Commuting y autoempleo en Luxemburgo

Margalejo Hernández, Cristina (2021): Commuting y autoempleo en Luxemburgo.

Abstract

This paper aims to analyze the commuting behavior of workers in Luxembourg with a focus on the differences in commuting time between employees and the self-employed. In order to carry out the analysis we have used data from the latest wave of the European Working Conditions Survey (2015). We use the Ordinary Least Squares method on a series of linear models based on different sociodemographic variables, the workers' residence environment and a set of family variables. It is found that women spend less time commutting than men and self-employed spend an average of twenty minutes less per day than employees. Finally, there is evidence that the residence environment is only significant in the case of self-employed men, establishing a negative relationship between commuting and self-employed living in a rural environment.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• English Title: Commuting and self-employment in Luxemburgo
• Language: Spanish
• Keywords: Commuting time, Self-employed workers, Employees
• Subjects: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O5 - Economywide Country Studies > O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries; R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics > R4 - Transportation Economics > R40 - General

References

Albert, J.F., Casado-Díaz, J.M., Simón, H., 2019. The commuting behaviour of self-employed workers: evidence for Spain. Pap. Reg. Sci. 98 (6), 2455–2477.

Astegiano, P., Sprumont, F., Viti. F., 2017. On the consistency between commuting satisfaction and traveling utility: the case of the University of Luxembourg. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 17(2).

Barrado, B. and Molina, J.A. (2015). Factores macroeconómicos que estimulan el emprendimiento. Un análisis para los países desarrollados y no desarrollados. DTECONZ, 2005-06.

Campaña, J.C., Giménez-Nadal, J.I. and Molina, J.A. (2016). Differences between self-employees and wage earners in time uses: Aragón vs. Spain. MPRA Paper 71463.

Campaña, J.C., Giménez-Nadal, J.I. and Molina, J.A. (2017). Self-employment and educational childcare time: Evidence from Latin America.

Campaña, J.C., Giménez-Nadal, J.I. and Molina, J.A. (2020). Self-employed and employed mothers in Latin American families: are there differences in paid-work, unpaid work and child care?. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 41, 52-69. DOI:10.1007/s10834-020-09660-5.

Giménez-Nadal, J.I. , Lafuente, M., Molina, J.A. and Velilla, J. (2019). Resampling and bootstrap algorithms to asses the relevance of variables: applications to cross-section entrepreneurship data. Empirical Economics, 56, 233-267. DOI:10.1007/s00181-017-1355-x.

Gimenez-Nadal, J.I. and Molina, J. (2013). Parents’education as a determinant of educational childcare time. Journal of Population Economics, 26, 719–49.

Gimenez-Nadal, J.I. and Molina, J. (2014). Regional Unemployment, Gender and Time Allocation of the Unemployed. Review of Economics of the Household, 12(1), 105-127. DOI: 10.1007/s11150-013-9186-9.

Giménez-Nadal, J.I. and Molina, J.A. (2016a). Commuting time and household responsibilities: evidence using propensity score matching. Journal of Regional Science, 56, 332- 359.

Giménez-Nadal, J.I. and Molina, J.A. (2016b). Health inequality and the uses of time for workers in Europe: policy implications. IZA Journal of European Labor Studies, 5 (2).

Giménez-Nadal, J.I. and Molina, J.A. (2020). The gender gap in time allocation in Europe. IZA DP Nº 13461.

Gimenez-Nadal, J.I., Molina, J.A. and Ortega, R. (2017). Like my parents at home? Gender differences in children’s housework in Germany and Spain. Empirical Economics, 52, 1143–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-016-1100-x

Giménez-Nadal, J.I., Molina, J.A. and Ortega, R. (2012). Self-employed mothers and the work-family conflict. Applied Economics, 44, 2133-2148.

Giménez-Nadal, J.I. , Molina, J.A. and Velilla, J. (2015). Excess commuting in the US: Differences between the self-employed and employees. IZA DP Nº 9425.

Giménez-Nadal, J.I. , Molina, J.A. and Velilla, J. (2016). A wage- efficiency spatial model for US self-employed workers. IZA DP Nº 9634.

Giménez-Nadal, J.I. , Molina, J.A. and Velilla, J. (2018). The commuting behavior of workers in the United States: differences between the employed and the self-employed. Journal of Transport Geography, 66, 19-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.10.011.

Gimenez-Nadal, J. and Ortega-Lapiedra, R. (2010). Self-employment and time stress: The effect of leisure quality. Applied Economics Letters, 17(17), 1735-1738.

Gimenez-Nadal, J. and Sevilla, A. (2012). Trends in time allocation: A cross-country analysis. European Economic Review 56, 1338-1359.

Gimenez-Nadal, J. and Sevilla, A. (2014). Total work time in Spain: evidence from time diary data. Applied Economics, 46 (16), 1894-1909. DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2014.887194.

Giménez-Nadal, J.I., Molina, J.A. and Velilla, J. (2019). Modeling commuting time in the US: Bootstrapping techniques to avoid overfitting. Papers in Regional Science, 98(4), 1667-1684. DOI:10.1111/pirs.12424.

Gimenez-Nadal, J.I., Molina, J.A., and Velilla, J. (2020a). Trends in Commuting Time of European Workers: A Cross-Country Analysis. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 12916, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn.

Giménez-Nadal, J.I., Molina, J.A. and Velilla, J. (2020b). Commuting and self-employment in Western Europe. Journal of Transport Geography, forthcoming. DOI: 10.1016/j.trangeo.2020.102856.

Giménez-Nadal, J.I., Molina, J.A. and Velilla, J. (2020c). Work time and well-being for workers at home: evidence from the American Time Use Survey. International Journal of Manpower, 41(2), 184-206.

Giménez-Nadal, J.I., Molina, J.A. and Velilla, J. (2020d). Elderly’s mobility to and from work in the US: metropolitan status and population size. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 13949, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn.

Gimenez-Nadal, J.I., Molina, J. and Zhu, Y. (2018). Intergenerational mobility of housework time in the United Kingdom. Review of Economics of the Household 16, 911–937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-017-9374-0.

Ma, L., Ye, R., 2019. Does daily commuting behavior matter to employee productivity? J.Transp. Geogr. 76 (1), 130–141.

Molina, J.A. (2011). Household Economic Behaviors (Editor). Springer.

Molina, J.A. (2015). Caring within the family: reconciling work and family life. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 36, 1-4. DOI: 10.1007/s10834-015-9441-8.

Molina, J.A. (2020a). The Work-Family Conflict: Evidence from the recent decade and lines of future research. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, forthcoming. DOI: 10.1007/s10834-020-09700-0.

Molina, J.A. (2020b). Family and entrepreneurship: new empirical and theoretical results. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 41, 1-3. DOI:10.1007/s10834-020-09667-y.

Molina, J.A., Giménez-Nadal, J.I. and Velilla, J. (2020). Sustainable commuting: Results from asocial approach and international evidence on carpooling. Sustainability, 12(22), 9587. DOI:10.3390/su12229587.

Molina, J.A., R. Ortega and J. Velilla (2016). Entrepreneurial activity in the OECD: Pooled and cross-country evidence.

Molina, J.A. and J. Velilla (2016). Innovation as a determinant of entrepreneurship. MPRA Papers 71471.

Molina, J.A., R. Ortega and J. Velilla (2017). Feminization of entrepreneurship in developing countries.

Molina, J.A., Velilla, J. and Ortega, R. (2016). The decision to become an entrepreneur in Spain: the role of household finances. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 20(1), 57-73.

McQuaid, R.W., Chen, T., 2012. Commuting times: the role of gender, children and parttime work. Res. Transp. Econ. 34 (1), 66–73.

Reuschke, D., Houston, D., 2020. Revisiting the gender gap in commuting through selfemployment. J. Transp. Geogr. 85, 102712.

Ross, S.L., Zenou, Y., 2008. Are shirking and leisure substitutable? An empirical test ofefficiency wages based on urban economic theory. Reg. Sci. Urban Econ. 38 (5),498–517.

Rupert, P., Stancanelli, E., Wasmer, E., 2009. Commuting, wages and bargaining power. Ann. Econ. Stat. 95796, 201–220.

Schaeffer, M.H., Street, S.W., Singer, J.E., Baum, A., 1988. Effects of control on the stress reactions of commuters. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 18 (11), 944–957

Van Ommeren, J.N., Van der Straaten, J.W., 2008. The effect of search imperfections on commuting behavior: evidence from employed and self-employed workers. Reg. Sci. Urban Econ. 38 (2), 127–147.

Velilla, J., J.A. Molina and Ortega, R. (2018). Why older workers become entrepreneurs? International evidence using fuzzy set methods. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 12, 88-95. DOI: 10.1016/j.jeoa.2018.03.004.

Velilla, J., J.A. Molina and Ortega, R. (2020). Entrepreneurship among low-, mid and high-income workers in South America: a fuzzy-set analysis. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 13209, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn.