Group specific effects of social policies on social trust

Tamilina, Larysa (2012): Group specific effects of social policies on social trust.

Abstract

This paper elaborates on the existence of a gender gap in social trust and on the differences in the effects of social policies on social trust between men and women. Although according to the data, there are no statistically significant differences in trust levels between men and women, they seem to be differently influenced by social policy. The research shows that there is no gender dimension in social policy, but it allows one to conclude that women are usually treated by the welfare state in a less favorable manner than men. The latter includes differences between the two sexes in the following aspects: emphasis on employment; social benefits levels; treatment during the application for and monitoring of social benefits; poverty rate levels; treatment by social insurance; and in general, the reproduction by welfare states the subordination of women to men.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: social policy, social trust, heterogeneity in social policy effects
• Subjects: Z - Other Special Topics > Z0 - General

References

Adelantado, J. and Cuevas, E.C. (2006), “Globalization and the welfare state: the same strategies for similar problems?”, Journal for European Social Policy, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 374 – 386.

Agresti, A. (1996), An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis. University of Florida Press.

Alesina, A. and La Ferrara, E. (2002), “Who trusts others?”, Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 85. No. 2, pp. 207- 234.

Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W. and Kurlat, S. (2003), “Fractionalization”, Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 8, pp. 155-194.

Allport, G. (1961), Pattern and Growth in Personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Aust, A. and Arriba, A. (2005), “Towards activation? Social assistance reforms and discourses”, In: P. Taylor-Gooby (ed) Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe, Palgrave Macmillian, pp. 100 - 123.

Babchuk, N. and Booth, Al. (1969), “Voluntary association membership: a longitudinal analysis”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 31-45.

Bambra, C. (2006), “Decommodification and the worlds of welfare revisited”, Journal of European Social Policy, Vol. 16, No 1, pp. 73-68.

Bannink, D. and Hoogenboom, M. (2007), “Hidden changes: disaggregation of welfare state regimes for greater insight into welfare state change”, Journal of European Social Policy, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 19-32.

Barber, B (1983), The logic and Limits of Trust. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Bianchi, S., Milkie, M., Sayer, L. and Robinson, J. (2000), “Is anyone doing the housework? Trends in the gender division of household labor”, Social Forces, Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 191-228.

Billiet, J. and Cambree, B. (1999), “Social capital, active membership in voluntary associations and some aspects of political participation”, In: J. Van Deth, M. Maraffi, K. Newton and P. Whiteley (Eds.), Social capital and European democracy, London: Routledge, pp. 240-262.

Bjornskov, Ch. (2005), The determinants of trust. Working paper of University of Aarhus.

Blomberg, H. and Kroll, C. (2002), “Who wants to preserve the ‘Scandinavian service state’? Attitudes to welfare services among citizens and local government elites in Finland 1992-1996”, In: S. Svallfors and P. Taylor-Gooby (eds) The End of the Welfare State? Responses to State Retrenchment, Routledge London and New York, pp. 52 – 86.

Bode, I. (2006), “Disorganized welfare mixes: voluntary agencies and new governance regimes in Western Europe”, Journal of European Social Policy, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 346 – 359.

Boiix, C. and Posner, N. (2005), “Social capital: explaining its origins and effects on government performance” (on-line: http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/index.htm). Bonein, A. and Serra, D. (2007), “Gender bias in trustworthiness”. MPRA Paper No. 2523.

Bönker, F. (2005), “Changing ideas on pensions: accounting for differences in the spread of the multi-pillar paradigm in five EU social insurance countries”, In: P. Taylor-Gooby (ed) Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe, Palgrave Macmillian, pp. 81 - 99.

Bonoli, G. (2001), “Classifying welfare states: a two-dimensional approach”, Journal of Social Policies, Vol. 26, pp. 351 – 372.

Bonoli, G. (2004), “Modernizing post-war welfare states. Explaining diversity in patterns of adaptation to new social risks”, Paper presented at the 2nd ESPAnet annual conference, Oxford, September, 2004.

Booth, A. (1972), “Sex and social participation”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 183-193.

Booth, J. and Richard, P. (2001), “Civil society and political context in Central America”, In: R. Edwards, M. W. Foley and M. Diani, (eds), Beyond Tocqueville: Civil Society and Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective. Tufts University Press, pp. 43 -55.

Bouckaert, G. and Van de Walle, S. (2003), “Comparing measures of citizens trust and user satisfaction as indicators of good governance: difficulties in linking trust and satisfaction indicators”, International Review of Administrative Sciences, Vol. 69, pp. 329- 343.

Bourdieu, P. (1980), “Le capital social”. Acte de la recherche en Science Sociales, Vol. 31, pp. 2-3.

Bourdieu, P. (1986), “The forms of capital”, In: Johm G. Richardson (ed.): Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education. New York: Greenwood Press, pp. 241-258.

Branas-Garza, P., Rossi, M. and Zaclicever, D. (2006), “Individual’s religiosity enhances trust: Latin American evidence for the puzzle”, DECON Working Paper, No. 05/06, 25 p.

Breen, R. and Cook, L. (2005) “The persistence of the gendered division of domestic labor”, European Sociological Review, Vol. 21, No. 1, p. 43-57.

Brehm, J. and Rahn, W. (1997), “Individual Level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital”, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 999-1023.

Brines, J. (1994), “Economic dependency, gender, and the division of labor at home”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 100, pp. 652-88.

Buchan, N., Croson, R. and Solnick S. (2003), “Trust and gender in the investment game”. Working paper, March 2003.

Burrows, R. and Loader, B. (1994), Towards a post-Fordist welfare state? Routledge, London.

Bussemaker, J. and van Kersbergen, K. (1994), “Gender and Welfare states: some theoretical reflections”, In: Sainsbury, D. (edit), Gendering Welfare States, Sage publications, London.

Camoes, P. (2003), “Political Trust, Democratic Institutions, and Vote Intentions: a Cross-National Analysis of European Democracies”, NEAPP Series III(7). Cattell, R. (1965), The scientific analysis of personality. Baltimore: Penguin Books.

Chaudhuri, A. and Gangadharan, L. (2002), “Gender differences in trust and reciprocity”, Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the Economic Science Association, Boston, 2002.

Christoforou, A. (2004), “On the determinants of social capital in countries of the European Union”, Paper prepared for the ESPAnet Conference, Oxford, England, September 9th – 11th, 2004.

Christoforou, A. (2005), “On the determinants of social capital in Greece compared to countries of the European Union”, Working paper.

Coleman, J. (1982), “Systems of trust: a rough theoretical framework”, Angewandte Sozialforschung, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 277-299.

Coleman, J. (1990), Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, M.A.: Harvard University Press.

Costa, D. and Kahn, M. (2003), “Understanding the American decline in social capital, 1952-1998.”, Kyklos, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 17-46.

Croson, R. and Buchan, N. (1999), “Gender and Culture: International experimental evidence from trust games”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 89, No. 2, pp. 386 – 391.

Daniszewski, K. (2004), A Dewian social capital development theory. Preliminary dissertation draft. 89 p. De Hart, J. and Dekker, P. (1999), “Civic engagement and volunteering in the Netherlands”. In: J. Van Deth & M. Maraffi & K. Newton & P. Whiteley (Eds.), Social capital and European democracy. London: Routledge, pp. 75-107.

de Swaan, A. (1988), In Care of the State: Health Care, Education and Welfare in Europe and the USA in the Modern Era. Polity Press/Oxford University Press/New York. Delhey, J. and Newton, K. (2003), “Who trusts? The origins of social trust in seven societies”, European Societies, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 93-137.

Delhey, J. and Newton, K. (2005), Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism? European Sociological Review, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 311-327. Deutsch, M. (1958), “Trust and Suspicion”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 2, pp. 187 – 197.

Doney, P., Cannon, J. and Mullen, M. (1998), “Understanding the influence of national culture on the development of trust”, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 601 – 620.

Edlund, J. (2002), “Progressive taxation farewell? Attitudes to income redistribution and taxation in Sweden, Great Britain and the United States”, In: S. Svallfors and P. Taylor-Gooby (eds) The End of the Welfare State? Responses to State Retrenchment, Routledge London and New York, pp. 106 – 134.

Edlund, J. (2006), “Trust in the Capability of the Welfare State and General Welfare State Support: Sweden 1997-2002”, Acta Sociologica, Vol 49, No. 4, pp. 365-389.

Erikson, E. (1950), Childhood and Society, New York: Norton.

Espinal, R., Hartlyn, J. and Kelly, J. (2006), “Performance still matters: explaining trust in government in the Dominican Republic”, Comparative Politcial Studies, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 200-233.

Esping – Andersen, G. (1990), The three words of welfare capitalism, Cambridge: Polity press.

Esping-Andersen, G. (1996), Welfare States in transition, national adaptations in global economies, Sage, London. Esping-Andersen, G. (2001), Why we need a new welfare state, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Etzioni, A. (1995), The spirit of community. London: Fontana Books. Evans, P. (1996), “Government Action, Social Capital and Development: Reviewing the Evidence on Synergy”, World Development, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 1119-1132.

Farell, H. (2005), “Trust and political economy”, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 459 – 483.

Fedderke, J., Dekadt, R. and Luiz, J. (1999), “Economic growth and social capital”, Theory and society, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 709 – 745.

Fisher, C. and Oliker S. (1982), “A research note on friendship, gender and the life cycle”, Social Forces, Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 124 – 133.

Flaquer, L. (2000), Family policy and welfare state in southern Europe. University de Barcelona.

Flora, P. (1986), Introduction to growth to limits. The European Welfare States Since World War II, Berlin: De Grueter.

Forma, P. (2002),”Welfare state opinions among citizens, MP candidates and elites: Evidence from Finland”, In: S. Svallfors and P. Taylor-Gooby (eds) The End of the Welfare State? Responses to State Retrenchment, Routledge London and New York, pp. 87 – 105.

Forma, P. and Kangas, O. (2002), “Need, citizenship or merit: public opinion on pension policy in Australia, Finland and Poland”, In: S. Svallfors and P. Taylor-Gooby (eds) The End of the Welfare State? Responses to State Retrenchment, Routledge London and New York, pp. 161 – 189.

Fox, J. (1996), “How Does Civil Society Thicken? The Political Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico”, World Development, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 1089 – 1103.

Frane, A. (2008), “Mapping social capital across Europe: findings, trends and methodological shortcomings of cross national surveys”, Social Science Information, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 159 – 186.

Freitag, M. (2001), “Das Soziale Kapital der Schweiz: vergleichende Erzählungen zu Aspekten des Vertrauens und der sozialen Einbindung“, Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft, Vol. 7, pp. 87-117.

Freitag, M. (2003), “Social capital in (dis)similar democracies: the development of generalized trust in Japan and Switzerland”, Comparative Political Studies. Vol. 36, No.8. pp. 936-966.

Fukuyama, F. (2000), “Social capital and civil society”. Washington: IMF working paper, 00/74.

Glaeser, E., Laibson, D., Scheinkman, J. and Soutter, C. (2000), “Measuring trust”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 115, No. 3, pp. 811-846.

Gooding R. (1993), “Moral atrophy in the welfare state”, Policy sciences, No. 26, pp. 63-78

Gornick, J. and Meyers, M. (2004), “Welfare regimes in relation to paid work and care.”, In J. Zollinger Giele and E. Holst. (eds) Changing life patterns in western Industrial Societies. p. 45-67.

Goul Andersen, J. (2002), “Changing labour market, new social divisions and welfare state support: Denmark in the 1990s”, In: S. Svallfors and P. Taylor-Gooby (eds) The End of the Welfare State? Responses to State Retrenchment, Routledge London and New York, pp. 13 – 33. Haas, D. and Deseran, F. (1981), “Trust and symbolic exchange”, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 3-13.

Hackl, F., Halla, M., and Pruckner, G. (2009), “Volunteering and the State”, Working paper No. 0901. Austrian Center for Labor and Welfare State. Hall, P. (1999), “Social capital in Britain”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 417-461.

Hardin, R. (2001), “Conceptions and explanations of trust”, In: Cook, K.S (ed.) Trust in Society, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 2-39.

Hardin, R. (2006), Trust. Polity Press: Cambridge. Held, V. (1968), “On the meaning of trust”, Ethics, Vol. 78, No.2, pp.156 – 159.

Heller, P. (1996), “Social capital as a product of class mobilization and state intervention: industrial workers in Kerala, India”, World Developemnt, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 48 – 84.

Helliwell, J. and Putnam, R. (1999), “Education and social capital”, Working paper 7121. National bureau of economic research, 25 p.

Henriksen, L., Koch-Nielse, I., and Rosdahl, D.(2006), “Formal and informal volunteering in a state friendly society”, Paper presented at CINEFOGO conference on the 15-17th December, 2006.

Herreros, F. and Criado, H. (2008), “The state and the development of social trust”. International Political Science Review, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 53-71.

Hosmer, L.T. (1995), “Trust: the connecting link between organizational theory and philosophical ethics”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20, pp. 379 – 403.

Huinink J. and Schröder, T. (2008) Sozialstruktur Deutschlands, UVK Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Konstanz. Inglehart, R. (1999), “Trust, well-being and democracy”, In: M. Warren (ed.), Democracy and Trust, Cambridge University Press, New York & Cambridge.

Innocenti, A. and Pazienza, M-G. (2006), “Altruism and gender in the trust game”, Working Paper, University of Siena, NO, 5/2006.

Jamal, A. (2007), “When is social trust a desirable outcome?” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 40, No. 11, pp. 1 – 22.

Jones, K. (1996), “Trust as an affective attitude”, Ethics, Vol. 107, No. 1, pp.4-25.

Kananen, J. (2005), “Current employment policy paradigms in the UK, Sweden and Germany”, In: P. Taylor-Gooby (ed) Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe, Palgrave Macmillian, pp. 124 - 144.

Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B., Lochner, K. and Prothrow, D. (1997), “Social capital, income inequality and mortality”, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 87, No. 9, pp. 1491 - 1498.

Khodyakov, D. (2007), “Trust as a process: a three-dimensional approach”, Sociology, Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 115-132.

Knack, S. (2002), “Social Capital and the Quality of Government: Evidence from the States”, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 772 – 785.

Knack, S. and Keefer, P. (1997), “Does social capital have an economic pay-off? A cross-country investigation”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 1251-1288.

Knack, S. and Zak, P. (2001), “Building Trust: Public Policy, Interpersonal Trust, and Economic Development”, Supreme Court Economic Review, Vol. 12, pp. 134-151.

Kolberg, J. and Uusitalo, H.(1992), “The interface between the economy and the welfare state: a sociological account”, In: Z.Ferge and J. Kolberg (eds) Social policy in a changing Europe, Campus Verlag: Frankfurt, pp. 77-94.

Kumlin, S. and Rothstein, B. (2007), “Making and breaking Social Capital: The Impact of Welfare State Institutions”, Comparative Political Studies. Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 339 – 365.

Kvist, J. and Ploug, N. (2003), “Active labour market policies when do they work – and where do they fail”. Paper to be presented at the RC 19 annual conference ‘New challenges for welfare state reserach’, University of Toronto, August 21-24, 2003.

Kwak, N., Shah, D. and Lance Holbert, R. (2004), “Connecting, trusting, and participating: the direct and interactive effects of social associations”, Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 643 – 652. La Porta, R., Lopez de Silanes, F., Schleifer, F. and Vishny, R. (1999), “The quality of government”, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 222-228. Ladd, E. (1996), “The data just don't show erosion of America's social capital”, Public Perspective, Vol. 7, pp. 1-30. Larsen, T. (2005), “The myth of an adult worker society: new policy discourses in European welfare states”, In: P. Taylor-Gooby (ed.) Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe, Palgrave Macmillian, pp. 54-80.

Lewicki, R.J., McAllister, D.J. and Bies, R.J. (1998), “Trust”,The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 438 – 458.

Lewis, D. and Weigert, A. (1985), “Trust as a social reality”, Social Forces, Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 967 – 985. Lewis, J. (1992), “Gender and the development of welfare regimes”, Journal of European Social Policy, Vol. 3, pp. 159 – 173.

Li, Y., Pickles, A. and Savage, M. (2005), “Social capital and social trust”, European Sociological Review, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 109 – 123.

Lin, N. (2000a), “Gender inequality in social capital: theory and research”. Paper presented at the International Sunbelt Social Network Conference, Vancouver, Canada, 13-17 April.

Lin, N. (2000b), “Inequality in social capital”, Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 785-795. Lin, N., Ensel, W. and Vaughn, J. (1981), “Social resources and strength of ties: structural factors in occupational status attainment”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 393-405.

Lowndes, V. (2000), “Women and social capital”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 533 – 537.

Luhmann, N. (1979), Trust and Power: Two works by Niklas Luhmann. Chichester: Wiley.

Luke, D. A. (2004), Multilevel Modeling. Series in Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, Sage Publications, Inc.

Mandel, H. (2005), “A welfare state paradox: state intervention and women’s employment opportunities in 22 countries”. Paper presented at the ISA Research Committee on Social Stratification and Mobility, August 2005, Los Angeles.

Matheson, G. and Wearing, M. (2002), “Within and without: Labour force status and political views in four welfare states”, In: S. Svallfors and P. Taylor-Gooby (eds) The End of the Welfare State? Responses to State Retrenchment, Routledge London and New York, pp. 135 – 160.

Mayer, R., Davis, J. and Schoorman, F. (1995), “An integrative model of organizational trust”, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20, No. 3. pp. 709 – 734. McPherson, J. M. and Smith-Lovin, L. (1982), “Women and weak ties: differences by sex in the size of voluntary organizations”, The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 87, No. 4, pp. 883 – 904.

McPherson, J. M. and Smith-Lovin, L. (1986), “Sex segregation in voluntary associations”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 61-79.

Mellinger, G.D. (1956), “Interpersonal trust as a factor in communication”, Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, Vol. 52, pp. 304 – 309.

Mihaylova, D. (2004), “Social capital in Central and Eastern Europe. A critical assessment and literature review”. Centre for Policy study. Central European University, 167 p.

Miller, A. and Mitamura, T. (2003), “Are surveys on trust trustworthy?”, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 62 - 70.

Mishler, W. and Rose, R. (2001), “What are the origins of political trust? Testing institutional and cultural theories in post-communist societies”, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 30-62.

Mishler, W. and Rose, R. (2005), “What are the political consequences of trust? A test of cultural and institutional theories in Russia”, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 38, No. 9, pp. 1050 -1078.

Misra, J. (2000), “Women as agents in welfare state development: a cross national analysis of family allowance adoption”. SADRI Working paper series, June 2000.

Mizrachi, N., Drori, I. and Anspach, R. (2007), “Repertoires of trust: the practice of trust in a multinational organization amid political conflict”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 143 – 165.

Möllering, G. (2005), “Rational institutional and active trust: just do it”, In: Katinka Bijlsma-Frankema and Rosalinde Klein Woolthuis (eds) Trust under Pressure: empirical investigations of trust and trust building in uncertain circumstances, Edward Elgar, pp. 17-36.

Möllering, G. (2006), Trust: Reason, Routine, Reflexivity. Elsevier Ltd.

Molm, L.D., Takahashi, N. and Peterson, G. (2000), “Risk and trust in social exchange: an experimental trust of classical proposition”, The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 105, No. 5, pp. 1396 – 1427.

Moore, G. (1990), “Structural determinants of men's and women's personal networks”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 550, No. 5, pp. 726-735.

Moreno, L. (2002), “Mediterranean Welfare and Superwomen”, Working Paper 02-02. Unidad de Politicas Comparadas.

Moreno, L. and Palier, B. (2005), “The Europeanization of welfare: paradigm shifts and social policy reforms”, In: P. Taylor-Gooby (ed) Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe, Palgrave Macmillian, pp. 145 - 175.

Murphy, J. (2006), “Building trust in economic space”, Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 427-450. Myles, J. and Quadagno, J. (1991), States, Labor markets and the future of old-age policy, Temple University press, Philadelphia.

Naldini, M. (1999), Evolution of Social Policy and the Institutional Definition of Family Models. The Italian and Spanish cases in Historical and Comparative Perspective. Ph.D. thesis. Florence: European University Institute.

Newton, K. (1999a), “Social trust and democracy in modern Europe”, In: J. van Deth, M. Maraffi, Ken Newton and P. Whiteley (eds) Social Capital and European Democracy, London: Routledge, pp. 3-24.

Newton, K. (1999b), “Social and political trust in established democracies”, In: P. Norris (ed.), Critical citizens: Global support for democratic government. Oxford: Oxford Univeristy Press.

Newton, K. (2001), “Trust, Social Capital, Civil Society, and Democracy”, International Political Science Review, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 201 - 214.

Newton, K. and Norris, P. (2000), “Confidence in public institutions: faith, culture or performance?”, In: S.J. Pharr and R.D. Putnam (Eds), Disaffected democracies: What’s troubling the trilateral countries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 52 – 73.

Nooteboom, B. (2006), “Social trust, institutions and trust”, CentER working paper No.2006-35, Tilburg University, 22 p.

Orloff, A. S. (1993), “Gender and the social rights of citizenship: the comparative analysis of gender relations and welfare states”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 303 – 328.

Orloff, A. S. (1993), “Gender and the social rights of citizenship: the comparative analysis of gender relations and welfare states”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 303 – 328.

Orloff, A. S. (1996), “Gender in the Welfare State”, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 22, pp. 51 – 78.

Orloff, A. S. (1996), “Gender in the Welfare State”, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 22, pp. 51 – 78.

Orloff, A. S. (2002) “Women’s employment and welfare regimes: globalization, export orientation and social policy in Europe and North America”, Program paper No. 12. United nations research institute for social development.

Orren, G. (1997), “Fall from grace: the public’s loss of faith in government”, In: Why Americans mistrust government, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

Orsini, K. (2006), “Tax benefits reform and the labour market: evidence from Belgium and other EU countries”, Working paper, KU Leuven.

Oyen, E. (2002), “Social capital formation as a poverty reducing strategy”, In: Social capital and poverty reduction: which role for the civil society organizations and the state? UNESCO publication, pp. 11-14.

Patulny, R. (2005), “Social Rights and Social Capital: Welfare and Co-operation in Complex Global Society”, American Review of Public Affairs. Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 59-75.

Paxton, P. (1999), “Is social capital declining in the United States? A multiple indicator assessment”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 105, No. 1, pp. 88-127.

Paxton, P. (2002), “Social capital and democracy: an interdependent relationship”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp.254 – 277.

Pierson, P. (1996), “The new politics of the welfare state”, World politics, Vol. 48, pp. 143 – 179.

Platt, L. (2006), “Social participation: how does it vary with illness, caring and ethnic group?” ISER Working Paper, No. 2006 – 18, 32 p.

Portes, A. (1998), “Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology”, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 24, pp. 1-24.

Portes, A. (2000), “Social capital: promise and pitfalls of its role in development”, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 529 – 547.

Putnam, R. (1993), Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

Putnam, R. (1995), “Bowling alone: America's declining social capital”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 65-78.

Putnam, R. (2000), Bowling alone. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Read, W.H. (1962), “Upward communication in industrial hierarchies”, Human Relations, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 3 -15.

Rosenberg, M. (1956), “Misanthropy and political ideology”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 21, pp. 690- 695.

Rosenberg, M. (1957), “Misanthropy and attitudes towards international affairs”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 34, pp. 340 – 345.

Rotenberg, K. (2007), “The socialization of trust: parents’ and children’s interpersonal trust”, International Journal of Behavioural Development, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 713-726.

Rothstein, B. (1998), Just institutions matter: the moral and political logic of the universal welfare state, Cambridge university press, pp. 144-170.

Rothstein, B. (2000), “Trust, social dilemmas and collective memories”, Journal of Theoretical Politics, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 477- 501.

Rothstein, B. (2001), “Social capital in the social democratic welfare state”, Politics & Society, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 207 - 241.

Rothstein, B. and Stolle, D. (2001), “Social capital and street-level bureaucracy: an institutional theory of generalized trust”. Paper prepared for “Trust in Government Conference” at the Centre for the Study of Democratic Politics, Princeton University, November 30, 2001.

Rothstein, B. and Stolle, D. (2002), “How political institutions create and destroy social capital: an institutional theory of generalized trust”. Paper prepared for the 98th meeting of the American Political Science Association in Boston, MA, August 29 – September 2, 2002.

Rothstein, B. and Stolle, D. (2003), “Introduction: Social capital in Scandinavia”, Scandinavian Political Studies, No. 26, pp. 1-26.

Rothstein, B. and Uslaner, E. (2006), “All for All: Equality and Social Trust”, Working paper Series No. 117, Center for European Studies.

Runkel, P.-J. (1959), “The social-psychological basis for human relations”, Review of Educational Research, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 317 – 331.

Rus, A. (2005), “Trust and performance: institutional, interpersonal and network trust”, In: Katinka Bijlsma-Frankema and Rosalinde Klein Woolthuis (eds) Trust under Pressure: empirical investigations of trust and trust building in uncertain circumstances, Edward Elgar, pp. 80-104.

Schuller, T., Baron, S. and Field, J. (2001), “Social capital: a review and critic”, In: Stephen Baron, John Field and Tom Schuller (eds) Social Capital: critical perspectives. Oxford University Press.

Scott, J. (1957), “Membership and participation in voluntary associations”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 315-326.

Scruggs, L. and Allan, J. (2006a), “Social Stratification and welfare regimes for the 21st century: revisiting ‘The three worlds of welfare capitalism’”, Paper prepared for delivery at the 15th international conference of Europeanists, Chicago, March 30 – April 1, 2006.

Scruggs, L. and Allan, J. (2006b), “Welfare state decommodification in eighteen OECD countries: a replication and revision”, Journal of European Social Policy, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 55 – 72.

Seligman, A. B. (1997), The Problem of Trust. Princeton, Princeton University Press.

Seligson, A. (1999), “Civic association and democratic participation in Central America: a test of the Putnum thesis”, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 32, No.3, pp. 342 – 362.

Sell, P. (1999), “The transformation of the voluntary sector in Norway”, In: Jan van Deth, Marco Maraffi, Ken Newton and Paul Whiteley (eds) Social Capital and European Democracy, London: Routledge, pp. 144 – 166.

Shapiro, S. (1987), “The social control of impersonal trust”, The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 93, No. 3, pp. 623 – 658.

Shaver, S. (1998), “Extension amidst retrenchment: Gender and welfare state restructuring in Australia and Sweden”, SPRC Discussion paper No.92. Social Policy Research Center.

Siisiainen, M. (1999), Voluntary associations and social capital in Finland”, In: J. Van Deth & M. Maraffi & K. Newton & P. Whiteley (Eds.), Social capital and European democracy. London: Routledge, pp. 120-143.

Simpson, B. (2006), “The poverty of trust in the Southern United States”, Social Forces, Vol. 84, No. 3, pp. 1625 – 1638.

Slemrod, J. and Katuscak, P. (2005), “Do trust and trustworthiness pay off?”, The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 621 – 646.

Soroka, S., Johnston, R. and Banting, K. (2003), “Ethnicity, trust and the welfare state”, Paper presented at the conference ‘Social Cohesion and the Policy Agenda: Canada in international perspective’ at Kingston, Ontario, August 2002.

Stark, B. (2003), A connection between social capital and political ideology? Minnesota: Report of the Minnesota Social Capital Research Project.

Stier, H. and Lewin-Epstein, N. (2001), “Welfare regimes, family-supportive policies and women’s employment along life-course”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 106, No. 6, pp. 1731-60.

Stolle, D. and Rochon, T. (1999), “The Myth of American Exceptionalism: A Three Nation Comparison of Associational Membership and Social Capital,” In: J. Van Deth, M. Marraffi, K. Newton and P. Whiteley (eds.), Social Capital and European Democracy, London, Routledge, pp. 192 – 209.

Svallfors, S. (1997), “Worlds of Welfare and Attitudes to Redistribution: A Comparison of Eight Western Nations”, European Sociological Review, Vol. 13, pp. 283 – 304.

Svallfors, S. (2002), “The middle class and welfare state retrenchment: attitudes to Swedish welfare policies”, In: S. Svallfors and P. Taylor-Gooby (eds) The End of the Welfare State? Responses to State Retrenchment, Routledge London and New York, pp. 34-51.

Szreter, S. (2002), “The state of social capital: bringing back in power, politics and history”, Theory and society, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 573 – 621.

Taylor-Gooby, P. (2002), “Hollowing out versus the new interventionism: public attitudes and welfare future”, In: S. Svallfors and P. Taylor-Gooby (eds) The End of the Welfare State? Responses to State Retrenchment, Routledge London and New York, pp. 1-12.

Taylor-Gooby, P. (2005a), “Ideas and policy change”, In: P. Taylor-Gooby (ed) Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe, Palgrave Macmillian, pp. 1 – 11.

Taylor-Gooby, P. (2005b), “Paradigm shifts, power resources and labour markets reform”, In: P. Taylor-Gooby (ed) Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe, Palgrave Macmillian, pp. 12-29.

Thomas, C. (1998), “Maintaining and restoring public trust in government agencies and their employees”, Administration & Society, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 166-193.

Tillmar, M. and Lindkvist, L. (2007), “Cooperation against all odds: finding reasons for trust where formal institutions fail”, International Sociology, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 343 - 366.

Tonkiss, F. and Passey, A. (1999), “Trust, confidence and voluntary organizations: between values and institutions”, Sociology, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 257-274.

Torcal, M. and Montero, J.R. (1999), “Facets of social capital in new democracies”, In: J. Van Deth, M. Maraffi, K. Newton, and P. Whiteley, (eds.), Social capital and European Democracy. London, Routledge, pp. 167 -191.

Trampusch, Ch. (2006), “Industrial relations and welfare states: the different dynamics of retrenchment in Germany and the Netherlands”, Journal of European Social Policy, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 121 – 133.

Tschannen-Moran, M. and Hoy, W. (2000), “A multidisciplinary analysis of the nature, meaning, and measurement of trust”, Review of Educational Research, Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 547 – 593.

Uslaner, E. (2000), “Trust, Democracy and Governance”. Working paper prepared for the European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) Workshop 13 on ‘Voluntary Associations, Social Capital and Interest Mediation: Forging the Link’, April 2000, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Uslaner, E. (2000-2001), “Producing and Consuming Trust”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 115, No. 4, pp. 569 – 590.

Uslaner, E. (2002a), The moral foundations of trust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Uslaner, E. (2002b), “The moral foundation of trust”. Paper prepared for the symposium, ‘Trust in the knowledge society’, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland, 20 September 2002.

Uslaner, E. (2004), “Political Parties and Social Capital”, In: R. Katz and W. Crotty (eds) Handbook of Political Parties, London, Sage Publications.

Van Oorschot, W. (2003), “Welfare State Effects on Social Capital and Informal Solidarity in Europe: Evidence From the 1999/2000 European Values Study”, Paper presented at the RC19 Annual Conference ‘New Challenges for Welfare State Research’, University of Toronto, Canada, 21-24 August, 2003.

Van Oorschot, W. and Arts, W. (2005), “The social capital of European welfare states: The crowding out hypothesis revisited”, Journal of European Social Policy, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 5-26.

Vyrastekova, J. and Onderstal, S. (2005), “The trust game behind the veil of ignorance: a note on gender differences” Working paper, Tilburg University, ISSN 0924-7815, No. 2005-96, 14 p.

Walby, S. (2001), “From gendered welfare state to gender regimes: national differences, convergence or re-structuring?”. Paper presented to Gender and Society Group, Stockholm University, January 2001.

Whiteley, P. (1999), “The origins of social capital”, In: Jan van Deth, Marco Maraffi, Ken Newton and Paul Whiteley (eds) Social Capital and European Democracy, London: Routledge, pp. 25 – 44.

Wolfe, A. (1989), Whose keeper? Social science and moral obligation. San Francisco: University of California Press.

Woolcock, M. (1998), “Social capital and economic development: towards a theoretical synthesis and policy framework”, Theory and Society, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 151 – 208.

Woolcock, M. (2002), “Social capital in theory and practice: reducing poverty by building partnership between states, markets and civil society”, In: Social capital and poverty reduction: which role for the civil society organizations and the state? UNESCO publication. pp. 20-44.

Yamagishi, T., Cook, K. and Watabe, M. (1998), “Uncertainty, trust and commitment formation in the United States and Japan”, The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 104, No. 1, pp. 165 – 194.

You, J. (2005a), “A Study of Social Trust in South Korea”. Paper prepared for delivery at 100th Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Philadelphia, 13-16August 2005.

You, J. (2005b), “Corruption and Inequality as Correlates of Social Trust: Fairness Matters More Than Similarity”. Paper prepared for the 100th annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Philadelphia, August 13-16, 2005.