Coverage of Essential Early Childhood Development Interventions in Uganda

Tsimpo, Clarence and Wodon, Quentin (2016): Coverage of Essential Early Childhood Development Interventions in Uganda.

Abstract

This study relies on nationally representative household surveys and qualitative fieldwork to measure the coverage of essential early childhood interventions in Uganda and document some of the obstacles faced by households to benefit from the interventions. For 18 of 25 essential interventions, information is available in the data sources used for the study. After a methodological chapter, the study first analyzes the extent to which households with young children benefit from support programs and policies for families. Access to healthcare and the availability of micronutrient supplementation are discussed next, followed by access to safe water and sanitation including hand washing. Services related to pregnancies and deliveries are then discussed. The last sets of interventions are related respectively to child growth and development and to preschools and the transition to primary schools.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: Early Childhood Development, Education, Health, Social Protection
• Subjects: I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I1 - Health; I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I2 - Education and Research Institutions; I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty

References

Abadzi, H., 2006, Efficient learning for the poor: Insights from the frontier of cognitive neuroscience, Washington, DC: World Bank. Aboud, F., and S. Akhter, 2011, A cluster-randomized evaluation of a responsive stimulation and feeding intervention in Bangladesh, Pediatrics 127(5): 1191–7. Alderman H, editor, 2011, No Small Matter: The Impact of Poverty, Shocks and Human Capital Investments in Early Childhood Development, Washington, DC: World Bank. Alderman, H., L. Elder, A. Goyal, A. Herforth, Y. T. Hoberg, A., Marini, J. Ruel-Bergeron, J. Saavedra, M. Shekar, and S. Tiwari, 2013, Improving Nutrition through Multisectoral Approaches, Washington, DC: World Bank. Arnold, C., K. Bartlett, S. Gowani, and R. Merali, 2006, Is everybody ready? Readiness, transition and continuity: Reflections and moving forward, paper commissioned for the EFA Global Monitoring Report 2007, UNESCO, Paris. Baltussen, R., C. Knai, and M. Sharan, 2004, Iron fortification and iron supplementation are cost-effective interventions to reduce iron deficiency in four subregions of the world, Journal of Nutrition 134: 2678–84. Barnighausen, T., D. Bloom, D. Canning, A. Friedman, O. Levine, J, O’Brien, L. Privor-Dumm, and D. Walker, 2009, Copenhagen Consensus: Best practice paper: The economic case for expanding vaccination coverage of children, http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com. Barrientos, A., J. Byrne, J. M. Villa, and P. Peña, 2013, Social transfers and child protection, Office of Research Working Paper, UNICEF, New York. Barungi, M., and I. Kasirye, 2011, Cost-effectiveness of water interventions: The case for public-stand pipes and bore-holes in reducing diarrhea among urban children in Uganda, Economic Policy Research Center, Kampala. Bbaale, E., and F. Buyinza, 2012, Micro-analysis of mother’s education and child mortality: Evidence from Uganda, Journal of International Development, 24 (S1): S138–58. Bentley, M. E., Vazir S, Engle PL, et al., 2010, A home-based educational intervention to caregivers in south India to improve complementary feeding and responsive feeding, and psychosocial stimulation increases dietary intake, growth and development of infants. FASEB Journal 24 (suppl): 564.14. Bhutta, Z., J. Das, A. Rizvi, M. Gaffey, N. Walker, S. Horton, P. Webb, A. Lartey, and R. Black, for the Maternal and Child Undernutrition Group, 2013, Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: What can be done and at what cost? The Lancet 382 (9890): 452–77. Bhutta, Z., T. Ahmet, R. Black, et al. 2008. What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival, The Lancet, 371 (9610): 417–40. Black, R. E., C. G. Victora, S. P. Walker, and the Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group, 2013, Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries, The Lancet 382 (9890): 427–51. Cairncross S., C. Hunt, S. Boisson, et al., 2010, Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhea, International Journal of Epidemiology 39 (Suppl. 1): i193–205. Ching, P., M. Birmingham, T. Goodman, R. Sutter, and B. Loevinsohn, 2000, Childhood mortality impact and costs of integrating vitamin A supplementation into immunization campaigns, American Journal of Public Health 90 (10): 1526–29. Consultative Group on Early Childhood Care and Development, 1991, Preparing Children for Schools and Schools for Children, New York: UNICEF. Currie, J., and D. Thomas, 1999, Early test scores, socioeconomic status and future outcomes, NBER Working Paper 6943, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. Denboba, A., R. Sayre, Q. Wodon, L. Elder, L. Rawlings, and J. Lombardi, 2014, Stepping Up Early Childhood Development: Investing in Young Children with High Returns, Washington, DC: World Bank. Dillingham, R., and R. L. Guerrant, 2004, Childhood stunting: Measuring and stemming the staggering costs of inadequate water and sanitation, The Lancet, 363 (9403): 94–5. Engle, P. L., Fernald, H. Alderman, J. Behrman, C. O’Gara, A. Yousafzai, M. Cabral de Mello, M. Hidrobo, N. Ulkuer, and the Global Child Development Steer Group, 2011, Strategies for reducing inequalities and improving developmental outcomes for young children in low-income and middle-income countries, The Lancet, 378 (9799): 1339–53. Esrey, A., 1996, Water, waste, and well-being: A multi-country study, American Journal of Epidemiology 143 (6): 608. Esrey, S. A., J. B. Potash, L. Roberts, and C. Shiff, 1991, Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 69 (5): 609–21. Fabian, H., and A. W. Dunlop, 2007, Outcomes of good practice in transition processes for children entering primary school, Working Paper 42, The Hague, the Netherlands: Bernard van Leer Foundation. Fay, M., D. Leipziger, Q. Wodon, and T. Yepes, 2005, Achieving child-health-related millennium development goals: The role of infrastructure, World Development, 33 (8): 1267–84. Feinstein, L., 2003, Inequality in the early cognitive development of British children in the 1970 cohort, Economica 70 (1): 73–97. Fiedler, J. L., 2000, The Nepal national vitamin A program: Prototype to emulate or donor enclave? Health Policy and Planning 15 (2): 145–56. Grantham-McGregor, S., S. Walker, S. Chang, and C. Powell, 1997, Effects of early childhood supplementation with and without stimulation on later development in stunted Jamaican Children, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66: 247–53. Greenberg, J., 2011, The impact of maternal education on children’s enrollment in early childhood education and care, Lehman College/CUNY, New York. Heckman, J. J., and D. V. Masterov, 2007, The productivity argument for investing in young children, Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 29 (3): 446–93. Heckman, J. J., S. H. Moon, R. Pinto, P. A. Savalyev, and A. Yavitz, 2009, The rate of return to the High/Scope Perry Pre-school Program, Working Paper 200936, Geary Institute, University College Dublin. Heymann, J., A. Raub, and A. Earle, 2011, Creating and using new data sources to analyze the relationship between social policy and global health: The case of maternal leave, Public Health Reports 126 (3): 127–34. Horton, S., 1992, United costs, cost-effectiveness, and financing of nutrition interventions, HNP Working Paper No. 952, World Bank, Washington, DC. Horton, S., and J. Ross, 2003, The economics of iron deficiency, Food Policy 28 (1): 51–75. Horton, S., H. Alderman, and J. Rivera, 2008, Copenhagen Consensus 2008 Challenge paper: Hunger and malnutrition, http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com. Horton, S., M. Shekar, C. McDonald, A. Mahal, and J. K. Brooks, 2010, Scaling Up Nutrition: What Will it Cost? Washington, DC: World Bank. Hotez, P. J., D. A. Bundy K. Beegle, S. Brooker, L. Drake, N. D. Silva, A. Montresor, D. Engels, M. Jukes, L. Chitsulo, J. Chow, R. Laxminarayan, C. M. Michaud, J. Bethony, O. Correa, X. Shu Hua, A. Fenwick, and L. Savioli, 2006, Helminth infections: Soil transmitted helminth infections and schistosomiasis, in Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition, Washington, DC: World Bank and Oxford University Press. Hutton, G., and L. Haller, 2004, Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level, Geneva: World Health Organization. ILO, 2010, Workplace Solutions for Childcare, Geneva: International Labour Organization. Immervoll, H., and D. Barber, 2005, Can parents afford to work? Childcare costs, tax-benefit policies and work incentives, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Paper No. 31, OECD Publishing, Paris. Jalan, J. and M. Ravallion, 2003, Does Piped water reduce diarrhea for children in rural India? Journal of Econometrics 112: 153–73. Janus, M., and D. Offord, 2000, Readiness to learn at school, ISUMA, 1 (2): 71–5. Kosek, M., C. Bern, and L. R. Guerrant, 2003, The global burden of diarrheal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000, Bulletin of the World Health Organanization 81: 197–204. Landry S., K. Smith, and P. Swank, 2006, Responsive parenting: Establishing early foundations for social, communication, and independent problem-solving skills, Developmental Psychology, 42 (4): 627–42. Laxminarayan, R., J. Chow, and S. A. Shahid-Salles, 2006, Intervention cost-effectiveness: Overview of main messages, in D. T. Jamison, J. G. Breman, A. R. Measham, et al., editors, Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition, Washington, DC: World Bank. Lombardi, J., A. Mosle, N. Patel, R. Schumacher, and J. Stedron, 2014, Gateways to two generations: the potential for early childhood programs and partnerships to support children and parents together, Aspen Institute, Washington, DC. Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development, 2010, Millennium Development Goals Report for Uganda 2010, Special theme: Accelerating Progress towards Improving Maternal Health, Kampala: Republic of Uganda. Ministry of Health, 2009, The Revised Child Health Card, Kampala: Republic of Uganda. Ministry of Water and Environment, 2013, Water and Environment Sector Performance Report 2013, Ministry of Water and Environment, Kampala. Moe, L. C., and D. R. Rheingans, 2006, Global challenges in water, sanitation and health, Journal of Water and Health, 4 Suppl.: 41–57. Myers, R., and C. Landers, 1989, Preparing children for schools and schools for children, Discussion paper prepared for the fifth meeting of the Consultative Group on Early Childhood Care and Development, Paris: UNESCO. Nelson, C., 2007, A neurobiological perspective on early human deprivation, Child Development Perspectives 1 (1), 13–18. Neuman, M. and A. Devercelli, 2013, Investing early: Matters most for early childhood development: A framework paper, Washington, DC World Bank.. Pianta, R., K. LaParo, and B. Hamre, 2007, Classroom Assessment Scoring System—CLASS, Baltimore: Brookes. Reynolds, A. J., J. A. Temple, D. L. Robertson, and E. A. Mann, 2001, Long term effects of an early childhood intervention on educational achievement and juvenile arrest: A 15-year follow-up of low-income children in public schools, Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (18): 2339–46. Rijsberman, F. and A. P. Zwane, 2012, Copenhagen Consensus 2012 challenge paper: Water and sanitation, http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com. Robberstad, B., T. Strand, R. E. Black, and H. Sommerfelt, 2004, Cost-effectiveness of zinc as adjunct therapy for acute childhood diarrhea in developing countries, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 82 (7): 523–31. Rolnick, A. J., and R. Grunewald, 2007, The economics of early childhood development as seen by two Fed economists, Community Investments 19 (2), Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Rosen, S., and J. R. Vincent, 1999, Household water resources and rural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa: A review of the evidence, Working Paper, Harvard University Centre for International Development. Ruel, M., and H. Alderman for the Maternal and Child Undernutrition Group, 2013, Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: How can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? The Lancet 382: 536–51. Schady, N. C. Araujo, P. Carneiro, and Y. Cruz-Aguyao, 2014, Is kindergarten too late? Presentation at Institute of Medicine Forum: Investing in young children globally, April 2014, Washington, DC. Schuster-Wallace, J. C., I. V. Grover, Z. Adeel, U. Confalonieri, and S. Elliot, 2008, Safe Water as the Key to Global Health, Hamilton, Ontario: United Nations University International Network on Water. Schweinhart, L. J., J. Montie, Z. Xiang, W. S. Barnett, C. R. Belfield, and M. Nores, 2005, Lifetime effects: The High/Scope Perry Pre-School Study through age 40, High/Scope Educational Research Foundation, Ypsilanti, Michigan. Seyfried, L., 2011, Family planning and maternal health: The effects of family planning on maternal health in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Spears, D., 2013, How much international variation in child height can sanitation explain? Policy Research Working Paper No. 6351, World Bank, Washington, DC. Tsimpo, C., and Q. Wodon, 2016a, Piped Water in Uganda, Washington, DC: World Bank. Tsimpo, C., and Q. Wodon, 2016b, Water and Sanitation in Uganda, Washington, DC: World Bank. Uganda Bureau of Statistics, 2012, Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2011, Kampala, Uganda: Uganda Bureau of Statistics. Uganda Bureau of Statistics, 2012, Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2011, Kampala: Uganda Bureau of Statistics. UNESCO, 2014, Early Childhood Care and Education: Addressing Quality in Formal Pre-primary Learning Environments, Paris: UNESCO. UNICEF, 2009, The State of the World’s Children- Maternal and Newborn Health, New York: UNICEF. UNICEF, 2012, Fact sheet: Birth registration, http://www.unicef.org/newsline/2003/03fsbirthregistration.htm. Walker, S. P., T. D. Wachs, S. Grantham-McGregor, M. M. Black, C. A. Nelson, S. L. Huffman, H. Baker-Hennningham, S. M. Chang, J. D. Hamadani, B. Lozoff, J. M. Meeks Gardner, C. A. Powell, A. Rahman, and L. Richter, 2011, Inequality in early childhood: Risk and protective factors for early child development, The Lancet, 378: 1325–38. WHO, 2014, Family Planning, Geneva: World Health Organization. World Bank, 2010, Water and Development: An Evaluation of World Bank Support, 1997–2007, Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank, 2012, Uganda Early Childhood Development SABER Country Report, Washington, DC: World Bank. Young, M. E., editor, 2002, From Early Child Development to Human Development, Washington, DC: World Bank. Zwane, A. P. and M. Kremer, 2007, What works in fighting diarrheal diseases in developing countries? A critical review, World Bank Research Observer 22 (1): 1–24.