Review of Adaptation and Mitigation Practices in Rice Farming under a Climate-Smart Agriculture Framework

Suarez, Ronny (2026): Review of Adaptation and Mitigation Practices in Rice Farming under a Climate-Smart Agriculture Framework.

Abstract

This article synthesizes key adaptation and mitigation practices in rice farming through a Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) lens, with particular emphasis on water management, crop and soil management, nutrient and residue management, and integrated pest management.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: mitigation, adaptation, rice, CSA
• Subjects: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q1 - Agriculture > Q10 - General

References

Arenas-Calle, L. N., Heinemann, A. B., Soler da Silva, M. A., dos Santos, A. B., Ramirez-Villegas, J., Whitfield, S., and Challinor, A. J. (2022). Rice management decisions using process-based models with climate-smart indicators. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6.

Arouna, A., Dzomeku, I. K., Shaibu, A.-G., and Nurudeen, A. R. (2023). Water management for sustainable irrigation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production: A review. Agronomy, 13(6).

Bueno, M. V., Campos, A. D. S. de, da Silva, J. J. T., Massey, J., Timm, L. C., Faria, L. C., Roel, A., and Parfitt, J. M. B. (2020). Improving the drainage and irrigation efficiency of lowland soils: Land-forming options for southern Brazil. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 146(8).

Chaudhary, A., Mishra, A. K., Venkatramanan, V., and Sharma, S. (2025). Enhancing yield and GHG mitigation through site-specific nutrient management for transplanted and direct-seeded rice in Odisha, India. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 9.

Chen, G., Duan, Q., Wu, C., He, X., Hu, M., Li, C., Ouyang, Y., Peng, L., Yang, H., Zhang, Q., Jiang, Q., Lan, Y., and Li, T. (2024). Optimizing rice yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency through combined application of nitrogen and potassium. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15.

FAO. (2013). Climate-smart agriculture sourcebook. Food and Agriculture Organization.

FAO. (2024). Rice: Integrated crop and pest management. Food and Agriculture Organization.

Gummert, M., Van Hung, N., Chivenge, P., & Douthwaite, B. (Eds.). (2020). Sustainable rice straw management. Springer.

Gutty, N. (2024). Eco-friendly agriculture: The promise of rice–fish systems. Journal of Fisheries & Livestock Production, 12(6).

Hoque, M. Z., Ahmed, M., Ahmed, S., Hasan, M. Z., Rahman, M. A., and Bhandari, H. (2025). Current status, challenges, and opportunities of agroforestry in rice-based mixed farming systems in Northern Bangladesh. Agroforestry Systems, 99(205).

IPCC. (2019). 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

IPCC. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press.

IRRI. (2013). Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD). Infographic. International Rice Research Institute.

Kumar, M., Sahni, R. K., Waghaye, A. M., Kumar, M., and Randhe, R. D. (2024). Electronic sensor-based automated irrigation system for rice cultivated under alternate wetting and drying technique. AgriEngineering, 6(4), 4720–4738.

Lampayan, R. M., Rejesus, R. M., Singleton, G. R., and Bouman, B. A. M. (2015). Adoption and economics of alternate wetting and drying water management for irrigated lowland rice. Field Crops Research, 170, 95–108.

Li, L., Tian, H., Zhang, M., Fan, P., Ashraf, U., Liu, H., Chen, X., Duan, M., Tang, X., Wang, Z., Zhang, Z., and Pan, S. (2021). Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer increases rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency with fewer greenhouse gas emissions in a mechanical direct-seeded cropping system. The Crop Journal, 9(6), 1386–1396.

Li, S., Chen, L., Han, X., Yang, K., Liu, K., Wang, J., Chen, Y., and Liu, L. (2022). Rice cultivar renewal reduces methane emissions by improving root traits and optimizing photosynthetic carbon allocation. Agriculture, 12(12).

Linquist, B. A., Adviento-Borbe, M. A., Pittelkow, C. M., van Kessel, C., and van Groenigen, K. J. (2012). Fertilizer management practices and greenhouse gas emissions from rice systems: A quantitative review and analysis. Field Crops Research, 135.

Loaiza, S., Verchot, L., Costa, C., Bolaños, I., Garces, G., Puentes, O., Ardila, J., Trujillo, C., and Chirinda, N. (2025). Evaluating intermittent irrigation strategies for rice production to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and preserve yields in contrasting environments. Frontiers in Agronomy, 7.

Mbow, C., Rosenzweig, C., Barioni, L.G., Benton, T.G., Herrero, M., Krishnapillai, M., Liwenga, E., Pradhan, P., Rivera-Ferre, M.G., Sapkota, T., Tubiello, F.N., Xu, Y. (2019). Food security. In Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press.

Minamikawa, K. (2025). Climate-smart water management in rice paddies: a meta-synthesis on greenhouse gas emissions and yield impacts. Paddy and Water Environment 23, 525–532.

Nguyen-Van-Hung, B., Balingbing, C., Sandro, J., Khandai, S., Chea, H., Songmethakrit, T., Meas, P., Hitzler, G., Zwick, W., Viriyangkura, L., Bautista, E., and Gummert, M. (2022). Precision land leveling for sustainable rice production: Case studies in Cambodia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, and India. Precision Agriculture, 23(5), 1633–1652.

Pretty, J., and Bharucha, Z. P. (2015). Integrated pest management for sustainable intensification of agriculture in Asia and Africa. Insects, 6(1), 152–182.

Reddy, K. K. N. (2024). The role of rice-based crop rotation systems in enhancing soil fertility and pest control. Rice Research, 12(5). International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.

Roshetko, J. M., Finlayson, R., Öborn, I., Sabastian, G., Perdana, A., Martini, E., Mulyoutami, E., Mercado, A., Jamieson, C., Simelton, E., Sinclair, F., Wangpakapattanawong, P., Ratnamhin, A., Prameswari, D., Ekawati, D., and Shono, K. (2018). Agroforestry in rice-production landscapes in Southeast Asia. Policy Brief no. 90. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program.

Russelle, M. P., Entz, M. H., and Franzluebbers, A. J. (2007). Reconsidering integrated crop–livestock systems in North America. Agronomy Journal, 99(2), 325–334.

Soremi, P. A. S., Chirinda, N., Graterol, E., and Alvarez, M. F. (2023). Potential of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to mitigate methane emissions from irrigated systems in Latin America and the Caribbean. All Earth, 35(1).

Song, H. J., Lee, J. H., Jeong, H.-C., Choi, E.-J., Oh, T.-K., Hong, C.-O., & Kim, P. J. (2019). Effect of straw incorporation on methane emission in rice paddy: Conversion factor and smart straw management. Applied Biological Chemistry, 62, 70.

Spanu, A., Langasco, I., Mara, A., and Sanna, G. (2024). Sprinkler irrigation: An efficient and eco-friendly approach to produce safe rice. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 17.

Tran, D. X., Minh, T. N., Rayee, R., Dong, N. D., and Chien, N. X. (2025). Advances in mitigating methane emissions from rice cultivation: Past, present, and future strategies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 32, 20232–20247.