Bouoiyour, Jamal and Miftah, Amal and Selmi, Refk (2014): Brain Drain or Brain Gain? The case of Moroccan Students in France.
Preview |
PDF
MPRA_paper_56630.pdf Download (685kB) | Preview |
Abstract
Brain drain has long been an important concern particularly for a developing country like Morocco where high-skilled emigration rates are highest. The aim of this paper is to highlight the causes of migration of Moroccan students to France, to offer then some implications. To this end, we apply an ARDL Bounds testing approach and VEC Granger causality test to annual data spanning the period between 1971 and 2011. We show that the quality of higher education measured by French research & development (proxy of French institutions) seem the main determinant of student mobility. The per-capita income differential between France and Morocco also plays an important role on explaining student migration. The uncertainty about future Moroccan inflation (proxy of Moroccan institutions) encourages the departure of students abroad, while the degree of openness via trade and foreign direct investments discourage. Academic exchange agreements and the creation of research centers accredited by the two countries have been recommended to enhance the French economic development from high-skilled migrants without depriving Morocco.
Item Type: | MPRA Paper |
---|---|
Original Title: | Brain Drain or Brain Gain? The case of Moroccan Students in France |
English Title: | Brain Drain or Brain Gain? The case of Moroccan Students in France |
Language: | English |
Keywords: | Brain drain; Brain gain; Moroccan students; France. |
Subjects: | F - International Economics > F0 - General O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O1 - Economic Development |
Item ID: | 56630 |
Depositing User: | R. Selmi |
Date Deposited: | 16 Jun 2014 15:07 |
Last Modified: | 26 Sep 2019 10:03 |
References: | Alonso, J.A (2011). International Migration and Development: A review in light of the crisis. CDP Background paper n°11 (E). Balac, R. (2008). Les étudiants marocains expatriés en France : une migration en mutation rapide : 1970 – 2005. In : Mobilités étudiantes Sud-Nord, trajectoires scolaires de Marocains en France et insertion professionnelle au Maroc, Gérard (E.) et al., Publisud, 29-59. Ball, L (1992). Why does higher inflation raise inflation uncertainty? Journal of Monetary Economics, 29 (3), 371–378. Beine, M; Noël, R and Ragot, L (2013). The determinants of international mobility of students. CEPII Working Paper N°2013-30. Bouoiyour J (2006). Migration, diaspora et développement humain. Chapter of a Book “50 ans de Développement Humain au Maroc & Perspectives 2025”, 455-526. Bouoiyour J (2013). Analyse du contexte international de la migration marocaine. In Stratégie nationale de l'émigration à l'horizon 2030. Etude pour l'Institut Royal d'Etude Stratégique - Rabat. Maroc. CampusFrance (2011). Enquête exclusive Campus France - TNS Sofres : Les étudiants étrangers en France, image et attractivité. Les notes de campus France n°34, October. CampusFrance (2011). Les étudiants internationaux chiffres clés n° 6, October. Chirkov, V; Vansteenkiste, M; Tao, R and Lynch, M (2007). The role of self-determined motivation and goals for study abroad in the adaptation of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31, 199–222. Coulon, A and Paivandi, S (2003). Les étudiants étrangers en France!: l’état des savoirs. Rapport pour L’Observatoire de la Vie Étudiante. De Mello, L.R. (1999). Foreign direct investment-led growth: Evidence from time series and panel data, Oxford Economic Papers, 51, 133-151. Gorg, H., and D. Greenaway (2004). Much Ado about Nothing? Do Domestic Firms Really Benefit from Foreign Direct Investment? World Bank Research Observer, 19, 171-97. Granger, C. W. J (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross spectral methods, Econometrica, 37, 424- 438. Gregory, A.W and Hansen, B.E (1996). Residual based Tests for Co-integration in Models with Regime Shifts. Journal of Econometrics, 70, 99-126. Haupt, A; Krieger, T and Lange, T (2010). A note on brain gain and brain drain: permanent migration and education policy. CESifo Working Paper Series n° 3154. Kato, T. and Sparber, C. (2013). Quotas and quality: The effect of H-1B visa restrictions on the pool of prospective undergraduate students from abroad. The Review of Economics and Statistics, March 2013, 95(1), 109-126. Knell, M.and Radosevic, S. (2000). FDI, technology transfer and growth in economic theory. In: Hunya, G., (ed.)Integration Through Foreign Direct Investment: Making Central European Industries Competitive, 28-49. Kunin, R (2009). Impact économique du secteur de l’éducation internationale pour le Canada. Rapport final présenté au Ministère des Affaires étrangères et Commerce international Canada.http://www.international.gc.ca/education/assets/pdfs/impact_economique_fr.pdf Lanne, M., Lütkepohl, H. and P. Saikkonen. (2002). Comparision of unit root tests for time series with level shifts. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 23, 667-685. Lütkepohl, H (2006). Structural vector autoregressive analysis for cointegrated variables. AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis 90, 75-88. Mazzarol, T and Soutar, G.N (2001). Push-pull factors influencing international student destination choice. CEMI Discussion Paper 0105. Maringe, F, and Carter, S (2007). International students' motivations for studying in UK HE: Insights into the choice and decision making of African students. International Journal of Educational Management, 21(6), 459-475. McMahon, M.E (1992). Higher Education in a world market: a historical look at the global context of international study. Higher Education, Vol. 24, 465-482. Meyer, J.B and Laouali, S.M (2012). Mobilité internationale des étudiants étrangers vers le Maroc : quelles particularités? Etudes et Essais n°10. MIREM (2009), Migration de retour au Maghreb (Return Migration to Maghreb Project). http://www.mirem.eu/ OECD (2008, Part III). Return Migration: A New Perspective (JC. Dumont and G. Spielvogel), in Papademetriou D. et al (2009), “Immigration and the current economic crisis: Research evidence, Policy challenges, and Implications”, Migration Policy Institute, Washington DC. OECD (2012). Perspectives des migrations internationales, Éditions OECD. OECD (2013). Indication de l’Education à la loupe, Quels facteurs influencent la mobilité internationale des étudiants? OECD, Paris. Perron, P (1989). The Great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis, Econometrica, 57, 1361-1401. Pesaran, M. and Shin, Y (1999). An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modeling Approach to Cointegration Analysis. S. Strom, (ed) Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century, Cambridge University. Pesaran, M.H; Shin, Y, and Smith R (2001), Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326. Réseau Européen des Migrations (2012). L’immigration des étudiants étrangers en France. Etude principale 2012 du REM. Rosenzweig, M. R (2006). Global Wage Differences and International Student Flows. Brookings Trade Forum, 57 – 86. Saikkonen, P and Lütkepohl, H (2002). Testing for a unit root in a time series with a level shift at unknown time, Econometric Theory 18, 313-348. Toda, H and Yamamoto, Y (1995). Statistical inference in Vector Autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225-250. Van Bouwel, L and Veugelers, R (2013). The determinants of student mobility in Europe: the quality dimension. European Journal of Higher Education, 3 (2), 172-190. |
URI: | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/56630 |