A survey of energy demand elasticities in support of the development of the NEMS

Dahl, Carol A. (1993): A survey of energy demand elasticities in support of the development of the NEMS.

Abstract

With NEMS, there has been increased interest in modeling energy markets and a resurgent interest in energy elasticities of demand. Since such elasticities are often a convenient way to summarize the responsiveness of demand to such things as own prices, cross prices, income, or other relevant variables, a substantial amount of resources have been devoted to estimating demand elasticities, at various levels of aggregation using a variety of models. The goal of this project is to survey these works for the U.S. on energy demand elasticities, do a critical analysis of them, attempt to come up with summary elasticities, discuss the scope and breadth of the work that has been done, and make suggestions for further research.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: energy demand elasticities; price; income
• Subjects: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q4 - Energy > Q41 - Demand and Supply ; Prices

References

1.(AWK85) Abodunden, T.; Wirl, F.; and Koeslt, F. (1985) "Energy Demand Elasticities: A Reassessment," OPEC Review, 9(2), pp. 163-186.

2.(AMS80) Acton, Jan Paul; Mitchell, Bridger M.; and Sohlberg, Ragnhild (1980) "Estimating Residential Electricity Demand under Declining-BlockTariffs: An Econometric Study Using Micro-Data," Applied Economics, 12, pp. 145-161.

3.(AKD91) Adams, F. Gerard; Kroch, Eugene A.; and Didziulis, Vytis (1991) "The Linkages Between the Markets for Petroleum Products and the Market for Crude Oil: an Econometric-Linear Programming Study," in Guvenen, Labys, and Lesourd (1991) International Commodity Market Models pp. 181.

4.(Als89) Al-Sahlawi, Mohammed A. (1989) "The Demand for Natural Gas: A Survey of Price and Income Elasticities" The Energy Journal, 10(1), pp. 77-91.

5.(And80) Anderson, Richard G. (1980) "The Treatment of Intermediate Materials in the Estimation of the Demand for Energy: The Case of U.S. Manufacturing, 1947-1971," The Energy Journal, 4, pp. 75-94.

6.(And81) Anderson, Richard G. (1981) "On the Specification of Conditional Factor Demand Functions in Recent Studies of U. S. Manufacturing," in E.R. Berndt and B. Fields eds., Modelling and Measuring Natural Resources Substitution, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. pp. 119-143.

7.(A&W86) Anderson, Joseph M. and Weiner, Robert J. (1986) "Household Demand for Natural Gas: Estimates from the Residential Energy Consumption Survey," in The Changing World Energy Economy-Papers and Proceedings of the Eight Annual North American Conference of the International Association of Energy Economist edited by David O. Wood. MIT, Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 19-21. pp. 328-332.

8.(A&B86) Andrikopoulos, Andreas A. and Brox, James A. (1986) "Demand Systems for Energy Consumption by the Manufacturing Sector," Journal of Economics and Business, 38, pp. 141-153.

9.(ABP89) Andrikopoulos, Andreas A.; Brox, James A.; and Paraskevopoulos, C.C. (1989) "Interfuel and Interfactor Substitution in Ontario Manufacturing, 1962-1982," Applied Economics, 21(12), December, pp. 1667-1681.

10.(Apo90a) Apostolakis, B.E. (1990a) "Energy-Capital Substitutability/Complementarity: the Dichotomy." Energy Economics, 12(1), January, pp. 48-58.

11.(Apo90b) Apostolakis, B. E. (1990b) "Interfuel and Energy-Capital Complementarity in Manufacturing Industries," Applied Energy, 35, pp. 83-107.

12.(AFM82) Archibald, R. B.; Finifter, D. H.; and Moody Jr, C. E. (1982) "Seasonal Variation in Residential Electricity Demand: Evidence from Survey Data," Applied Economics, 14(1), pp. 167-181.

13.(A&G80) Archibald, Robert and Gillingham, Robert (1980) "An Analysis of the Short-run Consumer Demand for Gasoline Using Household Survey Data," Review of Economics and Statistics 62, (November), pp. 622-628.

14.(Bad92) Badri, Masood A. (1992) "Analysis of Demand for Electricity in the United States," Energy, 17(7), pp. 725-733.

15.(Bak92) Baker, Paul (1992) "Modelling Household Energy Demand Using Micro Data: the IFS Simulation Program for Energy Demand (SPEND) Energy Demand: Evidence and Expectations, edited by David Hawdon, New York: Surrey University Press. pp. 185-211.

16.(B&N66) Balestra, Pietro and Nerlove, Mark (1966) "Pooling Cross Section and Time Series Data in the Estimation of a Dynamic Model: The Demand for Natural Gas" Econometrica, 34(3), July, pp. 585-611.

17.(B&G83) Baltagi, Badi H. and Griffin, James M. (1983). "Gasoline Demand in the OECD: An Application of Pooling and Testing Procedures" European Economic Review, 22(2), pp. 117-137.

18.(B&G84) Baltagi, Badi H. and Griffin, James M. (1984) "U. S. Gasoline Demand: What Next?" The Energy Journal, 5(1), pp. 129-140.

19.(BGH81) Barnes, R.; Gillingham, R.; and Hagemann, R. (1981a) "The Short Run Residential Demand for Electricity". The Review of Economics and Statistics, LXIII, 541-552.

20.(BGH82) Barnes, R.; Gillingham, R.; and Hagemann, R. (1981b) "The Short-run Residential Demand for Natural Gas," The Energy Journal, 1, January, pp. 59-72.

21.(BDM81) Beierlein,James G.; Dunn, James W.; and McConnon, James C. Jr. (1981) "The Demand for Electricity and Natural Gas in the Northeastern United States" Review of Economics and Statistics, pp. 403-408.

22.(B&H86) Berndt, Ernst, R. and Hesse, Dieter, M. (1986) "Measuring and Assessing Capacity Utilization in the Manufacturing Sectors of Nine OECD Countries," European Economic Review, 30(5), pp. 961-989.

23.(B&K79) Berndt, Ernst and Khaled, Mohammad S. (1979) "Parametric Productivity Measurement and Choice Among Flexibile Functional Forms," Journal of Political Economy, 87(6), pp. 1220-1245.

24.(BMW81) Berndt, E.R.; Morrison C.; and Watkins, G.C. (1981) "Dynamic Models of Energy Demand: an Assessment and Comparison," in E.R. Berndt and B. Fields eds., Modelling and Measuring Natural Resources Substitution, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. pp. 259-289.

25.(B&W86) Berndt, E. R. and Watkins, G. C. (1986) "Modeling Energy Demand: The Choice Between Input and Output Energy Measures," The Energy Journal, April, 7(2), pp. 259-81.

26.(B&W79) Berndt, E. R. and Wood, D. O. (1979) "Engineering and Econometric Interpretations of Energy-Capital Complementarity," American Economic Review, 69(3), pp. 342-354.

27.(BTR83) Blattenberger, Gail R.; Taylor, Lester D.; and Rennhack, Robert K. (1983) "Natural Gas Availability and the Residential Demand for Energy," The Energy Journal, 4(1), pp. 23-45.

28.(B&R83) Blattenberger, Taylor and Rennhack. (1983) "Natural Gas Availability and the Residential Demand for Energy," The Energy Journal, 4(1), pp. 23-45.

29.(Blo80) Bloch, F. E. (1980) "Residential Demand for Natural Gas," Journal of Urban Economics, 7, pp. 371-383.

30.(Blo84) Bloomquist, Glenn (1984) "The 55 m.p.h. Speed Limit and Gasoline Consumption," Resources and Energy, 6(1), pp. 21-40.

31.(Boh81) Bohi, Douglas R. (1981) "Analyzing Demand Behavior: A Study of Energy Elasticities," Published for Resources for the Future by Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD.

32.(B&Z84) Bohi, Douglas R. and Zimmerman, Mary (1984) "An Update on Econometric Studies of Energy Demand," Annual Review of Energy, 9, pp. 105-154.

33.(Bop84) Bopp, A. E. (1984) "Tests for Structural Change in U.S. Oil Consumption, 1967-1982," Energy Economics, 6(4), pp. 223-230.

34.(B&C90) Bopp, A. E. and Costello, D. (1990) "The Economics of Fuel Choice at U.S. Electric Utilities," Energy Economics, April, 12(2), pp. 82-88.

35.(B&N78) Bopp, Anthony E. and Neri, John A. (1978) "The Price of Gasoline: Forecasting Comparisons," Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 18, Winter, pp. 23-31.

36.(Bro83) Brown, Scott B. (1983) "An Aggregate Petroleum Consumption Model," Energy Economics, 5(1) January, pp. 27-30.

37.(B&P89) Brown, S. P. A. and Phillips, Keith R. (1989) "An Econometric Analysis of U.S. Oil Demand," Research Paper, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Dallas, TX. January

38.(Bry86) Bryant, Richard R. (1986) "U.S. Residential Demand for Wood," The Energy Journal, 7(3), pp. 137-147.

39.(Bye86) Bye, Torstein (1986) "Nonsymmetric Responses in Energy Demand," Energy Decisions for the Future: Challenges and Opportunities, Proceeding of the Eighth Annual International Conference of the International Association of Energy Economists, Tokyo, Japan, June 1986, Edited by Mitsuru Miyata and Kenichi Matsui, pp. 53-69.

40.(C&R92) Cadoret, Isabelle and Renou, Patricia (1992) "Élasticités et Substitutions Énergétiques: Difficultés Méthodologiques," Revue de l'Énergie, 438, Mars/Avril, pp. 198-208.

41.(C&S83) Carlevaro, F. and Spierer (1983) "Dynamic Energy Demand Models with Latent Equipment," European Economic Review, 23, pp. 161-194.

42.(C&C81) Chang, Hui S. and Chern, Wen S. (1981) "Specification, Estimation, and Forecasts of Industrial Demand and Price of Electricity," Energy Systems and Policy, 5(3), 219-242.

43.(CDL88) Charmant, Alain; Devezeaux de Lavergne, Jean-Guy; Ladoux, Norbert; and Oustry, Alain (1988) "Productivite des Facteurs de Production et Prix de Energie" Économies et Sociétés, Cahiers de L'I.S.M.E.A., Série Économie de l'Énergie, Paris, France, No 4, pp. 219-246.

44.(C&B88) Chern, W. S. and Bouis, E. (1988) "Structural Changes in Residential Electricity Demand," Energy Economics, 10(3), pp.213-222.

45.(Con89a) Considine, T. J. (1989a) "Estimating the Demand for Energy and Natural Resource Inputs: Trade-Offs in Global Properties," Applied Economics, 21(7), July, pp. 931-945.

46.(Con89b) Considine, T. J. (1989b) "Separability, Functional Form, and Regulatory Policy in Models of Interfuel Substitution," Energy Economics, 11(2), April, pp. 82-94.

47.(Con92) Considine, Timothy (1992) "A Short-run Model of Petroleum Production Supply," The Energy Journal, 13(2), pp 61-93.

48.(C&M84) Considine, Timothy J. and Mount, Timothy D. (1984) "The Use of Linear Logit Model for Dynamic Input Demand Systems," Review of Economics and Statistics, LXVI(3), August, pp.434-443.

49.(Cri82) Criqui, P. (1982) "Price Effects and Demand forecasting. The Sibilin Model," in Energy Demand Analysis, Report from the French-Swedish Energy Conference, Stockholm 30th June - 2nd July edited by Åsa M. Sohlman, pp. 149-171.

50.(Dah86) Dahl, Carol A. (1986) "Gasoline Demand Survey," The Energy Journal, 7(1), pp. 67-82.

51.(D&S90) Dahl, Carol A. and Sterner, Thomas (1990) "The Pricing of and Demand for Gasoline. A Survey of Models," Memorandum 132, School of Economics and Legal Science, Gothenburg University, February.

52.(D&S91a) Dahl, Carol A. and Sterner, Thomas (1991a) "A Survey of Econometric Gasoline Demand Elasticities," International Journal of Energy Systems, January.

53.(D&S91b) Dahl, Carol A. and Sterner, Thomas (1991b) "Analyzing Gasoline Demand Elasticities: A Survey," Energy Economics, April, 1991.

54.(Dan77) Danielson, Albert L. (1977-78) "A Specification Analysis of the Demand for Petroleum Products, Coal, and Natural Gas." Review of Business and Economic Research, XIII(2), pp. 1-20.

55.(Dar90) Dargay, Joyce M. (1990) "The Reversibility of Energy Demand: An Empirical Study for the U.K.," Oxford Institute of Energy Studies, Oxford, England, Working Paper.

56.(Dar92) Dargay, Joyce M. (1992) "The Irreversible Effects of High Oil Prices: Empirical Evidence for the Demand for Motor Fuels in France, Germany, and the U.K.," in Energy Demand: Evidence and Expectations, edited by David Hawdon, New York: Surrey University Press. pp. 165-182.

57.(Dat78) Datametrics (1978) "The Industrial Demand for Oil and Gas in Ontario, Calgary, Alberta, Canada," Canadian Energy Research Institute, Study No.2, March.

58.(Dea80) Deaton, Angus and Muellbauer (1980) Economics and Consumer Behaviour, Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 32 East 57th St., New York, NY, 1002, USA.

59.(DFW81) Denny, M.; Fuss, M.; and Waverman, L. (1981) "Substitution Possibilities for Energy: Evidence from U. S. and Canadian Manufacturing Industries," in E.R. Berndt and B.C. Field, (eds.), pp. 230-258.

60.(Deu88) Devezeaux de Lavergne, J.C. (1988) "Chocs pétroliers et intensité énergétique: quelques clefs d'analyse," Économies et Sociétés, Cahiers de L'I.S.M.E.A., Série Économie de l'Énergie, Paris, France, (3), pp. 89-110.

61.(DDG90) Difiglio, Carmen; Duleep, K. G.; and Greene, David L. (1990) "Cost Effectiveness of Future Fuel Economy Impovements," The Energy Journal, Vol. 11(1), pp. 65-86.

62.(Dou86) Douthitt, Robin A. (1986) "The Demand for Residential Space and Water Heating Fuel by Energy Conserving Households," Journal of Consumer Affairs, 20(2), Winter, pp. 231-248.

63.(Dou89) Douthitt, Robin A. (1989) "An Economic Analysis of the Demand for Residential Space Heating in Canada," Energy, Vol 14, No.4, pp. 187-197.

64.(DDK86) Dowd, Jeffrey; Dye, Robert; and Kaufmann, Robert (1986) "Do Flexible Functional Forms Generate Accurate Elasticites?" in The Changing World Economy: Papers and Proceedings of the Eighth Annual North American Conference of the International Association of Energy Economist, edited by David O. Wood. MIT, Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 19-21., pp. 456-460.

65.(Dro84) Drollas, L. P. (1984) "The Demand for Gasoline: Further Evidence," Energy Economics, 6(1), January, pp. 71-82.

66.(Dub85) Dubin, J. A. (1985) "Consumer Durable Choice and the Demand for Electricity," North Holland.

67.(D&C84) Duffus, LuAnn McClernan and Chern, Wen S. (1984) "An Energy Demand and Generalized Fuel Choice Model for the Primary Metals Industry," The Energy Journal, 5(2), April, pp. 35-52.

68.(D&H85) Dunkerley, Joy and Hoch, Irving (1985) with Boudhili, Caroline. "Transport Energy, Determinants and Policy," Washington D.C.: Resources for the Future.

69.(D&S88) Dunstan, R. H. and Schmidt, R. H. (1988) "Structural Changes in Residential Energy Demand," Energy Economics, 10(3), July, pp.206-212.

70.(Elk92) Elkhafif, Mahmoud A.T. (1992) "Estimating Disaggregated Price Elasticities in Industrial Energy Demand," The Energy Journal, 13(4), pp. 209-217.

71.(Ene85) Energy Modeling Forum IV (1981) "Aggregate Elasticity of Energy Demand." The Energy Journal, 2(2), pp. 37-76.

72.(E&S93) Espey, Molly and Schipper, Lee (1993) "Modelling Automobile Travel Demand," unpublished paper for Department of Agricultural Economic, University of California, Davis and International Energy Studies, Lawerence Berkeley Labratory.

73.(Gar83a) Garbacz, Christopher (1983a) "A Model of Residential Demand for Electricity using a National Household Sample," Energy Economics, 5(2), April, pp. 124-128.

74.(Gar83b) Garbacz, Christopher (1983b) "Electricity Demand and the Elasticity of Intra-Marginal Price," Applied Economics, 15, pp. 699-118.

75.(Gar83c) Garbacz, Christopher (1983c) "Residential Energy Demand: A National Micro-Based Model," Presented at AEA Meeting, Dec. 28-30, 1984, San Francisco, CA.

76.(Gar84a) Garbacz, Christopher (1984a) "A National Micro-data Based Model of Residential Electricity Demand: New Evidence on Seasonal Variation," Southern Economic Journal, 51, pp. 349-349.

77.(Gar84b) Garbacz, Christopher (1985b) "Residential Demand for Fuelwood," Energy Economics, 8(3), pp 235-249.

78.(Gar84c) Garbacz, Christopher (1984c) "Residential Demand for Liquid Petroleum Gas," Economic Letters, 15, pp. 345-349.

79.(Gar84d) Garbacz, Christopher (1984d) "Residential Electricity Demand: A Suggested Appliance Stock Equation," The Energy Journal, 5(2), pp 150-154.

80.(Gar84e) Garbacz, Christopher (1984e) "Residential Electricity Demand: Evaluating Functional Form and Structure," Presented at the American Economic Association Meetings, Dec. 28-30, 1984, Dallas, Texas

81.(Gar85) Garbacz, Christopher (1985) "Residential Fuel Oil Demand: a Micro- Based National Model," Applied Economics, 17, pp. 669-674.

82.(Gar86a) Garbacz, Christopher (1986a) "Gasoline, Diesel, and Motorfuel Demand in Taiwan," presented to the International Association of Energy Economists' Eighth Annual North American Meeting, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.

83.(Gar86b) Garbacz, Christopher (1986b) "Seasonal and Regional Residential Electricity Demand: a Micro-Based National Model," The Energy Journal, 7(2), April, pp. 121-134.

84.(Gat86) Gately, Dermot (1986) "The 1986 Oil Price Collapse: What Happened and What did We Learn?" Economic Policy Paper C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics, Department of Economics, New York University.

85.(Gat87) Gately, Dermot (1987) "Projecting US Gasoline Demand," Economics Department, New York University, (Draft Copy)

86.(Gat88) Gately, Dermot (1988) "Taking Off: The U.S. Demand for Air Travel and Jet Fuel," The Energy Journal, 9(4), October, pp. 63-94.

87.(Gat90) Gately, D. (1990) "The US Demand for Highway Travel and Motor Fuel," Energy Journal, 11(3), July, pp. 59-73.

88.(Gat91) Gately, Dermot (1992b) "Imperfect Price-Reversibility of U.S. Gasoline Demand: Asymmetric Responses to Price Increases and Declines," RR # 91-55. C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics, New York University, New York, NY.

89.(Gat92a) Gately, Dermot (1992a) "Oil Demands in the US and Japan: Why the Demand Reductions Caused by the Price Increases of the 1970's Won't be Reversed by the Price Declines of the 1980's," RR # 92-09. C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics, New York University, New York, NY.

90.(Gat92b) Gately, Dermot (1992b) "Imperfect Price-Reversibility of U.S. Gasoline Demand: Asymmetric Responses to Price Increases and Declines", The Energy Journal, 13(4), pp. 179-207.

91.(G&R88) Gately, Dermot and Rappoport, Peter (1988) "The Adjustment of U.S. Oil Demand to the Price Increases of the 1970's," The Energy Journal 9(2) April, pp. 93-109.

92.(Gib84) Gibbons, Joel (1984) "Capital-Energy Substitution in the Long Run," The Energy Journal, April 5(2), pp. 109-118.

93.(G&H85) Gillingham, R. and Hageman, R.P. (1985), "Household Demand for Fuel Oil, Applied Economics, (16), pp. 475-482.

94.(G&R86) Gjelsvik, Eystein and Roland, Kjell (1986) "A Dynamic Cost of Adjustment Model of Natural Gas Demand in the Federal Republic of Germany," Energy Decisions for the Future: Challenges and Opportunities, Proceeding of the Eighth Annual International Conference of the International Association of Energy Economists, Tokyo, Japan, June 1986, Edited by Mitsuru Miyata and Kenichi Matsui, pp. 913-932.

95.(Goo92) Goodwin, P.B. (1992) "A Review of New Demand Elasticities with Special Reference to Short and Long Run Effects of Price Changes," Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, May, pp. 155-169.

96.(Gop86) Gopalakrishnan, Chennat (1986) "Energy Nonenergy Input Substitution in Western United States Agriculture: Some Findings," Energy Decisions for the Future: Challenges and Opportunities, Proceeding of the Eighth Annual International Conference of the International Association of Energy Economists, Tokyo, Japan, June 1986, Edited by Mitsuru Miyata and Kenichi Matsui, pp. 107-120.

97.(Gop87) Gopalakrishnan, Chennat (1987) "Energy-Nonenergy Input Substitution in Western U.S. Agriculture: Some Findings, The Energy Journal, 8(1), January, pp.

98.(GKS89) Gopalakrishnan, Chennat; Khaleghi, Gholam H.; and Shrestha, Rajendra B. (1989) "Energy-non-energy Input Substitution in U. S. Agriculture: Some Findings," Applied Economics, 21, pp. 673-679.

99.(Gow83) Gowdy, John M. (1983) "Industrial Demand for Natural Gas: Interindustry Variation in New York State," Energy Economics, 5(3), July, pp. 171-177.

100.(Gra86) Grady, S. T. (1986) "Regional Demand for Natural Gas in the Residential Sector," Review of Regional Studies, 15(3), Fall, pp. 19-28.

101.(Gre88) Green, David J. (1988) "A Demand-determined Model of the Residual Fuel Oil Market," Energy Economics, 11(2), pp. 125-139.

102.(Gre79) Greene, David L. (1979) "State Differences in the Demand for Gasoline: An Econometric Analysis," Energy Systems and Policy, 3(2), pp. 191-212.

103.(Gre80) Greene, David L. (1980) "The Spatial Dimension of Gasoline Demand," Geographical Survey, 9, April, pp. 19-28.

104.(Gre81a) Greene, David L. (1981a) "State-Level Stock System Model of Gasoline Demand," Transportation Research Record, 801, pp. 44-50.

105.(Gre81b) Greene, David L. (1981b) "The Aggregate Demand for Gasoline and Highway Passenger Vehicles in the United States: A Review of the Literature 1938-1978," Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL 5728, July.

106.(Gre83) Greene, David L. (1983) "Regional Demand Implications for Gasoline Supply Shortages," in Systems and Models for Energy and Environmental Analysis, ed. by Lakshmanan and Nijkamp, Gower: Hampshire, England.

107.(G&K82) Greene, D. L. and Kulp, G. (1982) "An Analysis of the 1978-80 Decline in Gasoline Consumption in the United States," Energy, 7(4), pp. 367-375.

108.(Gre88) Greene, David J. (1988) "A Demand-Determined Model of the Residual Fuel Oil Market," Energy Economics, April 1988, pp. 125-139.

109.(Gre90) Greene, David L. (1990) "Cafe or Price?: An Analysis of the Effects of Federal Fuel Economy Regulations and Gasoline Price on New Car MPG, 1978-89," The Energy Journal, 11(3), pp. 37-57.

110.(Gre92) Greene, David L. (1992) "Vehicle Use and Fuel Economy: How Big is the "Rebound" Effect?*," The Energy Journal, Vol. 13(1), pp. 117-143.

111.(GSG86) Green, Rodney D.; Salley, Arlease G.; Grass, Gail; and Osei, Anthony S. (1986) "The Demand for Heating Fuels: A Disaggregated Modeling Approach," Atlantic Economic Journal, XIV(4) December, pp. 1-14.

112.(GLS83) Guilkey, David K.; Lovell, A. Knox; and Sickels, Robin C. (1983) "A Comparison of Three Flexible Function Forms," International Economic Review, 24(3), October, pp. 591-616.

113.(Hai81) Haimor, Said Fawzi (1981) "Interfuel Substitution in the Electricity Generation in the U.S.A.," Economics Ph.D Thesis, Wayne State University.

114.(Hal86b) Hall, V. B. (1986) "Major OECD Country Industrial Sector Interfuel Substitution Estimates, 1960-79," Energy Economics, 9, April, pp. 74-89.

115.(H&W81) Hartman, Raymond S. and Werth, Alix (1981) "Short-run Residential Demand for Fuels: A Disaggregated Approach," Land Economics, 57(2), May, pp. 195-212.

116.(Haw92) Hawdon, D. (1992) "Is Electricity Consumption Influenced by Time of Use Tariffs? A Survey of Results and Issues" Energy Demand: Evidence and Expectations,

117.(Hen83) Henderson, J. Stephen (1983) "The Economics of Electricity Demand Charges," The Energy Journal, 4 (Special Electricity Issue), pp. 127-140.

118.(HGC82) Hirst, E. R.; Goeltz, R.; and Carney, J. (1982) "Residential Energy Use: Analysis of Disaggregate Data," Energy Economics, 4(2) pp. 74-82.

119.(Hog89) Hogan, W. W. (1989) "A Dynamic Putty-Semi-putty Model of Aggregate Energy Demand," Energy Economics, 11(1), January, pp. 53-69.

120.(Hon83) Hong, N. V. (1983) "Two Measures of Aggregate Energy Production Elasticities," The Energy Journal, 4(2), April, pp. 172-177.

121.(H&G86) Hsueh, Li-Min and Gerner, Jennifer, L. (1986) "A Model of Home Heating and the Calculation of Rates of Return on Housing Thermal Improvements Investment," Energy Decisions for the Future: Challenges and Opportunities, Proceeding of the Eighth Annual International Conference of the International Association of Energy Economists, Tokyo, Japan, June 1986, Edited by Mitsuru Miyata and Kenichi Matsui, pp. 423-442.

122.(Hug88) Hughes, G. A. (1988) "On the Consistency of Short Run and Long Run Models of Gasoline Demand," Paper presented to the Scottish Economic Society Conference at the University of St. Andrews, April 9.

123.(H&R91) Hunter, William C. and Rosenbaum (1991) "Supply Shocks and Household Demand for Motor Fuel," Economic Review, March/April, pp. 1-11.

124.(I&H90) Ibrahim, Ibrahim B. and Hurst, Christopher (1990) "Estimating Energy and Oil Demand Functions" Energy Economics, 13(2) April, pp. 93-102.

125.(Kir83) Kirby, Sheila N. (1983) "Residential Demand for Energy: A Review of the Empirical Literature and Some New Results," Rand Corporation, P- 6847, Santa Monica, CA.

126.(Ko 93) Ko, James Jin-Wen (1993) "U.S. Utilities Bituminous Coal Demand Econometric Model," unpublished paper, Department of Mineral Economics, Colorado School of Mines.

127.(Kol86) Kolstad, Charles D. (1986) "Short and Long-Run Industrial Demand for Energy: Recent Evidence from Seven Major OECD Countries," in Energy Decisions for the Future: Challenges and Opportunities, Proceeding of the Eighth Annual International Conference of the International Association of Energy Economists, Tokyo, Japan, June, Edited by Mitsuru Miyata and Kenichi Matsui, pp. 159-175.

128.(Kol87) Kolstad, Charles D. (1987) "A Restricted Cost Function Approach to Measuring Factor Demand in Manufacturing in the OECD," (Unpublished paper) Department of Economics and Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL and Sloane School, MIT. (February)

129.(KBP86) Kolstad, Charles D.; Bopp, Anthony; Pendley, Robert E.; and Wolak, Frank A. (1986) "A Capital-Labor-Energy Model of Fuel Demand in the Manufacturing Sector of Seven Major OECD Countries," OPEC Review, 10(2), Summer, pp. 179-214.

130.(K&L92) Kolstad, Charles D. and Lee, Jong-kun (1992). Dynamic Specification Error in Cost Function and Factor Demand Estimation. College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Faculty Working Paper 92-0126.

131.(KKB91) Koshal, Rajindar K.; Koshal, Manjulika; Boyd, Roy; and Roussois, Panagiotis (1991) "Why did Gasoline Prices Tumble in the Eighties? A Supply and Demand Analysis. (Unpublished paper) Ohio University-Athens.

132.(Kou83) Kouris, George (1983) "Energy Demand Elasticities in Industrialized Countries: A Survey." The Energy Journal, 4(3), pp. 73-94.

133.(L&D82) Lareau, Thomas J. and Darmstadter (1982) "Energy and Consumer-Expenditure Patterns: Modeling Approaches and Projections," Annual Review of Energy, pp. 261-292.

134.(L&W89) Lesser, Janathon A. Lesser and Weber, Jeffrey A. (1989) "The 65 MPH Speed Limit and The Demand for Gasoline: A Case Study for the State of Washington," Energy Systems and Policy, 13, pp. 193-203.

135.(LBM85) Lin, An-loh; Botsas, Eleftherios N.; and Monroe, Scott A. (1985) "State Gasoline Consumption in the USA: An Econometric Analysis, Energy Economics, 7(1), January, pp. 29-36.

136.(LCC87) Lin, Winston; Chen, Yueh H.; and Chatov, Robert (1987) "The Demand for Natural Gas, Electricity, and Heating Oil in the United States,"Resources and Energy, 9, pp. 233-258.

137.(Liu83) Liu, B. C. (1983) "Natural Gas Price Elasticities: Variations by Region and by Sector in the USA," Energy Economics, 5(3), July, pp. 195-201.

138.(L&R86) Lorentsen, Lorents and Roland, Kjell (1986) "The World Oil Market (WOM) Model: An Assessment of the Crude Oil Market Through 2000," The Energy Journal, 7(1), pp. 23-33.

139.(L&L84) Lutton, Thomas J. and LeBlanc, Michael R. (1984) "A Comparison of Multivariate Logit and Translog Models for Energy and Nonenergy Input Cost Share Analysis," The Energy Journal, 5(4), October, pp. 35-44.

140.(MCR83) Maddigan, R. J.; Chern, W. S.; and Rizy, C. Gallagher (1983) "Rural Residential Demand for Electricity," Land Economics, 59, pp 150-161.

141.(Man88) Manning, D. N. (1988) "Household Demand for Energy in the UK," Energy Economics, 10(1), January, pp. 59-78.

142.(M&M88) Mayo, John W. and Mathis, John E. (1988) "The Effectiveness of Mandatory Fuel Efficiency Standards in Reducing the Demand for Gasoline," Applied Economics, Vol. 20, pp. 211-219.

143.(Mcd91) McDonnell, James T. (1991) "Wholesale Power Substitution for Fossil and Nuclear Fuels by Electrical Utilities: A Cross-sectional Analysis," Ph.D thesis, Department of Mineral Economics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo.

144.(MCP87) Meallier, André; Chouard, Phillipe; and Passeron, Hervé (1987) "Énergy et économie dans l'OCDE une approche économétrique," Revue de l'Énergie, 392, pp. 205-213.

145.(MNS78) Mehta, Jatinder S.; Narasimham, Gorti V.L.; and Swamy, Paravastu A.V.B. (1978) "Estimation of Dynamic Demand Function for Gasoline with Different Schemes of Parameter Variation," Journal of Econometrics 7, pp. 263-279.

146.(M&K86) Moghimzadeh, Mahmood and Kymn, Kern O. (1986) "Cost Shares, Own and Cross-Price Elasticities in U.S. Manufacturing with Disaggregated Energy Inputs" The Energy Journal, 7(4), October, pp. 65-80.

147.(Mor88) Morrison, Catherine (1988) "Quasi-Fixed Inputs in U.S. and Japanese Manufacturing: A Generalized Leontief Restricted Cost Function Approach," Review of Economics and Statistics, 70, pp. 275-287.

148.(M&H89) Mountain, D. C. and C. Hsiao (1989) "A Combined Structural and Flexible Functional Approach for Modeling Energy Substitution," Journal of American Statistical Association, 84, March, pp. 76-87.

149.(MSW89) Mountain, Dean C., Stipdonk, Bill P., and Warren, Cathy J. (1989) "Technological Innovation and a Changing Energy Mix-A Parametric and Flexible Approach to Modeling Ontario Manufacturing," 10(4), October, pp. 139-158.

150.(Mox86) Moxnes, Erling (1986) "Under Estimation fo Long-term Price Elasticities of Oil Demand," Energy Decisions for the Future: Challenges and Opportunities, Proceeding of the Eighth Annual International Conference of the International Association of Energy Economists, Tokyo, Japan, June 1986, Edited by Mitsuru Miyata and Kenichi Matsui, pp. 1023-1046.

151.(N&S73) Nadiri, M.I. and S. Rosen (1973) A Disequiibrium Model of Demand for Factors of Production, New York.

152.(N&R86) Nafstad, Ola and Roland, Kjell (1986) "Industrial Natural Gas Demand in Western Europe: A Comparison of Different Models and Tests of Temporal and Structual Differences Between and within Regions," (manuscript) Central Bureau of Statistics, Oslo, Norway.

153.(Nai89) Nainar, S.M. Khalid (1989) "Bootstrapping for Consistent Standard Errors for Translog Price Elasticities: Some Evidence from Industrial Electricity Demand," Energy Economics, 11(4), October, pp. 319-322.

154.(N&M92) Nan, Gehuang D. and Murry, Donald A. (1992) "Energy Demand with the Flexible Double-Logarithmic Functional Form," The Energy Journal, 13(4), pp. 149-159.

155.(N&A89) Nguyen, S. V. and Andrews, S. H. (1989) "The Effect of Energy Aggregation on Energy Elasticities: Some Evidence from U.S. Manufacturing Data," The Energy Journal, 10(1), January, pp. 149-156. BTU vs Divisia.

156.(O&R86) Olsen, Oystein and Roland, Kjell (1986) "Modeling Demand for Natural Gas: A Review of Various Approaches," Lawrence Berkeley Lab LBL 21188, Berkeley, Calif. (June)

157.(OWY92) Oum, Tae Hoon; Waters II, W.G.; and Yong, Jong-Say (1992) "Concepts of Price Elasticities of Transport Demand and Recent Empirical Estimates," Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, May, pp. 139- 154.

158.(Pin79a) Pindyck, Robert S. (1979a) "The Structure of World Energy Demand," MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

159.(Pin79b) Pindyck, Robert S. (1979b) "Interfuel Substitution and the Industrial Demand for Energy: An International Comparison," Review of Economics and Statistics, 61(2), pp. 169-179.

160.(Pin80) Pindyck, Robert S. (1980) "International Comparisons of the Residential Demand for Energy," European Economic Review, 13, pp. 1-24.

161.(P&R83) Pindyck, R. S. and Rotemberg, J.J. (1983) "Dynamic Factor Demands and the Effects of Energy Price Shocks," American Economic Review, 73(5), December, pp. 1066-1079.

162.(Poy86) Poyer, David (1986) "Estimating a Demand Model for the Electricity within a LES Framework using Nonpanelled Cross-Section Data," in The Changing World Economy: Papers and Proceedings of the Eigth North American Conference of the International Association of Energy Economist, edited by David O. Wood, MIT, Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 19-21, pp. 422-417.

163.(P&G91) Power, M. and Fuller J.D. (1991) "Predicting the Discoveries and Finding Costs of Natural Gas," Energy Journal 12(3) pp. 77-93.

164.(Pro85) Prosser, R. D. (1985) "Demand Elasticities in the OECD: Dynamical Aspects," Energy Economics, 7(1), pp. 9-12.

165.(Rao93) Rao, Ganga Prasad G. (1993) "Econometric Estimation of U.S. Motor Gasoline Demand," Master's Thesis, Department of Mineral Economics, Pennsylvania State University, College Park, Pennsylvania.

166.(Rei83) Reister, David B. (1983) "An Analysis of Industrial Demand for Natural Gas," Energy, 8, pp. 749-756.

167.(Rei86) Reister, David B. (1986) "Future Demand for Fuel and Electricity," in The Changing World Economy: Papers and Proceedings of the Eigth Annual North American Conference of the International Association of Energy Economists, edited by David O. Wood, MIT, Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 19-21, pp. 417-422.

168.(RBG90) Rijal, Kamal; Bansal, N.K.; and Grover, P.D. (1990) "Rural Household Energy Demand Modelling," Energy Economics, 12(4), pp. 279-288.

169.(San88) Sandbach, Jonathan (1988) "The Sensitivity of Consumption of Oil Products to Price Changes, An econometric investigation," Energy Economics, 10(4), pp. 261-270.

170.(SFP93) Schipper, Lee; Figuero, Maria Josefina; Price, Lynn; and Espey, Molly (1993) "Mind the Gap: The Vicious Circle of Measuring Automobile Fuel Use," International Energy Studies, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Unpublished paper.

171.(SSD93) Schipper, Lee; Steiner, Ruth; Figuero, Maria Josefina; and Dolan, Kari (1993) "Fuel Prices, Automobile Fuel Economy, and Fuel Use for Land Travel: Preliminary Findings from an International Comparison," paper draft of the International Energy Studies, Energy Analysis Program.

172.(Shi85) Shin, Jeong-Shik (1985) "Perception of Price When Price Information is Costly: Evidence from Residential Electricity Demand," The Review of Economics and Statistics, 67(4), pp. 591-598.

173.(Ste90) Sterner, Thomas (1990) "The Pricing of and Demand for Gasoline, "Stockholm, Sweden, Swedish Transport Research Board, Report 1990, pp. 9.

174.(S&D91) Sterner, Thomas, and Dahl, Carol A. (1992) "Gasoline Demand Modelling: Theory and Application," in International Energy Modelling, London: Chapman and Hall, edited by Thomas Sterner.

175.(SDF92) Sterner, Thomas; Dahl, Carol A.; and Franzen, Michael (1992) "Gasoline Tax Policy, Carbon Emissions and The Global Environment," Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, May 1992, pp. 109-119.

176.(Sut83a) Sutherland, Ronald J. (1983a) "Distributed Lags and the Demand for Electricity," The Energy Journal, 4 (Special Electricity Issue), pp. 141-152.

177.(Sut83b) Sutherland, Ronald. J. (1983b) "Instability of Electricity Demand Functions in the Post-Oil Embargo Period," Energy Economics, 5(4), October, pp. 267-272.

178.(Swe79) Sweeney, James L. (1979) "Passenger Car Gasoline Demand Model," Economic Modeling Forum, Stanford University, Draft, November.

179.(Swe84) Sweeney, James (1984) "The Response of Energy Demand to Higher Prices: What Have We Learned?" American Economic Review, 74, May.

180.(Syk91) Sykuta, Michael (1991) "The Effectiveness of Automobile Fuel Economy Standards," Working Paper 139, Center for the Study of American Business, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.

181.(Tay75) Taylor, Lester D. (1975) "The Demand for Electricity: A Survey." Bell Journal of Economics, Spring, pp. 74-110.

182.(Tay77) Taylor, Lester D. (1977) "The Demand for Energy: A Survey of Price and Income Elasticities." in International Studies of the Demand for Energy, ed. by William D. Nordhaus, North Holland, Amsterdam.

183.(Tis91) Tishler, Asher (1991) "Complementarity-Substitution Relationships in the Demand for Time Differentiated Inputs under Time of Use Pricing," The Energy Journal, 12(3), pp. 137-148.

184.(Uri82a) Uri, Noel D. (1982a) "Impact of Price Variations on The Consumption of Electrical Energy," Applied Energy, 10, pp. 177-188.

185.(Uri83b) Uri, Noel D. (1983b) "The Regional Demand for Energy by the Residential Sector in the United States," Applied Energy, 13, pp. 295-316.

186.(Uri88) Uri, Noel D. (1988) "Energy Substitution in Agriculture in the United States," Applied Energy, 31, pp. 221-237.

187.(Uri89a) Uri, Noel D. (1989a) "Motor Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Demands by Agriculture in the United States," Applied Energy, 32, pp. 133-154.

188.(Uri89b) Uri, Noel (1989b) "Natural Gas Demand by Agriculture in the USA,"Energy Economics, 11(2), April, pp. 137-146.

189.(U&B88) Uri, Noel D. and Boyd, Roy (1988) "Crude Oil Imports into the United States," Applied Energy, 31, pp. 101-118.

190.(U&G92) Uri, Noel D. and Gill, Mohinder (1992) "Agriculture Demands for Natural Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas in the USA", Applied Energy, 41, 1992, pp. 223-241.

191.(U&H85) Uri, Noel D. and Hassanein, Saad A. (1985) "Motor Gasoline Demand and Distillate Fuel Oil Demand," Energy Economics, April.

192.(Ver82) Verleger, Philip K. (1982) "Oil Markets in Turmoil, An Economic Analysis," Ballinger Publishing Co., Cambridge, MA.

193.(W&W92) Walker, I. O. and Wirl, Franz (1992) "Irreversible Efficiency Improvements: An Empirical Investigation of Road Transportation," Working Paper, Vienna, OPEC Secretariate and Institute of Energy Economics, Technical University of Vienna.

194.(Wat90) Watkins, G. C. (1991) "Short- and Long-term Equilibria: Relationships between First and Third Generation Dynamic Factor Models," Energy Economics, 13(1), January, pp. 2-9.

195.(Wat92) Watkins, G. C. (1992) "The Economic Analysis of Energy Demand: Perspectives of a Practitioner," in Energy Demand, Evidence and Expectations, edited by David Hawdon, New York, Surrey University Press. pp. 29-96.

196.(W&W86) Watkins, G. C. and Waverman, L. (1986) "Oil Demand Elasticities, The Saviour as well as the Scourge of OPEC?," Paper presented to the Eighth International Association of Energy Economist North American Conference, Boston, November pp. 19-21.

197.(Wav92) Waverman, Leonard (1992) "Econometric Modelling of Energy Demand: When Substitutes Good Substitutes," in Energy Demand: Evidence and Expectations, edited by David Hawdon, New York: Surrey University Press. pp. 11-28.

198.(Wel89) Welsch, Heinz (1989) "The Reliability of Aggregate Energy Demand Functions," Energy Economics, 11(4), October, pp. 285-192.

199.(Wil83) Wilkinson, J.W. (1983) The Supply, Demand, and Average Price of Natural Gas Under Free Market Conditions, Energy Journal, 4(1), January, pp. 99-123.

200.(Wil81) Wills, John. (1981) "Residential Demand for Electricity," Energy Economics, 3, October, pp. 249-254.

201.(Wir87) Wirl, F. (1987) "Energy Policy of Industrialized Countries: The Austrian Experience Evaluated Within an Empirical Framework," Energy, Exploration, and Exploitations, 5, pp. 141-156.

202.(Wir91) Wirl, F. (1991) "Energy Demand and Consumer Price Expectations: An Empirical Investigation of the Consequences from the Recent Oil Price Collapse," Resources and Energy, 13, pp. 241-262.

203.(WVA77) Wong, Edwin; Venegas, E. C.; and Antiporta, D. B. (1977) "Simulating the Consumption of Gasoline," Simulation, May, pp. 145-152.

204.(WRM86) Wood, David J.; Ruderman, Henry; and McMahon, James E. (1986) "Market Share Elasticities for Fuel and Technology Choice in Heating andCooling," in The Changing World Energy Economy-Papers and Proceedings of the Eight Annual North American Conference of the International Association of Energy Economist, edited by David O. Wood. MIT, Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 19-21. pp. 422-426.

205.(YSW83) Young, Trevor; Stevens, Thomas H.; and Willis, Cleve. (1983) "Asymmetry in the Residential Demand for Electricity," The Energy Journal, 4 (Special Electricity Issue), pp. 153-162.