governments are taking great efforts to forge a post-2012 climate change regime to succeed the Kyoto Protocol. This raises the issues of the scope of trade-related measures and of when and how they could be used. To gain some guidance on the scope of trade provisions in a post-2012 climate regime, this paper first discusses the Montreal Protocol in which such trade provisions have been included. The paper argues that while it is unlikely for developing country parties to agree the inclusion of trade-related measures in a post-2012 climate regime, trade-related measures should, at the very least, be contemplated for a set of industrialized countries (Annex I or II countries) as part of the evolving climate regime. It should be specified how these measures will apply to non-complying parties within this group and when and how unilateral trade measures can be used against countries outside the group. To that end, the paper emphasizes that there is a clear need to define comparable efforts towards climate mitigation and adaptation to discipline the use of unilateral trade measures at the international level, as the Lieberman-Warner bill in the U.S. Senate demonstrated great possibility that some industrialized countries, if not all, are considering the term “comparable” as the standard by which to assess the efforts made by their trading partners in order to decide on whether to impose unilateral trade measures on them. While that bill died on the floor of the Senate, this is by no means the end of the prospect for border adjustment type of unilateral trade measures bill. The paper argues that the Lieberman-Warner type of border adjustment provision, in its current form, is likely to face WTO-consistency and methodological challenges. It also holds out more sticks than carrots to developing countries. In order to encourage developing countries to do more to combat climate change, the paper suggests that developed countries should clearly focus on carrots. Sticks can be incorporated, but only if they are credible and realistic and serve as a useful supplement to push developing countries to take actions or adopt policies and measures earlier than would otherwise have been the case.
2008-09-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15943/2/MPRA_paper_15943.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2008): Multilateral Trade Measures in a Post-2012 Climate Change Regime?: What Can Be Taken from the Montreal Protocol and the WTO?
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:16943
2019-09-28T09:08:34Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463138
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463133
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16943/
Liberalizing climate-friendly goods and technologies in WTO environmental goods negotiations: product coverage, modalities, challenges and the way forward
Zhang, ZhongXiang
F18 - Trade and Environment
F13 - Trade Policy ; International Trade Organizations
Q48 - Government Policy
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
The Doha Round Agenda (paragraph 31(3)) mandates to liberalize environmental goods and services. This mandate offers a good opportunity to put climate-friendly goods and services on a fast track to liberalization. Agreement on this paragraph should represent one immediate contribution that the WTO can make to fight against climate change. This paper presents the key issues surrounding liberalized trade in climate-friendly goods and technologies in WTO environmental goods negotiations. It begins with what products to liberalize and in which manner. Clearly, WTO environmental goods negotiations to date show that WTO member countries are divided by this key issue. Focusing on the issue, the paper explores options available to liberalize trade in climate-friendly goods and technologies, both within and outside the WTO, and along with these discussion, discusses how to serve the best interests of developing countries.
2009-04-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16943/1/MPRA_paper_16943.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2009): Liberalizing climate-friendly goods and technologies in WTO environmental goods negotiations: product coverage, modalities, challenges and the way forward.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:17012
2019-09-30T16:51:21Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513535
7375626A656374733D4C:4C35:4C3532
7375626A656374733D4F:4F33
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513433
7375626A656374733D51:5134
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17012/
Analysis of ESCO Activities Using Country Indicators
Okay, Nesrin
Akman, Ugur
O1 - Economic Development
Q55 - Technological Innovation
L52 - Industrial Policy ; Sectoral Planning Methods
O3 - Innovation ; Research and Development ; Technological Change ; Intellectual Property Rights
Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy
Q4 - Energy
Q58 - Government Policy
Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) are private sector instruments that offer energy-/emission-improvement (energy saving, energy efficiency, energy conservation, emission reduction) projects in the developed and in some developing countries. Literature reveals that energy-/emission-improvements of countries may be related to their innovation- and R&D-activity levels. In this work, we use a literature data on the activities and the sectors targeted by ESCOs in 38 countries, summarized in terms of the age of ESCO market (AEM), number of ESCO companies (NE), and total value of ESCO projects (VE). Along with the Global Innovation Index (GII) data of the countries, we investigate the relationships among the ESCO Indicators (EIs: AEM, NE, VE, sectors targeted by ESCOs), and the Country Indicators (CIs: GII and per-capita GDP, energy consumption, CO2 emission). We observe noteworthy dependencies between the EIs and CIs. Using the simple trend equations we estimate the missing VEs in the original data. We also project, as a hint for the size and orientation of the upcoming Turkish ESCO market, the set of EIs and the distribution of the sectors that are likely to be targeted by ESCOs in Turkey.
2009-08-29
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17012/1/MPRA_paper_17012.pdf
Okay, Nesrin and Akman, Ugur (2009): Analysis of ESCO Activities Using Country Indicators.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:18343
2019-10-08T04:42:16Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463138
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463133
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18343/
Liberalizing climate-friendly goods and technologies in the WTO: product coverage, modalities, challenges and the way forward
Zhang, ZhongXiang
F18 - Trade and Environment
F13 - Trade Policy ; International Trade Organizations
Q48 - Government Policy
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
The Doha Round Agenda (paragraph 31(3)) mandates to liberalize environmental goods and services. This mandate offers a good opportunity to put climate-friendly goods and services on a fast track to liberalization. Agreement on this paragraph should represent one immediate contribution that the WTO can make to fight against climate change. This paper presents the key issues surrounding liberalized trade in climate-friendly goods and technologies in WTO environmental goods negotiations. It begins with what products to liberalize and how. Clearly, WTO environmental goods negotiations to date show that WTO member countries are divided by this key issue. Focusing on the issue, the paper explores options available to liberalize trade in climate-friendly goods and technologies, both within and outside the WTO, and along with these discussion, discusses how to serve the best interests of developing countries.
2009-04-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18343/1/MPRA_paper_18343.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2009): Liberalizing climate-friendly goods and technologies in the WTO: product coverage, modalities, challenges and the way forward.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:18813
2019-09-27T10:22:59Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D41:4131:413133
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513531
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D42:4234:423431
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18813/
Environmental managment without environmental valuation?
Spash, Clive L.
A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values
Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
Q58 - Government Policy
B41 - Economic Methodology
There is a rising tendency for environmental economics to be viewed as exclusively concerned with valuing everything in monetary terms and there are certainly some among its ranks whose own self-interest leads them to preach that line in public. However, acceptance of the many valid criticisms of monetary valuation and our limited understanding of environmental systems makes this extreme untenable as all economists will admit (if some only in private) and which ecological-economics recognises as a central issue. Yet the danger in characterising the preoccupation of economists with monetary valuation as in some sense wrong assumes this is something which can be excluded from resource allocation decisions. The critics of monetary valuation also tend to believe in an unspecified alternative approach which is often associated with scientifically defined limits and cost-effectiveness. The problem explored in this paper is the extent to which a concern for costs and benefits can be excluded from environmental management and if, as argued, a role for valuation is required how can the critics concerns be taken into account in defining that role.
1996-08
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18813/1/MPRA_paper_18813.pdf
Spash, Clive L. (1996): Environmental managment without environmental valuation?
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:18858
2019-10-05T04:51:50Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463138
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18858/
Climate change meets trade in promoting green growth: potential conflicts and synergies
Zhang, ZhongXiang
F18 - Trade and Environment
Q48 - Government Policy
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
To date, border adjustment measures in the form of emissions allowance requirements (EAR) under the U.S. proposed cap-and-trade regime are the most concrete unilateral trade measure put forward on the table to level the carbon playing field. If improperly implemented, such measures could disturb the world trade order and trigger trade war. Because of these potentially far-reaching impacts, this paper focuses on this type of unilateral border adjustment that requires importers to acquire and surrender emissions allowances corresponding to the embedded carbon contents in their goods from countries that have not taken climate actions comparable to that of home country. Our discussion is mainly on the legality of unilateral EAR under the WTO rules. Given that the inclusion of border carbon adjustment measures is widely considered essential to secure passage of any U.S. legislation capping its greenhouse gas emissions, we argue that, on the U.S. side, in designing such trade measures, WTO rules need to be carefully scrutinised, and efforts need to be made early on to ensure that the proposed measures comply with them. After all, a conflict between the trade and climate regimes, if it breaks out, helps neither trade nor the global climate. The U.S. needs to explore with its trading partners cooperative sectoral approaches to advancing low-carbon technologies and/or concerted mitigation efforts in a given sector at an international level. Moreover, to increase the prospects for a successful WTO defence of the Waxman-Markey type of border adjustment provision, 1) there should be a period of good faith efforts to reach agreements among the countries concerned before imposing such trade measures; 2) WTO consistency also requires considering alternatives to trade provisions that could be reasonably expected to fulfill the same function but are not inconsistent or less inconsistent with the relevant WTO provisions; and 3) trade provisions can refer to the designated special international reserve allowance pool, but should allow importers to submit equivalent emission reduction units that are recognized by international treaties to cover the carbon contents of imported products. The paper concludes by arguing that the major developing countries being targeted by such border carbon adjustment measures should make the best use of the forums provided under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to effectively deal with the proposed border adjustment measures to their advantage.
2009-07-15
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18858/1/MPRA_paper_18858.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2009): Climate change meets trade in promoting green growth: potential conflicts and synergies.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:18976
2019-09-28T07:18:01Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463138
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513433
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18976/
The U.S. proposed carbon tariffs, wto scrutiny and China's reponses
Zhang, ZhongXiang
F18 - Trade and Environment
Q48 - Government Policy
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy
Q58 - Government Policy
With countries from around the world set to meet in Copenhagen to try to hammer out a post-2012 climate change agreement, no one would disagree that a U.S. commitment to cut greenhouse gas emissions is essential to such a global pact. However, despite U.S. president Obama’s recent announcement that he will push for a commitment to cut U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by 17% by 2020, in reality it is questionable whether U.S. Congress will agree to specific emissions cuts, although are not ambitious at all from the perspectives of both the EU and developing countries, without imposing carbon tariffs on Chinese products to the U.S. market, even given China’s own recent announcement to voluntarily seek to reduce its carbon intensity by 40-45% over the same period.
This dilemma is partly attributed to flaws in current international climate negotiations, which have been focused on commitments on the two targeted dates of 2020 and 2050. However, if the international climate change negotiations continue their current course without extending the commitment period to 2030, which would really open the possibility for the U.S. and China to make the commitments that each wants from the other side, the inclusion of border carbon adjustment measures seems essential to secure passage of any U.S. legislation capping its greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, the joint WTO-UNEP report indicates that border carbon adjustment measures might be allowed under the existing WTO rules, depending on specific design features.
Against this background, this paper argues that, on the U.S. side, there is a need to minimize the potential conflicts with WTO provisions in designing such border carbon adjustment measures. The U.S. also needs to explore with its trading partners cooperative sectoral approaches to advancing low-carbon technologies and/or concerted mitigation efforts in a given sector at an international level. Moreover, to increase the prospects for a successful WTO defence of the Waxman-Markey type of border adjustment provision, 1) there should be a period of good faith efforts to reach agreements among the countries concerned before imposing such trade measures; 2) WTO consistency also requires considering alternatives to trade provisions that could be reasonably expected to fulfill the same function but are not inconsistent or less inconsistent with the relevant WTO provisions; and 3) trade provisions should allow importers to submit equivalent emission reduction units that are recognized by international treaties to cover the carbon contents of imported products.
Being targeted by such border carbon adjustment measures, China needs to, at a right time, indicate a serious commitment to address climate change issues to challenge the legitimacy of the U.S. imposing the carbon tariffs by signaling well ahead that it will take on binding absolute emission caps around the year 2030, and needs the three transitional periods of increasing climate obligations before taking on absolute emissions caps. The paper argues that there is a clear need within a climate regime to define comparable efforts towards climate mitigation and adaptation to discipline the use of unilateral trade measures at the international level. As exemplified by export tariffs that China applied on its own during 2006-08, the paper shows that defining the comparability of climate efforts can be to China’s advantage. Furthermore, given the fact that, in volume terms, energy-intensive manufacturing in China values 7-8 times that of India, and thus carbon tariffs impact much more on China than on India, the paper questions whether China should hold the same stance on this issue as India as it does now, although the two largest developing countries should continue to take the same positions on other key issues in international climate change negotiations.
2009-09-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18976/1/MPRA_paper_18976.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2009): The U.S. proposed carbon tariffs, wto scrutiny and China's reponses.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:19063
2019-09-27T12:59:15Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:4631:463138
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513433
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19063/
The U.S. proposed carbon tariffs, WTO scrutiny and China's responses
Zhang, ZhongXiang
F18 - Trade and Environment
Q48 - Government Policy
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy
Q58 - Government Policy
With countries from around the world set to meet in Copenhagen to try to hammer out a post-2012 climate change agreement, no one would disagree that a U.S. commitment to cut greenhouse gas emissions is essential to such a global pact. However, despite U.S. president Obama’s recent announcement that he will push for a commitment to cut U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by 17% by 2020, in reality it is questionable whether U.S. Congress will agree to specific emissions cuts, although are not ambitious at all from the perspectives of both the EU and developing countries, without imposing carbon tariffs on Chinese products to the U.S. market, even given China’s own recent announcement to voluntarily seek to reduce its carbon intensity by 40-45% over the same period.
This dilemma is partly attributed to flaws in current international climate negotiations, which have been focused on commitments on the two targeted dates of 2020 and 2050. However, if the international climate change negotiations continue their current course without extending the commitment period to 2030, which would really open the possibility for the U.S. and China to make the commitments that each wants from the other side, the inclusion of border carbon adjustment measures seems essential to secure passage of any U.S. legislation capping its greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, the joint WTO-UNEP report indicates that border carbon adjustment measures might be allowed under the existing WTO rules, depending on specific design features and conditions for implementing them.
Against this background, this paper argues that, on the U.S. side, there is a need to minimize the potential conflicts with WTO provisions in designing such border carbon adjustment measures. The U.S. also needs to explore with its trading partners cooperative sectoral approaches to advancing low-carbon technologies and/or concerted mitigation efforts in a given sector at an international level. Moreover, to increase the prospects for a successful WTO defence of the Waxman-Markey type of border adjustment provision, 1) there should be a period of good faith efforts to reach agreements among the countries concerned before imposing such trade measures; 2) WTO consistency also requires considering alternatives to trade provisions that could be reasonably expected to fulfill the same function but are not inconsistent or less inconsistent with the relevant WTO provisions; and 3) trade provisions should allow importers to submit equivalent emission reduction units that are recognized by international treaties to cover the carbon contents of imported products.
Being targeted by such border carbon adjustment measures, China needs to, at a right time, indicate a serious commitment to address climate change issues to challenge the legitimacy of the U.S. imposing the carbon tariffs by signaling well ahead that it will take on binding absolute emission caps around the year 2030, and needs the three transitional periods of increasing climate obligations before taking on absolute emissions caps. The paper argues that there is a clear need within a climate regime to define comparable efforts towards climate mitigation and adaptation to discipline the use of unilateral trade measures at the international level. As exemplified by export tariffs that China applied on its own during 2006-08, the paper shows that defining the comparability of climate efforts can be to China’s advantage. Furthermore, given the fact that, in volume terms, energy-intensive manufacturing in China values 7-8 times that of India, and thus carbon tariffs impact much more on China than on India, the paper questions whether China should hold the same stance on this issue as India as it does now, although the two largest developing countries should continue to take the same positions on other key issues in international climate change negotiations.
2009-09-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19063/1/MPRA_paper_19063.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2009): The U.S. proposed carbon tariffs, WTO scrutiny and China's responses.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:19114
2019-09-26T22:03:58Z
7374617475733D696E7072657373
7375626A656374733D47:4731:473138
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19114/
The Brave New World of Carbon Trading
Spash, Clive L.
G18 - Government Policy and Regulation
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
Human induced climate change has become a prominent political issue, at both national and international levels, leading to the search for regulatory ‘solutions’. Emission trading has risen in popularity to become the most broadly favoured government strategy. Carbon permits have then quickly been developed as a serious financial instrument in markets turning over billions of dollars a year. In this paper, I show how the reality of permit market operation is far removed from the assumptions of economic theory and the promise of saving resources by efficiently allocating emission reductions. The pervasiveness of Greenhouse Gas emissions, strong uncertainty and complexity combine to prevent economists from substantiating their theoretical claims of cost effectiveness. Corporate power is shown to be a major force affecting emissions market operation and design. The potential for manipulation to achieve financial gain, while showing little regard for environmental or social consequences, is evident as markets have extended internationally and via trading offsets. At the individual level, there is the potential for emissions trading to have undesirable ethical and psychological impacts and to crowd out voluntary actions. I conclude that the focus on such markets is creating a distraction from the need for changing human behaviour, institutions and infrastructure.
2009-12
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19114/1/MPRA_paper_19114.pdf
Spash, Clive L. (2009): The Brave New World of Carbon Trading. Forthcoming in: New Political Economy , Vol. 15, No. 2
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:19461
2019-09-30T17:05:32Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483231
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D48:4838:483837
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19461/
The Taxation of Motor Fuel: International Comparison
Eduardo, Ley
Jessica, Boccardo
H21 - Efficiency ; Optimal Taxation
Q48 - Government Policy
H87 - International Fiscal Issues ; International Public Goods
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
Q58 - Government Policy
We apply the Parry-Small (2005) framework to asses whether the level taxation of motor fuel is broadly appropriate in a group of countries (OECD, BRICs and South Africa) accounting for more than 80 percent of world greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper deals with emissions from oil combustion in transport, which accounts for about 40 percent of \co2\ emissions. In the benchmark specification, we find that six countries (accounting, in turn, for more than 40 percent of motor-fuel GHG world emissions) would be undertaxing motor fuel. We evaluate the sensitivity of the results to the values of the elasticities and externalities that we use. We find that varying the values of these parameters (within the level of uncertainty reasonably associated with them) significantly affects the results. This implies that, while informative, the results must be taken as indicative. Further analysis for a particular country must rely in a well-informed choice for the values of their country-specific parameters.
2009-12-19
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19461/1/MPRA_paper_19461.pdf
Eduardo, Ley and Jessica, Boccardo (2009): The Taxation of Motor Fuel: International Comparison.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:19583
2019-09-29T04:56:13Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483231
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D48:4838:483837
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19583/
The Taxation of Motor Fuel: International Comparison
Ley, Eduardo
Boccardo, Jessica
H21 - Efficiency ; Optimal Taxation
Q48 - Government Policy
H87 - International Fiscal Issues ; International Public Goods
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
Q58 - Government Policy
We apply the Parry-Small (2005) framework to asses whether the level taxation of motor fuel is broadly appropriate in a group of countries (OECD, BRICs and South Africa) accounting for more than 80 percent of world greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper deals with emissions from oil combustion in transport, which accounts for about 40 percent of CO2 emissions. In the benchmark specification, we find that six countries (accounting, in turn, for more than 40 percent of motor-fuel GHG world emissions) would be undertaxing motor fuel. We evaluate the sensitivity of the results to the values of the elasticities and externalities that we use. We find that varying the values of these parameters (within the level of uncertainty reasonably associated with them) significantly affects the results. This implies that, while informative, the results must be taken as indicative. Further analysis for a particular country must rely in a well-informed choice for the values of their country-specific parameters.
2009-12-19
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19583/2/MPRA_paper_19583.pdf
Ley, Eduardo and Boccardo, Jessica (2009): The Taxation of Motor Fuel: International Comparison.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:19607
2019-09-28T01:20:31Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4C:4C36:4C3632
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513535
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19607/
Fixing Detroit: how far, how fast, how fuel-efficient
Kleinbaum, Rob
McManus, Walter
L62 - Automobiles ; Other Transportation Equipment ; Related Parts and Equipment
Q55 - Technological Innovation
Q58 - Government Policy
The Automotive Industry Crisis of 2009 is the worst the industry has ever experienced. This paper helps resolve the debate on how much and fast it should change and how it should it respond to demands for increased fuel efficiency. Looking at the actions of successful corporate turnarounds, the lessons are very clear: implement broad, deep, fast change, replace the management team, and transform the culture. We modeled the impacts of different fuel economy standards on profitability and sales, using the most accepted estimates of all the key parameters, and conducted an extensive sensitivity analysis on the key parameters. The impact of higher fuel economy standards on industry profits is very clear: increasing fuel economy 30% to 50% (35 mpg to 40.5 mpg) would increase the Detroit 3’s gross profits by roughly $3 billion per year, and increase sales by the equivalent of two large assembly plants. The sensitivity analysis showed our findings are very robust. The overall risk and reward profile is very positive, with only a small chance of losing and a very large probability of gain.
2009-06
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19607/1/MPRA_paper_19607.pdf
Kleinbaum, Rob and McManus, Walter (2009): Fixing Detroit: how far, how fast, how fuel-efficient.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:19928
2019-09-26T23:16:47Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443632
7375626A656374733D48:4830
7375626A656374733D41:4131
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513531
7375626A656374733D41:4132
7375626A656374733D48:4834
7375626A656374733D48:4834:483432
7375626A656374733D51:5135
7375626A656374733D43:4339:433932
7375626A656374733D48:4834:483433
7375626A656374733D4E:4E35
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443631
7375626A656374733D44:4430:443031
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19928/
A note on the valuation of collective goods: overlooked input market free riding for non-individually incrementable goods
Graves, Philip E.
D62 - Externalities
H0 - General
A1 - General Economics
Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
A2 - Economic Education and Teaching of Economics
H4 - Publicly Provided Goods
H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods
Q5 - Environmental Economics
C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior
H43 - Project Evaluation ; Social Discount Rate
N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries
D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis
D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
Q58 - Government Policy
For at least fifty years economists have argued that vertically-aggregated marginal willingness to pay, when set equal to marginal provision cost, will result in optimal public good provision levels. This methodological approach would be expected to yield an exact analog, in terms of optimal levels of public good provision, to efficient provision of private goods in a perfect market setting.
There is, however, a potentially serious flaw in the approach as actually practiced, since initial incomes
are implicitly–and wrongly–taken to be optimal. From a given income, the output demand revelation problem has long been recognized–that there will be difficulty inferring true demands for public goods at that income (the traditional ‘free rider’ problem). But what has failed to receive widespread recognition among theoreticians, and especially among practitioners, is that there will also be a concomitant ‘input demand revelation’ problem. In any situation where workers cannot individually increment a class of goods by increasing their income (e.g. public goods), they will have no incentive to generate the income that would have been devoted to that class of goods.
They will only generate income that is optimal to pay the higher taxes or prices associated with whatever initial public goods levels are provided. As a consequence, the benefit-cost practitioner will, even if somehow able to accurately guess marginal willingness-to-pay out of current income, observe only one apparent optima. There are an infinite number of such optima, one for each level of free riding in input markets, where aggregated marginal willingness-to-pay will appear to equal marginal provision cost. The one true Samuelson ‘optimum optimorum’ occurs when there is free riding in neither output nor input markets (that is, when the ‘full’ demand revelation problem
is solved). As a consequence, pure public goods, as well as other ‘non-incrementable’ goods and goods for which non-use values are of importance will be undervalued, hence under-provided. Evidence is presented that the problem raised here might be of importance, undermining the practical
significance of the Coase theorem vis-a-vis Pigouvian taxation.
2009
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19928/2/MPRA_paper_19928.pdf
Graves, Philip E. (2009): A note on the valuation of collective goods: overlooked input market free riding for non-individually incrementable goods. Published in: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy: , Vol. 9, No. 1 : pp. 1-17.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:20483
2019-09-26T21:10:11Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513530
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513531
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20483/
Sustainable Development Concerning with Mankind’s Climate Changes
Dobrescu, Emilian M.
Susanu, Monica
Oprea, Raducan
Q50 - General
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
Mankind has witnessed many outstanding weather happenings which
determined radical climate changes and thus, the draught is expected further to
grow. Many experts, academics and scientists all over the continents have
strongly called for attention about the importance of saving the water, either for housing and industrial consumers. According to the February - 2007 UNO Report, Terra is the subject of an accelerated global heating process, firstly due to the carbon emissions. Several decades further the climate changes will continue even if, theoretically, these emissions could partly be stopped. As one of the official UNO’s institutions, the World Meteorology Organisation certified the global heating and alerts about another worrying phenomenon,namely the soil disaster.
2009-12-25
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20483/1/MPRA_paper_20483.pdf
Dobrescu, Emilian M. and Susanu, Monica and Oprea, Raducan (2009): Sustainable Development Concerning with Mankind’s Climate Changes. Published in: The Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University, Fascicle I Economics and Applied Informatics, 2009, ISSN 1584-0409 , Vol. II, No. XV (25 December 2009): pp. 827-838.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:20762
2019-09-26T10:05:20Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443733
7375626A656374733D59:5934:593430
7375626A656374733D48:4831
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D46:4635:463534
7375626A656374733D50:5031:503136
7375626A656374733D4E:4E35:4E3535
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20762/
The Political Economy of Disaster Vulnerability: A Case Study of Pakistan Earthquake 2005
Yasir, Agha
D73 - Bureaucracy ; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations ; Corruption
Y40 - Dissertations (unclassified)
H1 - Structure and Scope of Government
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
F54 - Colonialism ; Imperialism ; Postcolonialism
P16 - Political Economy
N55 - Asia including Middle East
Q58 - Government Policy
Literature on natural hazards typically perceives disasters to be acts of God (or nature) while restricting the examination of their causes to biophysical and geographical explanations. This paper takes a different approach; first, it argues that disasters are socially constructed and, second, it situates the interactions of large-scale natural forces with local political-economic conditions within the context of vulnerability to contend that disasters are consequences of unresolved development challenges. Using the Pressure and Release (PAR) Model the paper suggests the usefulness of the concept of vulnerability that shapes local geographies of risk and weak institutions which transform and enhance the negative impacts of ‘natural’ hazards into ‘man-made’ disasters.
2009-08-23
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20762/1/MPRA_paper_20762.pdf
Yasir, Agha (2009): The Political Economy of Disaster Vulnerability: A Case Study of Pakistan Earthquake 2005.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:21008
2019-09-27T12:51:33Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D4F:4F35:4F3533
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513432
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21008/
In what format and under what timeframe would China take on climate commitments? A roadmap to 2050
Zhang, ZhongXiang
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q48 - Government Policy
O53 - Asia including Middle East
Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
In what format and under what timeframe China would take on climate commitments is of significant relevance to China because it is facing great pressure both inside and outside international climate negotiations to exhibit greater ambition and is being confronted with the threats of trade measures. It is of significant global relevance as well because when China’s emissions peak is crucial to determine when global emissions would peak and because what China is going to do in what format has significant implications for the level and ambition of commitments from other countries.
In response to these concerns and to put China in a positive position, this paper maps out the roadmap for China’s specific climate commitments towards 2050. Taking many factors into consideration, the paper argues that China needs to take on absolute emissions caps around 2030. While this date is later than the time frame that the U.S. and other industrialized countries would like to see, it would probably still be too soon from China’s perspective. However, it is hard to imagine how China could apply the brakes so sharply as to switch from rapid emissions growth to immediate emissions cuts, without passing through several intermediate phases. To that end, the paper envisions that China needs the following three transitional periods of increasing climate obligations before taking on absolute emissions caps that will lead to the global convergence of per capita emissions by 2050: First, further credible energy-conservation commitments starting 2013 and aimed at cutting China’s carbon intensity by 45-50% by 2020; second, voluntary “no lose” emission targets starting 2018; and third, binding carbon intensity targets as its international commitment starting 2023. Overall, this proposal is a balanced reflection of respecting China’s rights to grow and recognizing China’s growing responsibility for increasing greenhouse gas emissions as China is approaching the world’s largest economy.
2009-06-02
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21008/1/MPRA_paper_21008.pdf
Zhang, ZhongXiang (2009): In what format and under what timeframe would China take on climate commitments? A roadmap to 2050.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:21353
2019-10-01T08:55:20Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443632
7375626A656374733D51:5134:513438
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21353/
Climate Policies with Pollution Externalities and Learning Spillovers
Lehmann, Paul
D62 - Externalities
Q48 - Government Policy
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
Economic theory suggests that with a pollution externality and learning spillovers related to renewable energy technologies, the optimal climate policy mix includes an emissions policy and an output subsidy to the learning industry. Instead of output subsidies, feed-in tariffs are often implemented in addition to emissions policies. This paper reveals that this policy mix may theoretically provide for a first-best outcome as well. However, its efficient design may be cumbersome for regulators. An emissions tax must be below the Pigovian level and differentiate between fossil fuels. Moreover, both tax and feed-in tariff must be adapted continuously.
2009-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21353/1/MPRA_paper_21353.pdf
Lehmann, Paul (2009): Climate Policies with Pollution Externalities and Learning Spillovers.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:21354
2019-09-27T02:02:09Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21354/
Using a Policy Mix for Pollution Control – A Review of Economic Literature
Lehmann, Paul
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
Q58 - Government Policy
This article provides a review of economic studies analyzing the use of multiple policies – a socalled policy mix – to cope with single pollution problems. To guide and structure the review, an analytical framework is developed and applied. The framework integrates transaction costs into the analysis of pollution problems and policies to overcome them. Moreover, it understands a pollution externality not only as a market failure but more generally as the failure of private governance structures. Based on this insight, two rationales for using a policy mix are identified. First, a policy mix may help to correct for multiple reinforcing failures of private governance structures, such as pollution externalities and technological spillovers. Second, a policy mix can be employed if the implementation of single first-best policies brings about high transaction costs – e.g., when marginal pollution damages are heterogeneous or polluters are unlikely to comply with the policy. For each rationale, the relevant literature is presented. Based on the review, avenues for future research are identified.
2008-05
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21354/1/MPRA_paper_21354.pdf
Lehmann, Paul (2008): Using a Policy Mix for Pollution Control – A Review of Economic Literature.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:21754
2019-09-26T11:26:44Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D49:4931:493132
7375626A656374733D49:4932:493238
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453630
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21754/
How policy can influence human capital accumulation and environment quality.
Basseti, Thomas
Benos, Nikos
Karagiannis, Stelios
I12 - Health Behavior
I28 - Government Policy
E60 - General
Q58 - Government Policy
This paper considers the implications of education and environment policy for growth in a model where the interactions between health, education, and the environment are taken into account. With respect to previous works, in which one of these three dimensions is omitted, we consider their combined effects, arriving to novel results in the literature. According to our model, higher taxes and environment spending share in total public spending do not affect welfare significantly, but they have an important positive impact on human capital and environment quality. Here, a positive relationship between public education spending and environment quality emerges as well as between environment maintenance expenditure and human capital. At the same time, countries with a high environmental quality should spend less on environment maintenance compared to heavily polluted countries. Finally, for countries with advanced abatement technologies, the relationship between human capital and environment is positive, which is compatible with the environmental Kuznets curve.
2010-03-30
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21754/1/MPRA_paper_21754.pdf
Basseti, Thomas and Benos, Nikos and Karagiannis, Stelios (2010): How policy can influence human capital accumulation and environment quality.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:21906
2019-09-26T10:14:08Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21906/
Climate Risks, Seasonal Food Insecurity and Consumption Coping Strategies: Evidences from a Micro-level Study from Northern Bangladesh
Ahamad, Mazbahul Golam
Khondker, Rezai Karim
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
This paper presents the food insecurity status and coping strategies among the households in the Northern Bangladesh. A three stage stratified random sampling followed by a structured questionnaire was employed to collect primary data from nine different primary sampling units. Locally adjusted reduced consumption coping strategy index is used to quantify the food security status, especially for mainland and flood affected riverbanks of the study areas. Nine explanatory variables are considered for an interval regression to assess the impacts of these predictors on changing reduced consumption coping strategy index score. Moreover, body mass index of household heads and dependency ratio of respective households are analyzed to compare strata-wise food insecurity.
2010-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21906/1/MPRA_paper_21906.pdf
Ahamad, Mazbahul Golam and Khondker, Rezai Karim (2010): Climate Risks, Seasonal Food Insecurity and Consumption Coping Strategies: Evidences from a Micro-level Study from Northern Bangladesh.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:22544
2019-09-29T12:31:56Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4832:483233
7375626A656374733D48:4833:483332
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/22544/
Combining emissions trading and emissions taxes in a multi-objective world
Lehmann, Paul
H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
H32 - Firm
Q58 - Government Policy
The combination of emissions trading and emissions taxes is usually rejected as redundant or inefficient. This conclusion is based on the restrictive assumption that both policies are exclusively meant to control pollution. However, particularly taxes may pursue a variety of other policy objectives as well, such as raising fiscal revenues or promoting equity. Multiple objectives may justify multiple policies. In this case, welfare losses with respect to pollution control may be traded off by benefits from attaining other policy objectives. Consequently, pragmatic policy recommendations have to be based on an in-depth understanding of interactions in the policy mix. This article makes three contributions that are relevant in this respect. (1) The most important factors distorting pollution abatement under the policy mix are identified. This insight is required to estimate the actual extent of inefficiency in controlling pollution, and to compare it with benefits of attaining other objectives of the tax. (2) The policy mix is not only compared to the unrealistic ideal of an efficient single emissions trading scheme but also to a suboptimal heterogeneous emissions tax. It is shown that if the tax is required to address multiple policy objectives, the implementation of an emissions trading scheme in addition may in fact increase the efficiency of pollution control. (3) It is demonstrated that welfare losses can be minimized within a policy mix by modifying emissions trading design.
2010-04
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/22544/1/MPRA_paper_22544.pdf
Lehmann, Paul (2010): Combining emissions trading and emissions taxes in a multi-objective world.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:22787
2019-09-27T13:09:00Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4430:443033
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/22787/
Heat waves, droughts, and preferences for environmental policy
Owen, Ann L.
Conover, Emily
Videras, Julio
Wu, Stephen
D03 - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles
Q58 - Government Policy
Using data from a new household survey on environmental attitudes, behaviors, and policy preferences, we find that current weather conditions affect preferences for environmental regulation. Individuals who have recently experienced extreme weather (heat waves or droughts) are more likely to support laws to protect the environment even if it means restricting individual freedoms. We find evidence that the channel through which weather conditions affect policy preference is via perceptions of the importance of the issue of global warming. Furthermore, individuals who may be more sophisticated consumers of news are less likely to have their attitudes towards global warming changed by current weather conditions.
2010-05-18
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/22787/1/MPRA_paper_22787.pdf
Owen, Ann L. and Conover, Emily and Videras, Julio and Wu, Stephen (2010): Heat waves, droughts, and preferences for environmental policy.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:22958
2019-10-01T10:26:44Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513530
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513238
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513234
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513235
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513537
7375626A656374733D51:5131:513138
7375626A656374733D51:5133:513338
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513236
7375626A656374733D51:5133:513334
7375626A656374733D51:5131:513133
7375626A656374733D51:5131:513135
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/22958/
Eco-governance in Bulgarian Agriculture
Bachev, Hrabrin
Q50 - General
Q28 - Government Policy
Q24 - Land
Q25 - Water
Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services ; Biodiversity Conservation ; Bioeconomics ; Industrial Ecology
Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
Q38 - Government Policy
Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure ; Land Reform ; Land Use ; Irrigation ; Agriculture and Environment
Q58 - Government Policy
This paper presents the evolution of diverse modes of environmental management in Bulgarian agriculture, and assesses their efficiency and likely prospects of development. First, it analyzes the pace of development and the impact(s) on individual behavior of the major modes of environmental governance - institutional environment (distribution and enforcement of property, user, trading etc. rights and rules); private and collective modes (diverse private initiatives, and contractual and organizational arrangements); market modes (various decentralized initiatives governed by “free” market price movements and market competition); public modes (different forms of Government, community, international etc. intervention). Second, it assesses the impact(s) of dominating system of governance on the state of environment and identifies major eco-challenges, conflicts and risks – increased competition for natural resources, degradation and contamination of farmland, pollution of surface and ground waters, loss of biodiversity, deterioration of (agro)eco-systems services etc. Third, it projects likely evolution of environmental management in the specific “Bulgarian” economic, institutional and natural environment, and estimates its probable effect on environmental security, and suggests recommendations for institutional modernization and public policies improvement.
2010-05-26
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/22958/1/MPRA_paper_22958.pdf
Bachev, Hrabrin (2010): Eco-governance in Bulgarian Agriculture.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:23360
2019-09-27T15:20:02Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5133:513332
7375626A656374733D4E:4E37:4E3737
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31:4F3133
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/23360/
Water and energy in South Africa – managing scarcity
Potgieter, Petrus H.
Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
N77 - Africa ; Oceania
O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products
Q58 - Government Policy
In this paper we examine the nexus of water an energy scarcity in South Africa. The fresh water resources of the country are close to exhaustion (Business Day, 2009; Turton, 2008), yet safe drinking water is not yet universally available to all in the country – in spite of a government policy to provide water for basic needs, taken to be 25ℓ per person per day (Coovadia, Jewkes, Barron, Sanders, & McIntyre, 2009). A growing economy and a population now close to 50 million have also put considerable strain on the electricity supply and distribution system, including wide-spread residential power outages in the main economic centers and, since January 2008, mandatory cuts for industrial users (Patel, 2008). The paper provides an overview of the current system in South Africa for supplying and managing water and electricity – for residential, industrial and for agricultural use – with a special emphasis on the energy requirements for delivering water as well as the water required in generating electric power. Finally we consider the example of Australia, another country with severe water shortages and one with a comparable demand for electricity, and attempt to draw lessons for South Africa from Australia’s more market-driven approach to energy and water.
2010-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/23360/1/MPRA_paper_23360.pdf
Potgieter, Petrus H. (2010): Water and energy in South Africa – managing scarcity.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:23585
2019-09-26T18:31:52Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D45:4536:453632
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/23585/
Economic growth and the environment
Everett, Tim
Ishwaran, Mallika
Ansaloni, Gian Paolo
Rubin, Alex
E62 - Fiscal Policy
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
Q58 - Government Policy
As the UK economy emerges from the downturn, attention is shifting to how best to return it to
sustained and durable economic growth. But what does sustained and durable economic growth
mean in the context of the natural environment?
The UK and the global economy face significant environmental challenges, from averting dangerous
climate change to halting biodiversity loss and protecting our ecosystems. There has been debate
over whether it is possible to achieve economic growth whilst also tackling these challenges. This
paper does not try to answer the question of what the sustainable level of economic growth might
be, but instead examines the link between economic growth and the environment, and the role of
environmental policy in managing the provision and use of natural assets.
Many question the value of continued growth in GDP, given its limitations – including as a measure
of wellbeing – and some evidence of its diminishing benefits within rich countries. However,
it remains essential to support continued improvements in factors that affect people’s wellbeing,
from health and employment to education and quality of life, and to help the government deliver
on a range of policy objectives – economic, social, and environmental.
2010-03
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/23585/1/MPRA_paper_23585.pdf
Everett, Tim and Ishwaran, Mallika and Ansaloni, Gian Paolo and Rubin, Alex (2010): Economic growth and the environment.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:23742
2019-09-26T21:56:17Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D43:4337:433733
7375626A656374733D43:4337:433732
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/23742/
A Differential game approach in the case of a polluting oligopoly
Halkos, George
C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games ; Evolutionary Games ; Repeated Games
C72 - Noncooperative Games
Q58 - Government Policy
In this paper we propose an oligopolistic market model of pollution, where demand is not linear and firms are revenue maximizers. Additionally we assume that the rate of purification is very small tending to zero and that each firm accumulates a pollution share depending for example on firm’s size. The game ends up with Markov strategies employed by all firms. Our findings show that under conditions it is possible a marginal decrease on the total pollution stock to increase firms’ discounted revenues. A reallocation caused by a uniform decrease in all firms pollution, reorders the marginal change of the pollution stocks in reverse of the original order of the allowed pollution.
2009
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/23742/1/MPRA_paper_23742.pdf
Halkos, George (2009): A Differential game approach in the case of a polluting oligopoly.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:24535
2019-10-02T19:59:32Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513238
7375626A656374733D51:5130:513031
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513235
7375626A656374733D51:5131:513138
7375626A656374733D51:5133:513338
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D51:5131:513135
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/24535/
Agricultural water management in Bulgaria
Bachev, Hrabrin
Q28 - Government Policy
Q01 - Sustainable Development
Q25 - Water
Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
Q38 - Government Policy
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure ; Land Reform ; Land Use ; Irrigation ; Agriculture and Environment
Q58 - Government Policy
This paper analyzes evolution and efficiency of water governance in Bulgarian agriculture during post-communist transition and EU integration. First, it defines the water governance and the scope of analysis. Next, it presents the process of transformation of agricultural water governance embracing all mechanisms and modes – institutional environment, market, private, public, and hybrid. Third, it assesses impacts of newly evolved system of governance on efficiency and sustainability. Finally, it suggests recommendations for improvement of public policies.
2010-08-01
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/24535/1/MPRA_paper_24535.pdf
Bachev, Hrabrin (2010): Agricultural water management in Bulgaria.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:24754
2019-09-26T14:12:49Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4436:443632
7375626A656374733D4C:4C31:4C3133
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513535
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/24754/
Firm Incentives for Environmental R&D under Non-cooperative and Cooperative Policies
Hattori, Keisuke
D62 - Externalities
L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
Q55 - Technological Innovation
Q58 - Government Policy
This paper investigates firm incentives for developing environmentally clean technologies in a simple two-country model with international oligopoly, and compares them under price and quantity regulations with and without policy cooperation between governments. Under any policy regime, whether firm incentives are either excessive or insufficient from a welfare point of view depends on the marginal environmental damage and the degree of emission spillovers. If the marginal damage is relatively large, a quantity instrument encourages innovation more than a price instrument. In addition, under either regime of price and quantity regulations, policy cooperation (harmonization) necessarily enhances welfare in each country, but it does not necessarily increase firms' innovation incentives.
2010-09-02
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/24754/1/MPRA_paper_24754.pdf
Hattori, Keisuke (2010): Firm Incentives for Environmental R&D under Non-cooperative and Cooperative Policies.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:25026
2019-10-03T11:31:16Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D4B:4B33:4B3332
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513532
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25026/
Voluntary pollution abatement and regulation in the presence of a green market
Michael, Delgado
Neha, Khanna
K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
Q58 - Government Policy
We present a model in which firms voluntarily abate emissions in a market that values environmental quality such that firms can charge a premium for goods that are environmentally friendly. Our results establish conditions under which mandatory abatement crowds out voluntary abatement, or, alternatively, provides an incentive for firms to increase their level of voluntary abatement in order to maintain product differentiation. In addition, we identify cases under which firms that do not abate voluntarily would support mandatory abatement if they are able to collectively pass off (at least part of) the costs of abatement to consumers. Our model predicts that regulatory policies that ignore voluntary abatement are likely to over-regulate non-abating firms compared to the level of regulation that accounts for voluntary abatement if consumer income levels in the green market are relatively high. If consumer income levels in the green market are relatively low, regulation may be ineffective in improving overall environmental quality.
2010-07-29
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25026/1/MPRA_paper_25026.pdf
Michael, Delgado and Neha, Khanna (2010): Voluntary pollution abatement and regulation in the presence of a green market.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:25037
2019-10-02T08:54:40Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
7375626A656374733D4C:4C36:4C3630
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25037/
Re-evaluating the success of the EPA's 33/50 program: evidence from facility participation
Martina, Vidovic
Neha, Khanna
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
Q58 - Government Policy
L60 - General
Using previously unavailable data, we examine facility participation in the 33/50 Program and its effect on aggregate and toxicity weighted emissions between1991 and 1995 for a sample of facilities whose parent firms committed to the Program. By focusing on individual facilities we avoid the biases created by aggregating emissions across facilities. We find that while more polluting facilities within a firm were more likely to participate, even when we account for the toxicity of emissions, across firms there is no evidence of greater participation by facilities with higher emissions. Although emissions of the 33/50 chemicals fell over the years, we find that participation in the Program did not lead to the decline in the 33/50 releases generated by these facilities.
2010-08-16
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25037/1/MPRA_paper_25037.pdf
Martina, Vidovic and Neha, Khanna (2010): Re-evaluating the success of the EPA's 33/50 program: evidence from facility participation.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:25075
2019-09-26T22:36:36Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25075/
The Challenges of Complying with the Kyoto Protocol
Grady, Patrick
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
This paper examines the evidence on the economic impact on Canada of complying with its commitment to reduce Greenhouse Gases by 6 per cent from 1990 levels under the Kyoto Protocol. It concludes that this would be extremely burdensome given the diverging trends of GHG emissions and the targets. And it notes that Canada may have no option other than to give the required notice under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change that it is withdrawing from the Kyoto Protocol.
2003-01-20
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25075/1/MPRA_paper_25075.pdf
Grady, Patrick (2003): The Challenges of Complying with the Kyoto Protocol.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:25268
2019-10-01T01:29:05Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:4434:443434
7375626A656374733D43:4339:433931
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25268/
The Effective Use of Limited Information: Do Bid Maximums Reduce Procurement Cost in Asymmetric Auctions?
Hellerstein, Daniel
Higgins, Nathaniel
D44 - Auctions
C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior
Q58 - Government Policy
Conservation programs faced with limited budgets often use a competitive enrollment mechanism. Goals of enrollment might include minimizing program expenditures, encouraging
broad participation, and inducing adoption of enhanced environmental practices. We use experimental methods to evaluate an auction mechanism that incorporates bid maximums and quality adjustments. We examine this mechanism’s performance characteristics when opportunity
costs are heterogeneous across potential participants, and when costs are only approximately known by the purchaser. We find that overly stringent maximums can increase overall
expenditures, and that when quality of offers is important, substantial increases in offer maximums can yield a better quality-adjusted result.
2010
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25268/3/MPRA_paper_25268.pdf
Hellerstein, Daniel and Higgins, Nathaniel (2010): The Effective Use of Limited Information: Do Bid Maximums Reduce Procurement Cost in Asymmetric Auctions? Published in: Agricultural and Resource Economics Review , Vol. 2, No. 39 (April 2010): pp. 288-304.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:25650
2019-09-28T16:34:20Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513531
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513537
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25650/
The diffusion dynamics of the informal sector and sustainable WEEE supply chain
Chen, Yenming
Wu, Tien-Hua
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services ; Biodiversity Conservation ; Bioeconomics ; Industrial Ecology
Q58 - Government Policy
Literature indicates that the main obstacle to better manage existing WEEE recycling supply chain in the developing countries is lake of environmental laws and/or lax enforcement, particularly in control instruments to overcome the difficulty of informal e-waste processing firms and its supply chain. Policy makers may rely on new legislative framework to control environmental performance and the health impacts of pollution; however, this strategy is not clearly effective as the informal nature of this supply chain blocks the enforcement efforts and causes the high cost of monitoring. Hence, it is definitely crucial to understand the interaction between the environmental policy options and economic consideration when achieving the sustainability of operations across the WEEE supply chain. In this study, we propose the simplest form of epidemic spreading, namely a criss-cross epidemic model, and aim to examine the legislative stringency for observing the diffusion dynamics of informal and formal sectors in an e-waste recycling system. We find that a diffusion threshold does exist and it is related to the regulatory stringency. Effective population changes dramatically if it grows beyond this diffusion threshold. In particular, a government agency is able to layout a minimal regulatory stringency so that the participants of the informal sector diminish quickly and eventually cease while the economy remains unhurt. We use a simplified numerical study to test the proposed criss-cross epidemic model. Based on significant findings, this paper provides managerial implications for developing the new environmental legislative framework which is not only feasible but also beneficial to achieving the sustainable WEEE supply chain.
2010-10-04
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25650/2/MPRA_paper_25650.pdf
Chen, Yenming and Wu, Tien-Hua (2010): The diffusion dynamics of the informal sector and sustainable WEEE supply chain.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:25978
2019-09-26T13:21:51Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:4438:443836
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513238
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513537
7375626A656374733D52:5235:523538
7375626A656374733D51:5133:513338
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513236
7375626A656374733D51:5131:513133
7375626A656374733D51:5131:513135
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513230
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443733
7375626A656374733D44:4432:443231
7375626A656374733D44:4430:443032
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513234
7375626A656374733D51:5130:513031
7375626A656374733D51:5131:513132
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513235
7375626A656374733D51:5131:513138
7375626A656374733D44:4432:443233
7375626A656374733D44:4430:443033
7375626A656374733D44:4437:443734
7375626A656374733D51:5133:513334
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513536
7375626A656374733D51:5132:513237
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25978/
Agro-Ecosystem Services – Governance Needs and Efficiency
Bachev, Hrabrin
D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory
Q28 - Government Policy
Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services ; Biodiversity Conservation ; Bioeconomics ; Industrial Ecology
R58 - Regional Development Planning and Policy
Q38 - Government Policy
Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure ; Land Reform ; Land Use ; Irrigation ; Agriculture and Environment
Q20 - General
D73 - Bureaucracy ; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations ; Corruption
D21 - Firm Behavior: Theory
D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact
Q24 - Land
Q01 - Sustainable Development
Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
Q25 - Water
Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
D23 - Organizational Behavior ; Transaction Costs ; Property Rights
D03 - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles
D74 - Conflict ; Conflict Resolution ; Alliances ; Revolutions
Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth
Q27 - Issues in International Trade
Q58 - Government Policy
This paper incorporates the interdisciplinary New Institutional and Transaction Costs Economics and suggests a holistic framework for analysis of management agro-ecosystem services. That new approach for analyses and assessment of management of agro-ecosystem services includes: definition of the agro-ecosystem services and the governance; specification of governance needs of agro-ecosystem services and the spectrum of available governing modes (formal and informal institutions, market, private, public and hybrid forms); assessment of efficiency of different modes of governance in terms of their potential to protect diverse eco-rights and investments, assure a socially desirable level of agro-ecosystem services, minimize overall costs, coordinate and stimulate eco-activities, meet individual and social preferences and reconcile conflicts of related agents etc.
2010-10
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25978/1/MPRA_paper_25978.pdf
Bachev, Hrabrin (2010): Agro-Ecosystem Services – Governance Needs and Efficiency.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:25993
2019-09-28T16:19:36Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D4B:4B34:4B3432
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25993/
Enforcement and over-compliance
Shimshack, Jay P.
Ward, Michael B.
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
Q58 - Government Policy
Economists generally view environmental enforcement as a tool to secure compliance with regulations. This paper demonstrates that credible enforcement significantly increases statutory over-compliance with regulations as well. We find that many plants with discharges typically below legally permitted levels reduce discharges further when regulators issue fines, even on other plants. Also, non-compliant plants often respond to sanctions by reducing
discharges well beyond reductions required by law. Thus, increased enforcement generates substantial discharge reductions above and beyond those expected from simply deterring violations.
2007
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25993/1/MPRA_paper_25993.pdf
Shimshack, Jay P. and Ward, Michael B. (2007): Enforcement and over-compliance. Published in: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management , Vol. 1, No. 55 (January 2008): pp. 90-105.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:25994
2019-09-26T08:50:34Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D4B:4B33:4B3332
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513533
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25994/
Regulator reputation, enforcement, and environmental compliance
Shimshack, Jay P.
Ward, Michael B.
K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
Q58 - Government Policy
This paper explores empirically the impact of enforcement efforts on environmental compliance, focusing on the role of regulator reputation spillover effects. We find that, on the margin, the impact of a fine for water pollutant violations is about a two-thirds reduction in the statewide violation rate in the year following a fine. This large result obtains through the regulator’s enhanced reputation; the deterrence impact on other plants in a state is almost as strong as the impact on the sanctioned plant. Focusing only on the response of the sanctioned plant, as in previous studies, may therefore seriously underestimate the efficacy of fines and other sanctions. This paper also examines the relative effectiveness of monitoring and enforcement instruments. Non-monetary sanctions contribute no detected impact on compliance, and the marginal fine induces substantially greater compliance than the marginal inspection.
2005
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25994/1/MPRA_paper_25994.pdf
Shimshack, Jay P. and Ward, Michael B. (2005): Regulator reputation, enforcement, and environmental compliance. Published in: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management , Vol. 50, No. 3 (November 2005): pp. 519-540.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:26185
2019-09-28T16:45:33Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D48:4834:483431
7375626A656374733D51:5130
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/26185/
Double Dipping in Environmental Markets
Woodward, Richard T
H41 - Public Goods
Q0 - General
Q58 - Government Policy
There is an increasing tendency to use markets to induce the provision of environmental services. As such markets increase in scope, potential market participants might sell multiple environmental services. The question we consider here is whether participants in such markets should be allowed to sell credits in more than one market simultaneously. Some have argued in favor of such “double dipping,” because it would make the provision of environmental services more profitable. In practice, however, most programs do not allow doubledipping. We show that if the optimal level of pollution abatement is sought, then double-dipping maximizes societal net benefits. However, if pollution policies are set in a piecemeal fashion, then the caps for each market are unlikely to be optimal and, in this second-best setting, a policy prohibiting double dipping can lead to greater social net benefits. We explore conditions under which a singlemarket
policy is preferred, or equivalently, where piecemeal policies are likely to yield particularly inefficient outcomes.
2010-04
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/26185/1/MPRA_paper_26185.pdf
Woodward, Richard T (2010): Double Dipping in Environmental Markets.
en
oai:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de:26310
2019-09-28T21:36:27Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31:4F3138
7375626A656374733D4C:4C37:4C3738
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31:4F3133
7375626A656374733D4F:4F33:4F3333
7375626A656374733D4C:4C37:4C3734
7375626A656374733D4F:4F31:4F3139
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513534
7375626A656374733D51:5135:513538
74797065733D7061706572
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/26310/
Harmonization of seismic hazard and risk reduction in the Vrancea zone: scientific results of a NATO research project
Zaicenco, Anton
Craifaleanu, Iolanda-Gabriela
Lungu, Dan
Paskaleva, Ivanka
Özcebe, Güney
O18 - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis ; Housing ; Infrastructure
L78 - Government Policy
O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products
O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes
L74 - Construction
O19 - International Linkages to Development ; Role of International Organizations
Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming
Q58 - Government Policy
The paper presents some of the main scientific
results achieved in the framework of a recently
completed NATO Science for Peace and Security
research project. The project aimed to harmonize
the different seismic hazard maps of Romania,
Moldova and Bulgaria and to develop standard
maps in Eurocode 8 format, reflecting the real transboundary
geophysical effects of the seismic
phenomenon. In order to achieve these results, an
important amount of research work in the field was
carried out by the project teams of the three
countries. The project also involved training of
young scientists in the fields of seismic hazard,
vulnerability and risk, organizing of seminars and
workshops with international experts and
upgrading the national seismic networks with new
digital equipments. The general coordination of
project activities and the evaluation of the project
progress were performed by a scientific team from
the Middle East Technical University (METU) in
Ankara, Turkey.
2009
MPRA Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/26310/1/MPRA_paper_26310.pdf
Zaicenco, Anton and Craifaleanu, Iolanda-Gabriela and Lungu, Dan and Paskaleva, Ivanka and Özcebe, Güney (2009): Harmonization of seismic hazard and risk reduction in the Vrancea zone: scientific results of a NATO research project. Published in: Constructii , Vol. VIII, No. 2/2009 (2009): pp. 34-51.
en
metadataPrefix%3Doai_dc%26offset%3D26311%26set%3D7375626A656374733D51%253A5135%253A513538