Justifying the Impact of Economic Deprivation, Maternal Status and Health infrastructure on Under-Five Child Mortality in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis

Ali, Amjad and Şenturk, İsmail (2019): Justifying the Impact of Economic Deprivation, Maternal Status and Health infrastructure on Under-Five Child Mortality in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis.

Abstract

During the 1980’s child survival first time attached with biological and social factors for its determination (Mosley and Chen, 1984). Socioeconomic factors need some proximate factor to impact child survival, at that time policymakers believe that socioeconomic factors indirect impact on child survival. But maternal factors, environmental contamination, nutrient deficiency and injury have direct impact on child survival. This study has tried to justify the fact that economic deprivation, health, infrastructure and maternal status impact under-five child mortality in Pakistan over the period of 1980 to 2017. For checking the stationarity of the data, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test is applied. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model has been used for examining the co-integration among the variables of the model. Granger causality test has been applied to explore the causal relationship among the variables. The estimated results show that there is a long run relationship among the variables of the model. The results of Granger causality test highlight that there is unidirectional causality is running from independent variables to the dependent variable. The findings suggest that for reducing under-five child mortality, the government of Pakistan should improve the maternal status and health infrastructure whereas economic deprivation should be minimized.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: economic deprivation, health, infrastructure, maternal status, under-five child mortality
• Subjects: E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics > E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy > E24 - Employment ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Intergenerational Income Distribution ; Aggregate Human Capital ; Aggregate Labor Productivity; E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics > E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles > E31 - Price Level ; Inflation ; Deflation; H - Public Economics > H7 - State and Local Government ; Intergovernmental Relations > H75 - State and Local Government: Health ; Education ; Welfare ; Public Pensions; I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I1 - Health > I14 - Health and Inequality

References

Ali, A. (2011). Disaggregated import demand functions of Pakistan; An empirical Analysis. M-Phil Thesis, NCBA&E, Lahore, Pakistan, 1-70.

Ali, A. (2015). The impact of macroeconomic instability on social progress: an empirical analysis of Pakistan. (Doctoral dissertation, National College of Business Administration & Economics Lahore).

Ali, A. (2018). Issue of Income Inequality Under the Perceptive of Macroeconomic Instability: An Empirical Analysis of Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 56(1), 121-155.

Ali, A. and Bibi, C. (2017). Determinants of Social Progress and its Scenarios under the role of Macroeconomic Instability: Empirics from Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review 55 (2), 505-540.

Ali, A., & Ahmad, K. (2014). The Impact of Socio-Economic Factors on Life Expectancy in Sultanate of Oman: An Empirical Analysis. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 22(2), 218-224.

Ali, A., & Audi, M. (2016). The Impact of Income Inequality, Environmental Degradation and Globalization on Life Expectancy in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis. International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 4 (4), 182-193.

Ali, A., & Audi, M. (2018). Macroeconomic Environment and Taxes Revenues in Pakistan: An Application of ARDL Approach. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 7(1), 30-39.

Ali, A., & Rehman, H. U. (2015). Macroeconomic Instability and Its Impact on Gross Domestic Product: An Empirical Analysis of Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 53(2), 285.

Ali, A., & Zulfiqar, K. (2018). An Assessment of Association between Natural Resources Agglomeration and Unemployment in Pakistan. Pakistan Vision, 19(1), 110-126.

Ali, A., Ahmed, F., & Rahman, F. U. (2016). Impact of Government Borrowing on Financial Development (A case study of Pakistan). Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 5(3), 135-143.

Arshad, S., & Ali, A. (2016). Trade-off between Inflation, Interest and Unemployment Rate of Pakistan: Revisited. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 5(4), 193-209.

Baird, S., Friedman, J. and Schady, N. (2011). Aggregate Income Shocks and Infant Mortality in the Developing World. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 93, 847-856.

Bengtsson, T. (1999). The Vulnerable Child. Economic Insecurity and Child Mortality in Pre- Industrial Sweden: A Case Study of Västanfors, 1757–1850. European Journal of Population, 15, 117-151.

Caldwell, J. C. (1979). Education as a factor in mortality decline an examination of Nigerian data. Population studies, 395-413.

Cleland, J. (2001). The effects of improved survival on fertility: A reassessment. Population and Development Review, 27, 60-92.

Cleland, J. A. H., and Farooqui, M. N. I. (1998). Health and Survival. Chapter, 8, 1996-97, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.

Cornia, G. A., & Paniccià, R. (2000). The mortality crisis in transitional economies. Oxford University Press.

Debpuur, C., Wontuo, P., Akazili, J., & Nyarko, P. (2005). Measuring Health Equity in Small Areas; Findings from Demographic Surveillance Systems. Population Research Review, Ghana, 20, 45-65.

Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American statistical association, 74(366a), 427-431.

Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1057-1072.

Engle, R. F. and Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-integration and Error Representation: Estimation and Testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276.

Government of Pakistan (2012). Pakistan Economic Survey. Islamabad, Pakistan: Finance Division, Government of Pakistan.

Granger, C. W. (1987). Some recent development in a concept of causality. Journal of econometrics, 39(1), 199-211.

Guillaumont, P. (2009). An economic vulnerability index: its design and use for international development policy. Oxford Development Studies, 37(3), 193-228.

Hobcraft, J. (1993). Women's education, child welfare and child survival: a review of the evidence. Health Transition Review, 159-175.

Hojman, D.E. (1994), Economic and Other Determinants of Infant and Child Mortality in Small Developing Countries: The Case of Central America and the Caribbean, Institute of Latin American Studies, University of Liverpool Research Paper 16.

Hosseinpoor, A. R., Mohammad, K., Majdzadeh, R., Naghavi, M., Abolhassani, F., Sousa, A., & Vega, J. (2005). Socioeconomic inequality in infant mortality in Iran and across its provinces. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 83(11), 837-844.

Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Co-integration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive models. Econometrica, 59(6), 1551-1580.

Johansen, S. (1992). Co-integration in Partial Systems and the Efficiency of Single-Equation Analysis. Journal of Econometric, 52(3), 389-402.

Johansen, S. and Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Co-integration with Applications to the Demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.

Laurenceson, J. Joseph, C. and Chai, H. (2003). Financial Reform and Economic Development in china. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar.

Lesaëge-Dugied, A. (1972). La mortalité infantile dans le département du Nord de 1815 à 1914. L’homme, la vie et la mort dans le Nord au 19e siècle (Université de Lille III-Editions Universitaires, Lille), 81-137.

Madise, N. J., & Diamond, I. (1995). Determinants of infant mortality in Malawi: an analysis to control for death clustering within families. Journal of Biosocial Science, 27(01), 95-106.

Madise, N. J., Banda, E. M., & Benaya, K. W. (2003). Infant mortality in Zambia: socioeconomic and demographic correlates. Social Biology, 50(1-2), 148-166.

Mah, J. S. (2000). An Empirical Examination of the Disaggregated Import Demand of Korea: The Case of Information Technology Products. Journal of Asian Economics, 11(2), 237-244.

Masuy-Stroobant, G., & Gourbin, C. (1995). Infant health and mortality indicators. European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de démographie, 11(1), 63-84.

Mosley, W. H., & Chen, L. C. (1984). An analytical framework for the study of child survival in developing countries. Population and development review, 10(0), 25-45.

Mutunga, C. J. (2004, April). Environmental determinants of child mortality in urban Kenya. In Discussed in an informal workshop held at the Abdus Salam ICTP: Trieste, Italy.

Narayan, P. K. (2005). The Saving and Investment Nexus for China: Evidence from Co-integration Tests. Applied Economic, 37(17), 1979-1990.

Palloni, A. (1990). Fertility and mortality decline in Latin America. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 510(1), 126-144.

Pattichis, C. A. (1999). Price and Income Elasticities of Disaggregated Import Demand; Results from UECMs and an Application. Applied Economics, 31(9), 1061-1071.

Pesaran, M. H. and Pesaran, B. (1997). Working with Microfit 4.0: Interactive Econometric Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Pesaran, M. H. and Shin, Y. (1999). An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach to Co-integration Analysis. In Strom, S. (ED), Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pesaran, M. H. Shin, Y. and Smith, R. J. (2001). Bound Testing Approaches to the Analysis of level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometric, 16(3), 289-326.

Schultz, T. P. (1984). Studying the impact of household economic and community variables on child mortality. population and Development Review, 215-235.

Senauer, B., & Kassouf, A. L. (2000). The effects of breastfeeding on health and the demand for medical assistance among children in Brazil. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 48(4), 719-736.

Shkolnikov, V. M., Cornia, G. A., Leon, D. A., & Meslé, F. (1998). Causes of the Russian mortality crisis: evidence and interpretations. World development, 26(11), 1995-2011.

Subbarao, K., and Raney, L. (1995). Social gains from female education: a cross-national study. Economic development and cultural change, 44(1), 105-128.

UNICEF. (2006). The state of the world's children 2007: Women and children: The double dividend of gender equality (Vol. 7). Unicef.

United Nations (2008): The Millennium Development Goals Indicators: The Official United Nations site for the MDG Indicators. Retrieved on July 23, 2008 at 14:18pm from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

Van den Berg, G., Lindeboom, M. and Lopez, M. (2006), Inequality in Individual Mortality and Economic Conditions in Earlier Life, IZA Discussion Paper No. 2425.

Visaria, L. (1985). Infant mortality in India: Level, trends and determinants. Economic and Political Weekly, 1352-1359.

Woldemicael, G. (2008). Recent fertility decline in Eritrea: Is it a conflict-led transition. Demographic Research, 18(2), 27-58.