Charles, Jacky S. and Fullerton, Thomas M., Jr. (2012): An Error Correction Analysis of Visitor Arrivals to the Bahamas. Published in: Tourism Economics , Vol. 18, No. 1 : pp. 253-259.
Preview |
PDF
MPRA_paper_43064.pdf Download (715kB) | Preview |
Abstract
Tourism is the major domestic export for many countries in the Caribbean region. Given this, the variables which influence tourism demand in this region, as well as accurate forecasts, can assist policy makers in their planning efforts and growth strategies. This study utilizes error correction models (ECMs) to analyze tourism demand in the Bahamas. Findings suggest that income and habit persistence/word of mouth advertising are the primary determinants of tourism demand in the Bahamas, while the cost of travel is generally insignificant. To further assess model reliability, forecasts of the ECMs are compared to random walk and random walk with drift benchmarks. The study finds that while the ECMs provide fairly reliable forecasts, their performances are not superior to those provided by random walk benchmarks.
Item Type: | MPRA Paper |
---|---|
Original Title: | An Error Correction Analysis of Visitor Arrivals to the Bahamas |
Language: | English |
Keywords: | Tourism; Error Correction Analysis; Forecasts; Bahamas |
Subjects: | O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O5 - Economywide Country Studies > O54 - Latin America ; Caribbean M - Business Administration and Business Economics ; Marketing ; Accounting ; Personnel Economics > M2 - Business Economics > M21 - Business Economics |
Item ID: | 43064 |
Depositing User: | Thomas Fullerton |
Date Deposited: | 06 Dec 2012 13:40 |
Last Modified: | 28 Sep 2019 04:33 |
References: | B.H. Archer, 1976, Demand Forecasting in Tourism, Bangor, UK: University of Wales Press. B.H. Archer, 1994, “Demand Forecasting and Estimation,” Chapter 10 in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Research: A Handbook for Managers and Researchers, Edited by J.R.B. Ritchie and C.R. Goeldner, New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. A. Banerjee, J.Dolado, J.W. Galbraith, and D. F. Hendry, 1993, Co-integration, Error Correction, and the Econometric Analysis of Non-Stationary Data, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. J. Blackwell, 1970, “Tourist Traffic and the Demand for Accommodation: Some Projections,” Economic & Social Review 1, 323-343. K. Carey, 1991, “Estimation of the Caribbean Tourism Demand: Issues in Measurement and Methodology,” Atlantic Economic Journal 19, 32-40. C.D. Clarke, 1978, An Analysis of the Determinants of Demand for Tourism in Barbados, Ph.D. Dissertation, Fordham University. R.S. Cline, 1975, “Measuring Travel Volumes and Itineraries and Forecasting Future Travel Growth to Individual Pacific Destinations,” Chapter 9 in Management Science Applications to Leisure Time Operations, Edited by S.P. Ladany, New York, NY: North Holland. R. Croes and M.A. Rivera, 2010, “Testing the Empirical Link between Tourism and Competitiveness: Evidence from Puerto Rico,” Tourism Economics 16, 217-234. K. Dalrymple and K. Greenidge, 1999, “Forecasting Arrivals to Barbados,” Annals of Tourism Research 26, 188-190. M. De Leon, T.M. Fullerton, Jr., and B.W. Kelley, 2009, “Tolls, Exchange Rates, and Borderplex International Bridge Traffic,” International Journal of Transport Economics 36, 223-259. G.S. Dharmaratne, 1995, “Forecasting Tourist Arrivals in Barbados,” Annals of Tourism Research 22, 804-818. D.A. Dickey and W.A. Fuller, 1979, “Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root,” Journal of the American Statistical Association 74, 427-431. R.F. Engle and C.W.J. Granger, 1987, “Cointegration and Error Correction Representation, Estimation, and Testing,” Econometrica 55, 251-276. R.F. Engle and H. White, 1999, Co-integration, Causality and Forecasting, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. T.M. Fullerton, Jr., 2004, “Borderplex Bridge and Air Econometric Forecast Accuracy,” Journal of Transportation & Statistics 7, 7-21. C.W.J. Granger and P. Newbold, 1974, “Spurious Regressions in Econometrics,” Journal of Econometrics 2, 111-120. C.W.J. Granger, 1981, “Some Properties of Time Series Data and their use in Econometric Model Specification,” Journal of Econometrics 16, 121-130. K. Greenidge, 2000, “Forecasting Tourism Demand, an STM Approach,” Annals of Tourism Research 28, 98-112. S. Johansen, 1988, “A Statistical Analysis of Co-integration Vectors,” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 12, 231-254. S. Johansen and K. Juselius, 1990, “Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Co-integration with Application to the Demand for Money,” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 52, 169-210. S. Kim and H. Song, 1998, “Analysis of Inbound Tourism Demand in South Korea: A Cointegration and Error Correction Approach, Tourism Analysis 3, 25-41. N. Kulendran and M.L. King, 1997, “Forecasting International Tourist Flows using Error Correction and Time Series Models,” International Journal of Forecasting 13, 319-327. N. Kulendran and S.F. Witt, 2001, “Cointegration versus Least Squares Regression,” Annals of Tourism Research 28, 291-311. C. Lim and M. McAleer, 2001, “Forecasting Tourist Arrivals,” Annals of Tourism Research 28, 965-977. R.G. Lipsey and K.A. Chrystal, 2004, Economics, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. J. Mackinnon, 1991, “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests,” Chapter 13 in Long-Run Economic Relationships: Readings in Cointegration, Edited by R.F. Engle and C.W.J. Granger, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. G.S. Maddala, I. Kim, 1998, Unit Roots, Co-integration, and Structural Change, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Y. Metzgen-Quemarez, 1990, Estimating the Demand for International Tourist Service: The US and the Caribbean, Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University. C. Morley, 1991, “Modeling International Tourism Demand: Model Specification and Structure,” Journal of Travel Research 30 (1), 40-44. C. Morley, 1997, “An Evaluation of the use of Ordinary Least Squares for Estimating Tourism Demand Models, Journal of Travel Research 35 (4), 69-73. C. Ouerfelli, 2008, “Co-integration Analysis of Quarterly European Tourism Demand in Tunisia,” Tourism Management 29, 127-137. P.C.B. Phillips, 1986, “Understanding Spurious Regressions in Econometrics,” Journal of Econometrics 33, 311-340. P.C.B. Phillips and P. Perron, 1988, “Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression,” Biometrika 75, 335-346. R.S. Pindyck and D.L. Rubinfeld, 1998, Econometric Models and Econometric Forecasts, Boston, MA: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. G. Riddington, 1993, “Time Varying Coefficient Models and their Forecasting Performance,” Omega: International Journal of Management Sciences 21, 571-583. S. Schulmeister, 1980, Tourism and the Business Cycle: Econometric Models for the Purpose of Analysis and Forecasting of Short-Term Changes in the Demand for Tourism, Vienna, AT: Austrian Institute for Economic Research. H.Y. Song, G. Li, S.F. Witt, and B.G. Fei, 2010, “Tourism Demand Modelling and Forecasting: How should Demand be Measured?” Tourism Economics 16, 63-81. H.Y. Song, P. Romilly and X. Liu, 2000, “An Empirical Study of Outbound Tourism Demand in the UK,” Applied Economics 32, 611-624. H.Y. Song and S.F. Witt, 2000, Tourism Demand Modeling and Forecasting: Modern Econometric Approaches, Amsterdam, NL: Pergamon. H.Y. Song and S.F. Witt, 2003, “Tourism Forecasting: The General to Specific Approach,” Journal of Travel Research 42 (1), 65-74. H.Y. Song, S.F. Witt and T.C. Jensen, 2003, “Tourism Forecasting: Accuracy of Alternative Econometric Models,” International Journal of Forecasting 19, 123-141. H.Y. Song and K.F. Wong, 2003, “Tourism Demand Modeling: A Time Varying Parameter Approach,” Journal of Travel Research 42 (1), 57-64. C. Ouerfelli, 2008, “Co-integration Analysis of Quarterly European Tourism Demand in Tunisia,” Tourism Management 29, 127-137. Sr. M. Vanegas and R.R. Croes, 2000, “Evaluation of Demand: US Tourists to Aruba,” Annals of Tourism Research 27, 946-963. Sr. M. Vanegas and R.R. Croes, 2004, “An Econometric Study of Tourist Arrivals in Aruba and its Implications,” Tourism Management 26, 879-890. S.F. Witt, 1980, “An Abstract Mode – Abstract (Destination) Node Model of Foreign Holiday Demand,” Applied Economics 12, 163-180. S.F. Witt and C.A. Martin, 1987, “Econometric Models for Forecasting International Tourism Demand,” Journal of Travel Research 15 (3), 23-30. C.A. Witt and S.F. Witt, 1990, “Appraising an Econometric Forecasting Model,” Journal of Travel Research 28 (3), 30-34. World Travel and Tourism Council, 2007, Caribbean Region: Review of Economic Growth and Development, WTTC Investigation Number 332-496. J. Yoon and E.L. Shafer, 1996, “Models of U.S. Travel Patterns for the Bahamas,” Journal of Travel Research 35 (1), 50-60. |
URI: | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/43064 |