Tracking Disparities: Who Gets Left Behind? Initial Findings from Peru Round 3 Survey

Cueto, Santiago and Escobal, Javier and Penny, Mary and Ames, Patricia (2011): Tracking Disparities: Who Gets Left Behind? Initial Findings from Peru Round 3 Survey. Published in: Young Lives Technical Note Series No. 3 (September 2011)

Abstract

This report presents initial findings from the third round of data collection by Young Lives in Peru, carried out from late 2009 to early 2010 with two age cohorts of children. It gives a broad outline of some of the key indicators of childhood poverty and changes that have taken place in the children’s lives between the earlier rounds of data collection in 2002 and 2006 and this third round. Data are mainly presented for the entire age cohort, in most cases separated into gender, wealth groups, rural/urban location, and maternal mother tongue (as a proxy of ethnicity). In particular, we are able to make comparisons between the older children at age 8 in 2002 (in Round 1), and the younger cohort at age 8 in 2009 (Round 3) – to highlight changes that have happened in the study communities over that time.

In recent years Peru has had consistent achievements in the economic, social and political arenas, but still faces important challenges. These achievements are consistent economic growth, the development of programmes and policies to fight poverty, and the maintenance of democracy; the challenges are a large (but decreasing) poor population, a high degree of inequality in social opportunities and outcomes, and a decentralisation process which started in 2002 in the hope that it would bring government closer to people’s needs, but still needs to be strengthened. Peru currently faces the enormous challenge of making its impressive economic growth more inclusive, so that the inequalities in opportunities and outcomes that are currently so closely linked to area of residence, ethnicity, maternal education, poverty and in some cases gender diminish over time through concerted policies and programmes.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: Inequality, Health and nutrition, Education, Economic and social change, Peru
• Subjects: D - Microeconomics > D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics; D - Microeconomics > D6 - Welfare Economics > D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement; J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J1 - Demographic Economics > J13 - Fertility ; Family Planning ; Child Care ; Children ; Youth

References

Alcázar, L. (2009) El gasto público social frente a la infancia. Análisis del programa Juntos y de la oferta y demanda de servicios asociadas a sus condiciones, Lima: Niños del Milenio/ GRADE

Ames, P., V. Rojas and T. Portugal (2009) Starting School: Who is Prepared? Young Lives’ Research on Children’s Transition to First Grade in Peru, Working Paper 47, Oxford: Young Lives

Ames, P. and V. Rojas (2011) Change and Opportunity: The Transition from Primary to Secondary School in Rural and Urban Peru, Working Paper 63, Oxford: Young Lives

Ames, P., V. Rojas and T. Portugal (2010) Continuity and Respect for Diversity: Strengthening Early Transitions in Peru, Working Papers in Early Childhood Development 56, The Hague: Bernard van Leer Foundation

Balarin, M. and S. Cueto (2007) The Quality of Parental Participation and Student Achievement in Peruvian Government Schools, Working Paper 35, Oxford: Young Lives

Ballón, E. (2010) ‘Las dificultades y los desafíos del proceso de descentralización peruano’ in PNUD (ed.) El Estado en Debate: Múltiples Miradas, Lima: PNUD/UNDP

Benavides, M., M. Mena and C. Ponce (2010) Estado de la Niñez Indígena en el Perú, Lima:UNICEF and INEI

Benavides, M., C. Ponce and M. Mena (2011) El Estado de la Niñez en el Perú, Lima: UNICEF and INEI

Boza, B. (2007) ‘Gasto público con incidencia en infancia: Análisis comparativo entre DEMUNA y Wawa Wasi’, in Niños del Milenio (ed.) Vigilancia Ciudadana de la Acción del Estado sobre la Infancia, Lima: Niños del Milenio

Crivello, Gina (2009) Becoming Somebody: Youth Transitions through Education and Migration. Evidence from Young Lives, Working Paper 43, Oxford: Young Lives

Crookston B.T., M.E. Penny, S.C. Alder, T.Y.T. Dickerson, R.M. Merrill, J.B. Stanford, C.A. Porucznik and K.A. Dearden (2010) ‘Children Who Recover from Early Stunting and Children Who Are Not Stunted Demonstrate Similar Levels of Cognition’, Journal of Nutrition 140: 1996– 2001

CAD (Ciudadanos al Día) (2010) ‘Protección de derechos’, Boletín CAD Nº 110, Lima: CAD

Cueto, S., G. Guerrero, J. León, E. Seguin and I. Muñoz (2009a) ‘Explaining and Overcoming Marginalisation in Education: A Focus on Ethnic/Language Minorities in Peru’, Background paper for the EFA Global Monitoring Report 2010, Paris: UNESCO

Cueto, S., G. Guerrero, J. Leon, A. Zevallos and C. Sugimaru (2009b) ‘Promoting Early Childhood Development through a Public Programme: Wawa Wasi in Peru’, Working Paper 51, Oxford: Young Lives

Cueto, S., J. Leon, G. Guerrero and I. Munoz (2009c) Psychometric Characteristics of Cognitive Development and Achievement Instruments in Round 2 of Young Lives, Technical Note 15, Oxford: Young Lives

Cueto, S., J. Leon and I. Muñoz (2011 forthcoming) Education Opportunities and Outcomes for Children in Peru: A Longitudinal Model, draft manuscript DEMUNA (Defensoría Municipal del Niño y del Adolescente) (2004) Manual de Gestión DEMUNA, Lima: Acción por los Niños

DEVIDA (Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo y Vida sin Drogas) (2006) III Encuestas Nacionales sobre Prevención y Consumo de Drogas, 2006, Lima: DEVIDA Díaz, J. J. (2007) ‘Educación inicial y rendimiento en la Escuela’, Boletín Análisis y Propuestas 12, Lima: GRADE

Escobal, J. and C. Ponce (2007) Trade Liberalisation and Child Welfare: Assessing the Impact of a Free Trade Agreement between Peru and the USA, Working Paper 36, Oxford: Young Lives

Escobal J. and E. Flores (2008) An Assessment of the Young Lives Sampling Approach in Peru, Technical Note 3, Oxford: Young Lives Escobal, J. and E. Flores (2009) Maternal Migration and Child Well-being in Peru, Working Paper 56, Oxford: Young Lives

Escobal, J., C. Lanata, S. Madrid, M. Penny, J. Saavedra, P. Suárez, H. Verastegui, E. Villar, and S. Huttly (2003) Young Lives Preliminary Country Report: Peru, London: Save the Children UK / Young Lives

Escobal, J., P. Ames, S. Cueto, M. Penny and E. Flores (2008) Young Lives: Peru Round 2 Survey, Oxford: Young Lives FONCODES Fondo Nacional de Compensación y Desarrollo Social (2001) Mapa de la Pobreza. Lima: FONCODES

Guerrero, G. and C. Sugimaru (2010) Oportunidades y riesgos de la transferencia del servicio Wawa Wasi a los Gobiernos Locales Provinciales, Lima: Niños del Milenio/GRADE

Hall, G. and H.A. Patrinos (2006) Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Development in Latin America, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan

Huber, L., P. Zárate, A. Durand, O. Madalengoitia and J. Morel (2009) Programa Juntos Certezas y Malentendidos en torno a las tranferencias condicionadas. Estudio de caso de seis distritos rurales del Perú, Lima: UNFPA, UNICEF and IEP

INEI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática) (2009) Mapa de Pobreza Provincial y Distrital 2007: El enfoque de la Pobreza Monetaria, Lima: INEI INEI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática) (2010a) Encuesta demográfica y de Salud Familiar 2009, Lima: INEI

INEI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática) (2010b) Indicadors de resultados de los programas estratégicos, 2010 ENDES primeros resultados, Lima: INEI INEI-ENAHO (Encuesto Nacional de Hogares) (2011) Condiciones de vida en el Perú, Technical Report 2011.2, Lima: INEI, available at http://www1.inei.gob.pe/web/BoletinesInformeTecnicoENAHO.asp IOP (Instituto de Opinión Pública de la PUCP) (2010) Boletín Estado de la Opinión Pública: Año V, Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú

Jones, N., R. Vargas and E. Villar (2007) ‘El programa Juntos y el bienestar de la infancia’, in Niños del Milenio (ed.) Relaciones con Condiciones: El Estado Peruano frente a su Infancia, Lima: Niños del Milenio/Young Lives

Liria, M.R., M.L. Mispirieta, C.F. Lanata and H.M. Creed-Kanashiro (2008) Perfil nutricional en escolares de Lima y Callao, Lima: IIN and International Life Science Institute Sur Andino Luttrell-Rowland, M. (forthcoming) ‘Ambivalence, Conflation, and Invisibility: A Feminist Analysis of State Enactment of Children’s Rights in Peru’, Signs: Journal of Women and Culture

Narayan, D. (2000) Voices of the Poor: Can Anyone Hear Us? Oxford: Oxford University Press Paes de Barros, R., F.H.G. Ferrerira, J.R. Molinas Vega and J. Saavedra Chanduví (2008) Measuring Inequality of Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean, Washington DC: World Bank

Parodi, S. (2005) Evaluando los efectos del Seguro Integral de Salud (SIS) sobre la equidad en la salud materna en el contexto de barreras no económicas al acceso a los servicios, Lima: GRADE

Penny, M.E., M. Marin, R. Quispe and R. Alarcon (2008) ‘Family Access to Animal Source Foods: An Analysis of the Young Lives Project in Peru’, FASEB Journal 22: 1083.12

Perova, E. and R. Vakis (2009) ‘Welfare Impacts of the Juntos Program in Peru: Evidence from a non-experimental evaluation’, unpublished report, Washington DC: WorldBank (available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPERUINSPANISH/Resources/Perova_Vakis_JuntosIE.pdf

PNUD (2009) Informe Sobre Desarrollo Humano Perú 2009. Por una Densidad del Estado al Servicio de la Gente, Lima: PNUD/UNDP

RENIEC (2010) Plan Nacional de Atención de la Problemática de la Indocumentación: 2011– 2015, Lima: National Register of Identity and Marriage

Reuben, W. and R. Cuenca (2009) El estado de la indocumentación infantil en el Perú. Hallazgos y propuestas de política, Lima: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank

Rodriguez, J. and S. Vargas (2009) Trabajo infantil en el Perú: Magnitud y perfiles vulnerables. Informe Nacional 2007–8, Lima: Organizacion Internacional del Trabajo / ILO

Rojas, V. and T. Portugal (2010) ‘¿Educación para el desarrollo rural o para dejar de ser rural? Percepciones y proyectos de pobladores rurales andinos y amazónicos’ in P. Ames and V. Caballero (eds) Perú, el problema agrario en debate: SEPIA XIII, Lima: SEPIA

SIS (Seguro Integral de Salud) (2010) Boletín estadístico 2010, Lima: Ministry of Health, available at: http://www.sis.gob.pe/Portal/estadisticas/Estadistica/Informe_Boletin_Estadistico_2010.pdf

Streuli, N. (2009) ‘Children’s and Parents’ Views of Juntos: A Conditional Cash Programme in Peru’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of London

Terreros, C. and A. Tibblin (2004) Colocando los derechos de los niños en la agenda local. La experiencia del modelo de la Demuna en el Perú, Lima: Save the Children Sweden

Trivelli, C. (2000) ‘Pobreza rural: Investigaciones, mediciones y políticas públicas’ in Isabel Hurtado, Carolina Trivelli y Antonio Brack (eds) Perú el problema agrario en Debate: SEPIA VIII, Lima: SEPIA

USAID and Perú ProDescentralización (2009) Proceso de Descentralización 2009. Balance y Agenda Crítica, Lima: Proyecto USAID/ Perú ProDescentralización

Vargas, S., and M.E. Penny (2010) ‘Measuring food insecurity and hunger in Peru: a qualitative and quantitative analysis of an adapted version of the USDA’s Food Insecurity and Hunger Module’, Public Health Nutrition 13.10: 1488–97

Victora C.F., L. Adair, C. Fall, P.C. Hallal, R. Martorell, L. Richter and H.S. Sachdev (Maternal and Child Under-nutrition Study Group) (2008) ‘Maternal and Child Malnutrition: Consequences for Adult Health and Human Capital’, The Lancet 371: 340–57

Wilson, I., S.R.A. Huttly and B. Fenn (2003) A Case Study of Sample Design for Longitudinal Research: Young Lives, Young Lives Working Paper 10, London: Save the Children

Woodhead, M., P. Ames, U. Vennam, W. Abebe and N. Streuli (2009) Equity and Quality? Challenges for Early Childhood and Primary Education in Ethiopia, India and Peru, Working Papers in Early Childhood Development 55, The Hague: Bernard van Leer Foundation