Self-employment and educational childcare time: Evidence from Latin America

Juan Carlos, Campaña and J. Ignacio, Giménez-Nadal and Jose Alberto, Molina (2017): Self-employment and educational childcare time: Evidence from Latin America.

Abstract

In this paper, we analyze the time employed and self-employed mothers devote to paid work and childcare activities, focusing on the activities aimed at increasing the human capital of children. To that end, we use time-use survey data for Mexico (2009), Peru (2010), Panama (2011), Ecuador (2012) and Colombia (2012). In our econometric results, we find that self-employed mothers in Mexico, Panama, Ecuador, and Colombia devote more time to educational child care, compared to employed mothers. Furthermore, the level of education of the mother also influences behavioral patterns between self-employed and employed mothers in childcare. To the extent that differences in the time mothers spend with their children influence the present and future outcomes of those children, our results are important for policy reasons.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: self-employment; educational child care, Latin America
• Subjects: D - Microeconomics > D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics > D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation; J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J1 - Demographic Economics > J13 - Fertility ; Family Planning ; Child Care ; Children ; Youth; J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor > J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply

References

Aguiar, M., and Hurst, E. (2007). Measuring trends in leisure: The allocation of time over five decades. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3), 969–1006.

Allen, T., Herst, D., Bruck, C. and Sutton, M. (2000) Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: a review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 278–308.

Anxo, D., and Boulin, J. Y. (2005). Working Time Options over the Life Course: Changing Social Security Structure. European Foundation for the Improvment of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin, Ireland.

Apps, P., and Rees, R. (2005). Gender, time use, and public policy over the life cycle. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 21(3), 439-461.

Arai, B. (2008) Self-employment as a response to the double day for women and men in Canada. Canadian Review of Sociology, 37, 125–42.

Becker, G. S. (1965). A Theory of the Allocation of Time. The Economic Journal, 493-517.

Bianchi, S. M. (2000). Maternal employment and time with children: Dramatic change or surprising continuity? Demography, 37 (4), 401–414.

Blau FD, Grossberg AJ (1990) Maternal labor supply and children’s cognitive development. Review of Econonomics and Statistics, 74, 474–481.

Boden, R. J. (1999) Flexible working hours, family responsibilities, and female self employment. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 58, 71–83.

Brooks-Gunn J, Han WJ, andWaldfogel J (2002) Maternal employment and child outcomes in the first three years of life. Child Development, 73, 1052–1072.

Byron, K. (2005) A meta-analytic review of work-family conflict and its antecedents, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67, 169–98.

Campaña, J. C., Gimenez-Nadal, J. I., and Molina, J. A. (2016). Increasing the Human Capital of Children in Latin American Countries: The Role of Parents’ Time in Child care. The Journal of Development Studies, 53, 805-825.

Canelas, C., and Salazar, S. (2014). Gender and ethnic inequalities in LAC countries. IZA Journal of Labor and Development, 3, 18.

Caputo, R. K. and Dolinsky, A. (1998) Women’s choice to pursue self-employment: the role of financial and human capital of household members. Journal of Small Business Management, 36, 8–17.

Cheston, S y L. Kuhn (2002), “Empoderamiento de la mujer a través de la microfinanzas”, UNIFEM.

CEPAL. (2014). http://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/11362/37626/5/anexo_estadistico2014_es.zip(accessed September 2016).

Connelly, R. (1992) Self-employment and providing child care. Demography, 29, 17–29.

Cooksey EC and Fondell MM (1996) Spending time with his kids: effects of family structure on fathers’ and children’s lives. Journal of Marriage and Family, 58, 693–707.

Datcher-Loury L (1988) Effects of mother’s home time onchildren’sschooling. Review of Economics and Statistics, 70, 367–373.

DeMartino, R. and Barbato, R. (2003) Differences between women and men MBA entrepreneurs: exploring family flexibility and wealth creation as career motivators. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 815–32.

Demo, D. H., and Acock, A. C. (1993). Family diversity and the division of domestic labor: How much have things really changed? Family Relations, 42, 323-331.

Dvorkin, M., and Shell, H. (2015). A Cross-Country Comparison of Labor Force Participation. Economic Synopses, 17.

Edwards, L. N. and Field-Hendrey, E. (1996) Home-based workers: data from the 1990 census of population. Monthly Labour Review, 119, 26–34.

Esquivel, V. (2010). Lessons from the Buenos Aires Time-Use Survey: A Methodological Assessment. In Unpaid Work and the Economy (pp. 181-214). Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Esquivel, V., Budlender, D., Folbre, N., and Hirway, I. (2008). Explorations: Time-use surveys in the south. Feminist Economics, 14(3), 107-152.

Esplen, E. (2009). Gender and Care: Overview Report. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.

Fagan, C., and Burchell, B. (2002). Gender, Jobs and Working Conditions in the European Union. Dublin, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.

Floro, M. S., and Pichetpongsa, A. (2010). Gender, work intensity, and well-being of Thai home-based workers. Feminist Economics, 16(3), 5-44.

Folbre, N., Yoon, J., Finnoff, K., and Fuligni, A. S. (2005). By what measure? Family time devoted to children in the United States. Demography, 42(2), 373–390.

Foster, G. and Kalenkoski, C. (2013) Tobit or OLS? An empirical evaluation under different diary window lengths. Applied Economics, 45, 2994–3010.

Frazis, H., and Stewart, J. (2012). How to think about time-use data: what inferences can we make about long-and short-run time use from time diaries? Annals of Economics and Statistics, 105-106, 231-245.

Gershuny, J. (2000) Changing Times: Work and Leisure in Post-industrial Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gimenez-Nadal, J. I., and Molina, J. A. (2013). Parents’ education as a determinant of educational child care time. Journal of Population Economics, 26(2), 719–749.

Gimenez-Nadal, J.I, and J. A. Molina (2015). Health status and the allocation of time: cross-country evidence in Europe. Economic Modelling, 46(2), 188-203.

Gimenez-Nadal, J. I., and Sevilla, A. (2012) Trends in time allocation: a cross-country analysis. European Economic Review, 56, 1338–59.

Gimenez-Nadal, J. I., Molina, J. A., and Ortega, R. (2012). Self-employed mothers and the work-family conflict. Applied Economics, 44(17), 2133-2147.

Grzywacz, J. and Bass, B. (2003) Work, family, and mental health: testing different models of work-family fit. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 248–61.

Guryan, J., Hurst, E., and Kearney, M. (2008). Parental education and parental time with children. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(3), 23.

Hallman, K., Quisumbing, A. R., Ruel, M., and de la Briere, B. (2005). Mothers’ work and child care: findings from the urban slums of Guatemala City. Economic development and cultural change, 53(4), 855-885.

Han WJ, Waldfogel J, Brooks-Gunn J (2001) The effects of early maternal employment on later cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 336–354.

Heckman, J. J. (1979). Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica, 47(1), 153–161.

Heller, L. (2010). Mujeres emprendedoras en América Latina y el Caribe: realidades, obstáculos y desafíos. CEPAL.

Hochschild, A. R. (1997) The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work, Metropolitan Books, New York.

Hochschild, A. R. and Machung, A. (1989) The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home, Viking, New York.

Hsin, A., and Felfe, C. (2014). When does time matter? Maternal employment, children’s time with parents, and child development. Demography, 51(5), 1867–1894.

Hundley, G. (2000) Male/female earnings differences in self-employment: the effects of marriage, children, and the household division of labor. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 54, 95–114.

Johansson Sevä, I., and Öun, I. (2015). Self‐employment as a strategy for dealing with the competing demands of work and family? The importance of family/lifestyle motives. Gender, Work and Organization, 22(3), 256-272.

Kalenkoski, C. M., and Foster, G. (2008). The quality of time spent with children in Australian households. Review of Economics of the Household, 6(3), 243–266.

Kalenkoski, C. M., and Foster, G. (2015). Measuring the relative productivity of multitasking to sole-tasking in household production: experimental evidence. Applied Economics, 47(18), 1847-1862.

Kalenkoski, C. M., Ribar, D. C., and Stratton, L. S. (2005). Parental child care in single-parent, cohabiting, and married-couple families: Time-diary evidence from the United Kingdom. American Economic Review, 95(2), 194–198.

Kenessey, Z. (1987). The primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors of the economy. Review of Income and Wealth, 33(4), 359-385.

Kossek, E. and Ozeki, C. (1999) Work-family conflict, policies, and the job-life satisfaction relationship: a review and directions for organizational behavior human resources research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 139–49.

Leibowitz, A. (1972). Women’s allocation of time to market and nonmarket activities: Differences by education (PhD thesis). Columbia University, New York.

Leibowitz, A. (1974). Home investments in children. Journal of Political Economy, 82(2, Part 2), S111–131.

Leibowitz, A. (1977). Parental inputs and children’s achievement. Journal of Human Resources, 12(2), 243–251.

Lombard, K. (2007) Female self-employment and demand for flexible, nonstandard work schedules. Economic Inquiry, 39, 214–37.

Loscocoo, K. (1997) Work–family linkages among selfemployed women and men. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 204–26.

Marcén, M. (2014). The role of culture on self-employment. Economic Modelling, 44, S20-S32.

Marsiglio, W. (1991). Paternal engagement activities with minor children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53(4), 973–986.

Mateo Díaz, M, and Rodriguez-Chamussy, L. (2013). Child care and women's labor participation: evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank.

Mateo Díaz, M., and Rodriguez-Chamussy, L. (2016). Cashing in on Education: Women, Child care, and Prosperity in Latin America and the Caribbean. World Bank Publications.

Medeiros, M., Osório, R. G., and Costa, J. (2007). Gender inequalities in allocating time to paid and unpaid work: evidence from Bolivia. Levy Economics Institute Working Paper No. 495

Mesmer-Margnus, J. R. and Viswesvaran, C. (2005a) Convergence between measures of work-tofamily and family-to-work conflict: a meta-analytic examination. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67, 215–32.

Mesmer-Margnus, J. R. and Viswesvaran, C. (2005b) How family-friendly work environments affect work/family conflict: a meta-analytic examination. Journal of Labour Research, 27, 555–74.

Messenger, J. C., Lee, S., and McCann, D. (2007). Working time around the world: Trends in working hours, laws, and policies in a global comparative perspective. Routledge.

Miller, P., and Mulvey, C. (2000). Women’s time allocation to child care: Determinants and consequences. Australian Economic Papers, 39(1), 1–24.

Mondragón-Vélez, C., and Peña, X. (2010). Business Ownership and Self-Employment in Developing Economies: The Colombian Case. In International differences in entrepreneurship (pp. 89-127). University of Chicago Press.

Murphy, K. M., and Topel, R. H. (1985). Estimation and inference in two-step econometric models. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 3(4), 370–379.

Newman, C. (2002). Gender, time use, and change: the impact of the cut flower industry in Ecuador. The World Bank Economic Review, 16, 375-395.

Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S. and McMurrian, R. (1996) Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 400–10.

Presser, H. B. (1989) Can we make time for children? The economy, work schedules, and child care. Demography, 26, 523–43.

Pagan, A. (1984). Econometric issues in the analysis of regressions with generated regressors. International Economic Review, 25(1), 221–247.

Sayer, L. C., Gauthier, A. H., and Furstenberg, F. F. (2004). Educational differences in parents’ time with children: Cross-national variations. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(5), 1152–1169.

Silver, C. (2000). Being there: The time dual-earner couples spend with their children. Canadian Social Trends, 57(11–008), 26– 30. Retrieved from http://www.ghcisocialscience.com/uploads/1/3/5/9/13590293/being_there.pdf

Schor, J. (1991) The Overbooked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure, Basic Books, New York. World Bank. (2016). http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (accessed August 2016).