The Impact of New Doctorate Graduates on Innovation Systems in Europe

Leogrande, Angelo and Costantiello, Alberto and Laureti, Lucio (2022): The Impact of New Doctorate Graduates on Innovation Systems in Europe.

Abstract

In this article we investigate the determinants of “New Doctorate Graduates” in Europe. We use data from the EIS-European Innovation Scoreboard of the European Commission for 36 countries in the period 2010-2019 with Pooled OLS, Dynamic Panel, WLS, Panel Data with Fixed Effects and Panel Data with Random Effects. We found that “New Doctorate Graduates” is positively associated, among others, with “Human Resources” and “Government Procurement of Advanced Technology Products” and negatively, associated among others, with “Total Entrepreneurial Activity” and “Innovation Index”. We apply a clusterization with k-Means algorithm either with the Silhouette Coefficient either with the Elbow Method and we found that in both cases the optimal number of clusters is three. Furthermore, we use the Network Analysis with the Distance of Manhattan, and we find the presence of seven network structures. Finally, we propose a confrontation among ten machine learning algorithms to predict the value of “New Doctorate Graduates” either with Original Data-OD either with Augmented Data-AD. Results show that SGD-Stochastic Gradient Descendent is the best predictor for OD while Linear Regression performs better for AD.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: Innovation, and Invention: Processes and Incentives; Management of Technological Innovation and R&D; Diffusion Processes; Open Innovation.
• Subjects: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O3 - Innovation ; Research and Development ; Technological Change ; Intellectual Property Rights; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O3 - Innovation ; Research and Development ; Technological Change ; Intellectual Property Rights > O30 - General; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O3 - Innovation ; Research and Development ; Technological Change ; Intellectual Property Rights > O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D

References

[1] J. Randall, J. A. Rios e H. J. Jung, «A Longitudinal analysis of doctoral graduate supply in the educational measurement field,» Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, vol. 40, n. 1, pp. 59-68, 2021.

[2] L. M. Dos Santos e H. F. Lo, «The Development of Doctoral Degree Curriculum in England: Perspectives from Professional Doctoral Degree Graduates,» International Journal of Education Policy and Leadership, vol. 6, n. n6., p. 13, 2018.

[3] H. J. Goodall, V. A. Huggins, L. A. Webber e K. L. Wickett, «From student to graduate: Four learners’ perspectives of the professional doctorate journey,» Management in Education, vol. 31, n. 4, pp. 180-186, 2017.

[4] L. C. Wickramasinghe e J. G. Borger, «The new age of the PhD: Transforming the PhD from a product to a process,» Journal of Life Sciences, vol. 2, n. 1, 2020.

[5] M. Cattaneo, P. Malighetti e S. Paleari, «The Italian brain drain: cream and milk,» Higher Education, vol. 77, n. 4, pp. 603-622, 2019.

[6] A. Haapakorpi, «Doctorate holders outside the academy in Finland: academic engagement and industry-specific competence,» Journal of Education and Work, vol. 30, n. 1, pp. 53-68, 2017.

[7] J. Subramanian e W. M. Thomson, «The learning environment in professional doctorate and postgraduate dental education: a qualitative study,» European Journal of Dental Education, vol. 21, n. 4, pp. 261-271, 2017.

[8] B. Wadham e N. Parkin, «Strange new world: Being a professional and the professional doctorate in the twenty-first century,» Innovations in Education and Teaching International, vol. 54, n. 6, pp. 615-624, 2017.

[9] J. Hou, Z. Wang, X. Liu, Y. Luo, S. Sabharwal, N. Wang e Q. Meng, «Public health education at China’s higher education institutions: a time-series analysis from 1998 to 2012,» BMC public health, vol. 18, n. 1, pp. 1-8, 2018.

[10] A. Zygmunt, «An analysis of innovation framework conditions between Poland and the other Moderate Innovators countries,» Vision, pp. 1455-1464, 2020.

[11] F. Valencia-Forrester, «Internships and the PhD: Is This the Future Direction of Work�Integrated Learning in Australia?,» International Journal of Work-Integrated Learning, vol. 20, n. 4, pp. 389-400, 2019.

[12] V. Anderson e J. Gold, «The value of the research doctorate: A conceptual examination,» The International Journal of Management Education, vol. 3, n. 100305, p. 17, 2019.

[13] A. Leogrande, A. Massaro e A. M. Galiano, «The Determinants of Human Resources in European Countries During the Period 2010-2019,» American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR), vol. 4, n. 9, pp. 145-171, 2020.

[14] A. Leogrande e A. Costantiello, «Human Resources in Europe. Estimation, Clusterization, Machine Learning and Prediction,» American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR),, 2021.

[15] A. Leogrande, A. Costantiello e L. Laureti, «The Export of Medium and High-Tech Products Manufactured in Europe,» SSRN, 2022.

[16] A. Costantiello, A. Leogrande e L. Laureti, «The corporate innovation in Europe,» SSRN , n. 3964043, 2021.

[17] A. Leogrande, A. Costantiello e L. Laureti, «k-Means Clusterization and Machine Learning Prediction of European Most Cited Scientific Publications,» SSRN, 2022.

[18] A. Costantiello, L. Laureti, A. Leogrande e M. Matarrese, «The Innovation Linkages in Europe,» SSRN , n. 3983218, 2021.

[19] L. Laureti, A. Costantiello, M. Matarrese e A. Leogrande, «Enterprises Providing ICT Training in Europe,» SSRN, 2022.

[20] A. Leogrande, N. Magaletti, G. Cosoli, V. Giardinelli e A. Massaro, «ICT Specialists in Europe,» SSRN, 2022.

[21] A. Leogrande, N. Magaletti, G. Cosoli, V. Giardinelli e A. Massaro, «The Determinants of Internet User Skills in Europe,» SSRN , n. 4113155, 2022.

[22] A. Costantiello, L. Laureti, G. De Cristoforo e A. Leogrande, «The Innovation-Sales Growth Nexus in Europe,» SSRN , n. 3933407, 2021.

[23] L. Laureti, A. Costantiello, M. Matarrese e A. Leogrande, «Foreign Doctorate Students in Europe,» SSRN , n. 4032975, 2022.

[24] A. Leogrande, A. Costantiello e L. Laureti, «The Impact of Venture Capital Expenditures on Innovation in Europe,» SSRN , n. 3930697, 2021.

[25] L. Laureti, A. Costantiello e A. Leogrande, «The Finance-Innovation Nexus in Europe,» IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, vol. 7, n. 12, pp. 11-55, 2020.

[26] A. Leogrande, A. Costantiello, L. Laureti e M. Matarrese, «International Scientific Co�Publications in Europe,» SSRN , n. 4117970, 2022.

[27] A. Leogrande, A. Massaro e A. M. Galiano, «The attractiveness of European research systems,» American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR), vol. 4, n. 10, pp. 72-101, 2020.

[28] A. Costantiello e A. Leogrande, «The Innovation-Employment Nexus in Europe,» ,American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR), vol. 4, n. 11, pp. 166-187, 2021.

[29] A. Costantiello, L. Laureti e A. Leogrande, «The Determinants of Firm Investments in Research and Development,» International Virtual Academic Conference Education and Social Sciences Business and Economics, 2021.

[30] A. Costantiello, L. Laureti e A. Leogrande, « The Determinants of Lifelong Learning in Europe,» SSRN, 2022.

[31] A. Leogrande, G. Birardi, A. Massaro e A. M. Galiano, «Italian Universities: Institutional Mandate and Communitarian Engagement,» European Journal of Educational Management, vol. 2, n. 2, pp. 85-110, 2019.

[32] A. Costantiello, L. Laureti e A. Leogrande, «The SMEs Innovation in Europe,» SSRN , n. 3964059, 2021.

[33] A. Leogrande, L. Laureti e A. Costantiello, «The Innovation Index in Europe,» SSRN , n. 4091597, 2022.

[34] A. Leogrande, A. Massaro e A. M. Galiano, «The Determinants of Innovation in European Countries in the period 2010-2019,» American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR), vol. 4, n. 8, pp. 91-126, 2020.