Gender differences in time allocation to paid and unpaid work: Evidence from Urban Guatemala, 2000-2014

Espino, Ilya and Hermeto, Ana and Luz, Luciana (2020): Gender differences in time allocation to paid and unpaid work: Evidence from Urban Guatemala, 2000-2014.

Abstract

This paper examines the effects of individual and household characteristics on time allocation decisions for both women and men, and how these effects have evolved in Urban Guatemala using data from the National Survey of Living Conditions (2000 and 2004). We built a multivariate Tobit to model the decision of individuals to allocate time, distinguishing between three different types of time uses: housework, childcare, and paid work. The results reveal that time allocation is strongly determined by gender. For both periods, on average, women devote more time to housework and childcare than men, while men spent more hours in paid work than their counterparts. Although offering fewer hours of paid work, women frequently accumulate both unpaid and paid work, while men specialize in market work. Moreover, women's time allocation is more responsive to individuals and household characteristics than men in both periods. Finally, we find that educational attainment plays a central role in shaping how individuals allocate their time between market and non-market activities, especially for women. For instance, while housework time is negatively associated with education level, time devoted to childcare increases with instruction.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: time use, gender, housework, childcare, paid work, Guatemala
• Subjects: D - Microeconomics > D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics; D - Microeconomics > D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics > D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation; J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor > J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O5 - Economywide Country Studies > O54 - Latin America ; Caribbean

References

Addati, L., Cattaneo, U., Esquivel, V., & Valarino, I. (2018). Care work and care jobs for the future of decent work. Geneva: ILO. Amemiya, T. (1985). Advanced Econometrics. Harvard: Harvard University Press. Anxo, D., Mencarini, L., Pailhé, A., Solaz, A., Tanturri, M. L., & Flood, L. (2011). Gender differences in time use over the life course in France, Italy, Sweden, and the US. Feminist economics, 17(3), 159-195. doi: 10.1080/13545701.2011.582822 Apps, P., & Rees, R. (2005). Gender, time use, and public policy over the life cycle. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 21(3), 439-461. doi: 10.1093/oxrep/gri025 Bardasi, E., & Wodon, Q. (2010). Working Long Hours and Having No Choice Time Poverty in Guinea. Feminist Economist, 16(3), 45-78. doi: 10.1080/13545701.2010.508574 Becker, G. S. (1965). A Theory of the Allocation of Time. The economic journal, 75(299), 493-517. doi: 10.2307/2228949 Becker, G. S. (1991). A Treatise on the Family. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Benería, L., Berik. G., & M. Floro, M. (2015). Gender, Development and Globalization: Economics as if All People Mattered. Routledge. Bianchi, S. M., Milkie, M. A., Sayer, L. C., & Robinson, J. P. (2000). Is anyone doing the housework? Trends in the gender division of household labor. Social forces, 79(1), 191-228. doi: 10.1093/sf/79.1.191 Bianchi, S. M., & Raley, S. B. (2005). Time Allocation in Families”, in SM Bianchi, LM Casper & RB King (eds.), Work, Family, Health, and Well-being (pp. 21-42). Mahwah: Erlbaum. Bianchi, S. M., Robinson, J. P., & Milke, M. A. (2006). The changing rhythms of American family life. Russell Sage Foundation. Bianchi, S., Lesnard, L., Nazio, T., & Raley, S. (2014). Gender and time allocation of cohabiting and married women and men in France, Italy, and the United States. Demographic Research, 31(8), 183-216. doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2014.31.8 Bloemen, H. G., Pasqua, S., & Stancanelli, E. G. (2010). An empirical analysis of the time allocation of Italian couples: are they responsive?. Review of Economics of the Household, 8(3), 345-369. doi: 10.1007/s11150-009-9083-4 Boye, K. (2008). Happy hour? Studies on well-being and time spent on paid and unpaid work (Doctoral dissertation, Institutet för social forskning (SOFI)). CEDLAS, and World Bank. (2019). Socioeconomic data base for Latin American and the Caribbean. Retrieved from: <https://www.cedlas.econo.unlp.edu.ar/wp/en/estadisticas/>, accessed on December 18th, 2019. Campaña, J.C., Giménez-Nadal, J.I. & Molina, J.A. (2020). Self-employed and employed mothers in Latin American families: are there differences in paid-work, unpaid work and child care?”. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 41, 52-69. doi:10.1007/s10834-020-09660-5. Campaña, J.C., Giménez, J.I. & Molina, J.A. (2018). Gender norms and the gendered distribution of total work in Latin American households. Feminist Economics, 24(1), 35-62. doi: 10.1080/13545701.2017.1390320. Campaña, J.C., Giménez, J.I. & Molina, J.A. (2017). Increasing the human capital of children in Latin American countries: the role of parents’ time in childcare. Journal of Development Studies, 56(3), 805-825. doi:10.1080/00220388.2016.1208179. Canelas, C., & Salazar, S. (2014). Gender and ethnic inequalities in LAC countries IZA. Journal of Labor and Development, 3(18), 1-15. doi: 10.1186/2193-9020-3-18 Connelly, R., & J. Kimmel. (2010). The Time Use of Mothers in the United States at the Beginning of the 21st Century. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute. Coverman, S. (1985). Explaining husband's participation in domestic labor. Sociological Quarterly, 86(1), 81-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1985.tb00217.x Craig, L., & Bittman, M. (2008). The Incremental Time Costs of Children: An Analysis of Children’s Impact on Adult Time Use in Australia. Feminist Economics, 14(2), 59-88. doi: 10.1080/13545700701880999 Dayioglu, M.; K., & Kirdar, M. (2010). Determinants of and Trends in Labor Force Participation of Women in Turkey (English). Welfare and Social Policy Analytical Work Program; Working Paper No. 5. Washington DC: The World Bank. Ferrant, G., Pesando, L. M., & Nowacka, K. (2014). Unpaid Care Work: The missing link in the analysis of gender gaps in labour outcomes. Boulogne Billancourt: OECD Development Center. García-Mainar, I., Molina, J. A., & Montuenga, V. M. (2011). Gender differences in childcare: time allocation in five European countries. Feminist Economics, 17(1), 119-150. doi: 10.1080/13545701.2010.542004 Gammage, S. (2010). Time Pressed and Time Poor: Unpaid Household Work in Guatemala. Feminist Economics , 16(3), 79-112. doi: 10.1080/13545701.2010.498571 Gimenez-Nadal, J. I., & Molina, J. A. (2013). Parents’ education as a determinant of educational childcare time. Journal of Population Economics, 26(2), 719-749. doi: 10.1007/s00148-012-0443-7 Goldscheider, F., Bernhardt, E., & Lappegard, T. (2015). The gender revolution: A framework for understanding changing family and demographic behavior. Population and Development Review, 41(2), 207-239. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00045 Gracia, P. (2014). Fathers' Child Care Involvement and Children's Age in Spain: A Time Use Study on Differences by Education and Mothers' Employment. European Sociological Review, 30(2), 137-150. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcu037 Gracia, P., Ghysels, J., & Vercammen, K. (2011). Parental Care Time in Four European Countries: Comparing Types and Contexts. DemoSoc Working Papers, No. 41. Greenstein, T. N. (2000). Economic Dependence, Gender, and the Division of Labor in the Home: A Replication and Extension. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(2), 322-335. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00322.x Gronau, R. (1977). Leisure, Home Production, and Work-The Theory of the Allocation of Time Revisited. Journal of Political Economy, 85( 6), 1099-1123. doi: 10.1086/260629 Guryan, J., Hurst, E., & Kearney, M. (2008). Parental education and parental time with children. Journal of Economic perspectives, 22(3), 23-46. doi: 10.1257/jep.22.3.23 Hank, K., & Buber, I. (2009). Grandparents Caring for their Grandchildren: Findings From the 2004 Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe. Journal of Family Issues, 30(1), 53-73. doi: 10.1177/0192513X08322627 Hochschild, A., & Machung, A. (1989). The second shift (pp. 352). New York: Viking, INE. (2002). Perfil de la Pobreza en Guatemala. Guatemala City: INE. INE. (2014). Principales Resultados ENCOVI (2014). Guatemala City: INE. Kalenkoski, C. M., Ribar, D. C., & Stratton, L. S. (2005). Parental child care in single-parent, cohabiting, and married-couple families: Time-diary evidence from the United Kingdom. American Economic Review, 95(2), 194-198. doi: 10.1257/000282805774670176 Kongar E., & Memiş, E. (2017). Gendered Patterns of Time Use over the Life Cycle in Turkey. In: Connelly R., Kongar E. (eds) Gender and Time Use in a Global Context. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Lawson, D. (2007). A Gendered Analysis of Time Poverty, The Importance of Infrastructure. Pasqua, S., & Mancini, A. L. (2012). Asymmetries and interdependencies in time use between Italian parents. Applied Economics, 44(32), 4153-4171. doi: 10.1080/00036846.2011.587782 Mannino, C. A., & Deutsch, F. M. (2007). Changing the division of household labor: A negotiated process between partners. Sex Roles, 56(5-6), 309-324. doi: 10.1007/s11199-006-9181-1 Mare, R. D. (2011). A multigenerational view of inequality. Demography, 48(1) 1-23. doi: 10.1007/s13524-011-0014-7 Milosavljevic, V., & Tacla Chamy, O. (2007). Incorporando un módulo de uso del tiempo a las encuestas de hogares: restricciones y potencialidades. Santiago de Chile: ECLAC. Molina, J. A. (2015). Caring within the family: Reconciling work and family life. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 30(3), 237-251. doi: 10.1007/s10834-015-9441-8 Nelson, F., & Olson, L. (1978). Specification and estimation of a simultaneous-equation model with limited dependent variables. International Economic Review, 19(3), 695-709.doi: 10.2307/2526334 Rubiano-Matulevich, E., & Viollaz, M. (2019). Gender Differences in Time Use: Allocating Time between the Market and the Household. Washington DC, The World Bank. Sayer, L. C., Bianchi, S. M., & Robinson, J. P. (2004). Are parents investing less in children? Trends in mothers’ and fathers’ time with children. American journal of sociology, 110(1), 1-43. doi: 10.1086/386270 Sayer, L. C., England, P., Bittman, M., & Bianchi, S. M. (2009). How long is the second (plus first) shift? Gender differences in paid, unpaid, and total work time in Australia and the United States. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 40(4), 523-545. doi: 10.3138/jcfs.40.4.523 Sayer, L. C. (2016). Trends in women's and men's time use, 1965-2012: Back to the future? In SM. McHale, V. King, J. Van Hook, & A. Booth (eds.), Gender and Couple Relationships (pp. 43-77). Geneva, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. Shelton, B. A. (1992). Women and men, and Time: Gender differences in Paid work, Housework, and Leisure. Greenwood Press. Stratton, L. S. (2015). The determinants of housework time. IZA World of Labor. Sullivan, O. (2010). Changing differences by educational attainment in fathers’domestic labour and child care. Sociology, 4(4), 716-733. doi: 10.1177/0038038510369351 Sullivan, O. (2011). An end to gender display through the performance of housework? A Review and Reassessment of The Quantitative Literature Using Insights from The Qualitative Literature. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 3(1), 1-13. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00074.x Sullivan, O. (2013). What Do We Learn About Gender by Analyzing Housework Separately From Child Care? Some Considerations From Time-Use Evidence. Journal Family Theory review, 5(2), 72-84. doi: 10.1111/jftr.12007 Sullivan, O., Billari, F. C., & Altintas, E. (2014). Fathers’ changing contributions to child care and domestic work in very low–fertility countries: The effect of education. Journal of Family Issues, 35(8), 1048-1065. doi: 10.1177/0192513X14522241 Tobin, J. (1958). Estimation of Relationships for Limited Dependent Variables. Econometrica, 26(1), 24-36. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) (2015). Mean years of school (of adults) (years) UNDP. Retrieved from <http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/mean-years-schooling-adults-years>, accessed on March 2015. Yeung, W. J., Sandberg, J. F., Davis-Kean, P. E., & Hofferth, S. L. (2001). Children's time with fathers in intact families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(1), 136-154. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00136.x