Chen, Dong and Gao, Yanmin and Kaul, Mayank and Leung, Charles Ka Yui and Tsang, Desmond (2014): The role of sponsor and external management on the capital structure of Asian-Pacific REITs: the case of Australia, Japan, and Singapore.
Preview |
PDF
MPRA_paper_60490.pdf Download (165kB) | Preview |
Abstract
This paper studies how the presence of sponsor and external management affect leverage and debt maturity decisions in three major Asian-Pacific REIT markets: Australia, Japan and Singapore. Our empirical results indicate that sponsored REITs opt for higher levels of leverage and loans with longer maturity. On the contrary, externally managed REITs are associated with lower leverage and loans with shorter maturity. Our results are robust to the inclusion of other firm variables and to alternative specifications. Subsequent to the financial crisis, the impact of sponsorship on debt financing decisions has diminished, and borrowing of externally managed REITs is further constrained.
Item Type: | MPRA Paper |
---|---|
Original Title: | The role of sponsor and external management on the capital structure of Asian-Pacific REITs: the case of Australia, Japan, and Singapore |
Language: | English |
Keywords: | Asian-Pacific REIT markets, capital structure, debt maturity, simultaneous equation modelling, financial crisis |
Subjects: | E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics > E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook > E60 - General F - International Economics > F3 - International Finance > F30 - General G - Financial Economics > G1 - General Financial Markets > G10 - General |
Item ID: | 60490 |
Depositing User: | Charles Ka Yui Leung |
Date Deposited: | 10 Dec 2014 05:58 |
Last Modified: | 29 Sep 2019 10:55 |
References: | Alcock, J., E. Steiner, and K. Tan. (2014). Joint Leverage and Maturity Choices in Real Estate Firms: The Role of REIT Status. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Forthcoming. Ambrose, B.W. and P. Linneman. (2001). REIT Organization Structure and Operating Characteristics. Journal of Real Estate Research, 21(3), 141-162. APREA (2014). Asia Pacific REITs: A Comparaitive Regulatory & Tax Study. Asia Pacific Real Estate Association. Barclay, M.J., L.M. Marx and C.W. Smith. (2003). The Joint Determination of Leverage and Maturity. Journal of Corporate Finance, 9, 149–167. Barry, C.B., C.J. Muscarella, J.W. Peavy III, and M.R. Vetsuypens. (1990). The Role of Venture Capital in the Creation of Public Companies: Evidence from the Going-public Process. Journal of Financial Economics, 27(2), 447–471. Berlin, M. and J. Loeys. (1988). Bond Covenants and Delegated Monitoring. Journal of Finance, 43 (2), 397-412. Bond, S.A. and P.J. Scott. (2006). The Capital Structure Decision for Listed Real Estate Companies. Retrieved December 22, 2011 from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID876429_code253011.pdf?abstractid=876429&mirid=1 Boudry, W., J. G. Kallberg, and C. H. Liu. (2010). An Analysis of REIT Security Issuance Decisions. Real Estate Economics, 38 (1), 91-120. Bradley, M., G. A. Jarrell, and E. H. Kim. (1984). On the Existence of an Optimal Capital Structure: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Finance, 39, 857-878. Brounen, D. and P.M.A. Eichholtz. (2001). Capital Structure Theory: Evidence from European Property Companies' Capital Offerings. Real Estate Economics, 29(4), 615–632. Brown, D T and T. J. Riddiough. (2003). Financing Choice and Liability Structure of Real Estate Investment Trusts. Real Estate Economics, 31(3), 313-346. Cannon, S.E. and S.C. Vogt. (1995). REITs and Their Management: An Analysis of Organization Structure, Performance, and Management Compensation. Journal of Real Estate Research 10(3), 294-317. Capozza, D.R. and Seguin P.J. (2000). Debt, Agency, and Management Contracts in REITs: The External Advisor Puzzle. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 20(2), 91-116. CFA (2011). Asian-Pacific REITs: Building Trust through Better REIT Governance. CFA Institute. Chang, K. L.; N. K. Chen and C. K. Y. Leung (2012). The Dynamics of Housing Returns in Singapore: How Important are the International Transmission Mechanisms?, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 42, 516-530. Claessens, S. and J.P.H. Fan (2002). Corporate Governance in Asia: A Survey. International Review of Finance, 3(2), 71-103. Devos, E., S-E Ong, A.C. Spieler and D. Tsang (2013). REIT Institutional Ownership Dynamics and the Financial Crisis. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 47, 266-288. Diamond, D. (1991a). Debt Maturity Structure and Liquidity Risk. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 709-37. Diamond, D. (1991b). Monitoring and Reputation: The Choice between Bank Loans and Privately Placed Debt. Journal of Political Economy, 99, 689-721. Diamond, D. (1993). Seniority and Maturity Structure of Debt Contracts. Journal of Financial Economics, 33, 341-368. Dong, Y., C. K. Y. Leung, and D. Cai, (2012). What Drives Fixed Asset Holding and Risk-Adjusted Performance of Corporates in China? An Empirical Analysis. International Real Estate Review, 15(2):141-164. Doraisami, A. (2011). The Global Financial Crisis: Countercyclical Fiscal Policy Issues and Challenges in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Singapore, Asian Development Bank Institute, working paper. Ellis, L. (2013). Macroprudential Policy: What Have We Learned? Reserve Bank of Australia, mimeo. EPRA (2008). Global REIT Survey. European Public Real Estate Association. Faulkender, M. and M. Peterson. (2006). Does the Source of Capital Affect the Capital Structure? Review of Financial Studies, 19, 45-79. Feng, Z, C. Ghosh, and C. F. Sirmans. (2007). On the Capital Structure of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 34(1), 81-105. Financial Services Development Council (FSDC) (2013), Developing Hong Kong as a Capital Formation Centre for Real Estate Investment Trusts, Research Paper No. 04. Flannery, M. (1986). Asymmetric Information and Risky Debt Maturity Choice. Journal of Finance, 41(1), 19-37. Fraser, S. (2012). The Impact of the Financial Crisis on Bank Lending to SMES. Warwick Business School, working paper. Ghosh, C.; E. Giambona, J. Harding, and C.F. Sirmans. (2011). How Entrenchment, Incentives and Governance Influence REIT Capital Structure. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 43(1-2), 39-72. Giambona, E, J. Harding, and C.F. Sirmans. (2008). Explaining the Variation in REIT Capital Structure: the Role of Asset Liquidation Value. Real Estate Economics, 36(1), 11-137. Hart, O. (1993). An Economist’s View of Fiduciary Duty. University of Toronto Law Journal, 43, 299-313. Hart, O. and J. Moore. (1995). Debt and Seniority: An Analysis of the Role of Hard Claims in Constraining Management. American Economic Review, 85 (3), 567-585. Highfield, M. J., K. D. Roskelley, and F. Zhao. (2007). The Determinants of the Debt Maturity Decision for Real Estate Investment Trusts. Journal of Real Estate Research, 29 (2), 173-200. Howe, J. and J. Shilling. (1988). Capital Structure Theory and REIT Security Offerings. Journal of Finance, 43, 983-93. Hsiao, C. (2009). Panel Data, University of Southern California, unpublished research notes. Hsiao, C. and A. K. Tahmiscioglu. (2008). Estimation of Dynamic Panel Data Models with Both Individual and Time Specific Effects, Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 138, 2698-2721. James, E., K. McLoughlin, and E. Rankin. (2014). Cross-border Capital Flow Since the Global Financial Crisis. Reserve Bank of Australia Bulletin, June, 65-72. Johnson, S.A. (2003). Debt Maturity and the Effects of Growth Opportunities and Liquidity Risk on Leverage. Review of Financial Studies 16, 209–236. Kim, B.S. (2009). The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Asia-Pacific Real Estate Markets: Evidence from Korea, Japan, Australia and U.S. REITs. Pacific Rim Property Research Journal, 15(4), 398-416. Kraus, A. and R.H. Litzenberger. (1973). A State-Preference Model of Optimal Financial Leverage. Journal of Finance, 28(4), 911-922. Kwan, S. (2010). Financial Crisis and Bank Lending, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, working paper. Lecomte, P. and J.T.L. Ooi. (2013). Corporate Governance and Performance of Externally Managed Singapore REITs. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 46(4), 664-684. Leland, H. E. and K.B. Toft. (1996). Optimal Capital Structure, Endogenous Bankruptcy, and the Term Structure of Credit Spreads. Journal of Finance, 51, 987-1019. Leung, C. K. Y., S. Shi and E. C. H. Tang. (2013). Commodity House Prices. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 43, 875-887. Leung, C. K. Y. and E. C. H. Tang. (2012). Comparing Two Financial Crises: the Case of Hong Kong Real Estate Markets, in "Global Housing Markets: Crises, Institutions and Policies", eds. by Ashok Bardhan, Robert Edelstein and Cynthia Kroll. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Chapter 17, 377-398. Liow, K.H. (2012). Co-Movements and Correlations across Asian Securitized Real Estate and Stock Markets. Real Estate Economics, 34(3), 399-428. Majluf, N. S. and S. C. Myers. (1984). Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions When Firms Have Information That Investors Do Not Have. Journal of Financial Economics, 13 (2), 187-221. Malpezzi, S. (2012). Lecture Notes on Urban Economics. University of Wisconsin-Madison, unpublished. Megginson, W.L. and K.A. Weiss. (1991). Venture Capitalist Certification in Initial Public Offerings. Journal of Finance, 46(3), 879-903. Monetary Authority of Singapore (2013). Monetary Policy Operations in Singapore. Mimeo. Myers, S.C. (1977). Determinants of Corporate Borrowing. Journal of Financial Economics, 5, 147-75. Myers, S.C. (1984). The Capital Structure Puzzle. Journal of Finance, 39 (3), 574-592. Nagano, M. (2010). Real Estate Securitization and the Debt Maturity Structure: Evidence From J-REITs. Retrieved on December 22, 2011 from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1684414 Obstfeld, M. (2014). Trilemmas and Tradeoffs: Living with Financial Globalization, University of California, Berkeley, working paper. Ooi, J. T. L. (1999a). The Debt Maturity Structure of UK Property Companies. Journal of Property Research, 16 (4), 293-307. Ooi J. T. L. (1999b). The Determinants of Capital Structure Evidence on UK Property Companies. Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 17(5), 464-480. Ooi, J. T. L., G. Newell, and T. Sing. (2006). The Growth of REIT Markets in Asia. Journal of Real Estate Literature, 14(2), 203-222. Ooi, J. T. L., S. E. Ong and P. H. Neo. (2011). The Wealth Effects of Property Acquisition: Evidence from REITs. Real Estate Economics, 39 (3), 487-505. Ott, S. H., T. J. Riddiough, and H. C. Yi. (2005). Finance, Investment and Investment Performance: Evidence From the REIT Sector. Real Estate Economics, 33 (1), 203-235. Packer, F., T. Riddiough and J. Shek. (2013). Can Securitization Work? Lessons from the U.S. REIT market. Bank of International Settlements, working paper. Packer, F., T. Riddiough and J. Shek. (2014). A Global Tour of Commercial Property and REIT Markets. International Real Estate Review, 17, 241-274. Reserve Bank of Australia. (2012). Macroprudential Analysis and Policy in the Australian Financial Stability Framework, mimeo. Roache, S. and M. Rousset. (2013). Unconventional Monetary Policy and Asset Prices. International Monetary Fund (IMF), working paper. Rogers, J., C. Scotti and J. Wright. (2014). Evaluating Asset-Market Effects of Unconventional Monetary Policy: A Cross-Country Comparison. Federal Reserve Board, working paper. Shi, S., J. B. Jou and D. Tripe (2014). Can Interest Rates Really Control House Prices? Effectiveness and Implications for macroprudential policy. Journal of Banking and Finance, 47, 15-28. Shirai, S. (2014). Recent Monetary Policy Trends in Advanced Economies and the Asia-Pacific Region, Bank of Japan, mimeo. Solheim, H. and B. H. Vatne (2014). Evidence of a Change in Banks’ Lending Practices after the Financial Crisis. Norges Bank. Stohs, M.H. and D.C. Mauer. (1996). The Determinants of Corporate Debt Maturity Structure. Journal of Business, 69, 279-312. Wong, W. C., S.E. Ong and J.T.L. Ooi. (2013). Sponsor Backing in Asian REIT IPOs. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 46 (2), 299-320. |
URI: | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/60490 |