Sustainable Water Management and Wetland Restoration Strategies in Northern China

Cirella, Giuseppe T. and Zerbe, Stefan (2014): Sustainable Water Management and Wetland Restoration Strategies in Northern China. Published in:

Abstract

This book depicts the results of a research project in northern China, where an international and interdisciplinary team of researchers from Italy, Germany and China has applied a broad range of methodology in order to answer basic and applied research questions and derive comprehensive recommendations for sustainable water management and wetland restoration. The project primarily focused on ecosystem services, e.g. the purification of water and biomass production. In particular, the ecosystem function and use of reed (Phragmites australis) and the perception as well as the value of water as a resource for Central Asia's multicultural societies was analysed.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: China, economic development, interdisciplinary research, reed (Phragmites australis) economics, resource economics, sustainable water management
• Subjects: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O1 - Economic Development; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O1 - Economic Development > O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q1 - Agriculture; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q1 - Agriculture > Q16 - R&D ; Agricultural Technology ; Biofuels ; Agricultural Extension Services; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q4 - Energy; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q4 - Energy > Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q4 - Energy > Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q5 - Environmental Economics

References

Abramowicz, D.A., 1995. Aerobic and anaerobic PCB biodegradation in the environment. Environmental health perspectives, 103 Suppl, 97–99.

Ács, É. et al., 2003. Algological and bacteriological investigations on reed periphyton in Lake Velencei, Hungary. Hydrobiologia, 506-509(1-3), 549–557.

Allen, H.K. et al., 2010. Call of the wild: Antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments. Nature Reviews. Microbiology, 8(4), 251–259.

Altimira, F. et al., 2012. Characterization of copper-resistant bacteria and bacterial communities from copper-polluted agricultural soils of central Chile. BMC Microbiology, 12(1), 193.

APHA, 1995. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 19th ed., Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.

Arias, B. et al., 2008. Influence of torrefaction on the grindability and reactivity of woody biomass. Fuel Processing Technology, 89(2), 169–175.

Arup, 2008. SPeAR: Product overview. Available at: http://www.arup.com/ [Accessed 6 October 2013].

Bai, F., Li, W.P. & Li, Z.H., 2008. Analysis on the main causes resulting in vegetation degeneration in the Heihe River Basin. Arid Zone Research, 25, 219–224.

Bais, H.P. et al., 2004. How plants communicate using the underground information superhighway. Trends in Plant Science, 9(1), 26–32.

Balaji, D.S. et al., 2009. Extracellular biosynthesis of functionalized silver nanoparticles by strains of Cladosporium cladosporioides. Colloids Surf B, 68, 88–92.

Baldantoni, D. et al., 2004. Assessment of macro and microelement accumulation capability of two aquatic plants. Environmental Pollution, 130(2), 149–56.

Baran, M. et al., 2002. The Common Reed (Phragmites australis) as a source of roughage in ruminant nutrition. Acta Vet. Brno, 72, 445–449.

Baratieri, M. et al., 2008. Biomass as an energy source: thermodynamic constraints on the performance of the conversion process. Bioresource Technology, 99(15), 7063–7073.

Barnett, T.P., Adam, J.C. & Lettenmeier, D.P., 2005. Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature, 438, 303–309.

Barton, D.N., 2005. Economic analysis of the value of water in alternative uses in the Lake Wuliangsuhai catchment, Inner Mongolia lake restoration project, NIVA.

Barz, M., Ahlhaus, M. & Wichtmann, W., 2006. Energetic Utilization of Common Reed for Combined Heat and Power Generation. In 2nd International Baltic Bioenergy Conference. Stralsund, 168–175.

Bayannur Government, 2013. Wulate Qianqi Year Report: 2013, Bayannur, China.

BCPG, 2010. Wuliangsuhai comprehensive treatment plan (Wuliangsuhai Zonghe Zhili Guihua), Bayannur, China: Bayannur City People’s Government.

Bedard, D.L., Ritalahti, K.M. & Löffler, F.E., 2007. The Dehalococcoides population in sediment-free mixed cultures metabolically dechlorinates the commercial polychlorinated biphenyl mixture aroclor 1260. Applied and environmental microbiology, 73(8), 2513–2521.

Bell, S. & Morse, S., 2008. Sustainability indicators: Measuring the immeasurable? 2nd ed., London: Earthscan.

Benson, D.R. & Silvester, W.B., 1993. Biology of Frankia strains, actinomycete symbionts of actinorhizal plants. Microbiological reviews, 57(2), 293–319.

Berendsen, R.L., Pieterse, C.M.J. & Bakker, P.A.H.M., 2012. The rhizosphere microbiome and plant health. Trends in Plant Science, 17(8), 478–486.

Berg, J., Tom-Petersen, A. & Nybroe, O., 2005. Copper amendment of agricultural soil selects for bacterial antibiotic resistance in the field. Letters in applied microbiology, 40(2), 146–151.

Bergman, P.C.A. & Kiel, J.H.A., 2005. Torrefaction for biomass upgrading. In 14th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition. Paris.

BIOMASS Energy Centre, 2013. Typical calorific values of fuels. Available at: http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk/portal/page?_pageid=75,20041&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL [Accessed 13 May 2013].

BLRB, 2012. Bayannur overall plan on landuse 2006-2020. Available at: http://www.nmggtt.gov.cn/nmgt/html/bayannaoer/col5010/2012-03/30/20120330113456177973861_1.html [Accessed 20 November 2012].

Boeuf-Tremblay, V., Plantureux, S. & Guckert, A., 2005. Influence of mechanical impedance on root exudation of maize seedlings at two development stages. Plant and Soil, 172, 279–287.

Bonanno, G. & Lo Giudice, R., 2010. Heavy metal bioaccumulation by the organs of Phragmites australis (common reed) and their potential use as contamination indicators. Ecological Indicators, 10(3), 639–645.

Boothroyd, I.K.G. & Stark, J., 2000. Use of invertebrates in monitoring. In K. J. Collier & M. J. Winterbourn, eds. New Zealand stream invertebrates: ecology and implications for management. Christchurch: New Zealand Limnological Society, NIWA, 344–373.

Borin, S. et al., 2009. Sulfur cycling and methanogenesis primarily drive microbial colonization of the highly sulfidic Urania deep hypersaline basin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(23), 9151–9156.

Borruso, L., Harms, K., et al., 2014. Biogeographical distribution of Class I integrons as bioindicator for freshwater systems. , Manuscript.

Borruso, L., Bacci, G., et al., 2014. Rhizobacterial communities of Phragmites australis grown in hypersaline pond. Extremophiles, Submitted.

Borruso, L., Zerbe, S. & Brusetti, L., 2014. Bacterial communities as a diagnostic tool for watershed quality assessment. PloS Biology, Submitted.

Bradshaw, A.D. & Chadwick, M.J., 1980. The restoration of land, University of California Press, Berkeley, Calif.

Bragato, C., Brix, H. & Malagoli, M., 2006. Accumulation of nutrients and heavy metals in Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel and

Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla in a constructed wetland of the Venice lagoon watershed. Environmental Pollution, 144(3), 967–975.

Breckle, S.W. et al., 2012. Aralkum – a Man-Made Desert, Springer, Heidelberg.

Bridgeman, T.G. et al., 2008. Torrefaction of reed canary grass, wheat straw and willow to enhance solid fuel qualities and combustion properties. Fuel, 87(6), 844–856.

Bridgwater, A. V, 2004. Biomass fast pyrolysis. Thermal Science, 8(2), 21–49.

Brown, A. & Imberger, J., 2006. The index of sustainable functionality (ISF): A prospective tool for assessing the sustainability of the impact of the World Bank projects, Perth, Western Australia: Centre for Water Research.

Bruelheide, H., Manegold, M. & Jandt, U., 2004. The genetical structure of Populus euphratica and Alhagi sparsifolia stands in the Taklamakan Desert. In M. Runge & X. M. Zhang, eds. Ecophysiology and habitat requirements of perennial plant species in the Taklamakan Desert. Aachen: Shaker, 1–153.

Brundtland, G.H., 1987. Our Common Future: The World Commission on Environment and Development.

Cardinale, M. et al., 2004. Comparison of different primer sets for use in automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis of complex bacterial communities. Applied and environmental microbiology, 70(10), 6147–6156.

Chandra, M., 1998. Use of nonwood plant fibers for pulp and paper industry in Asia: Potential in China, Thesis.

Cheng, S., 2003. Heavy metal pollution in China: Origin, pattern and control. Environmental science and pollution research international, 10(3), 192–198.

Chivu, I.A., 1968. The use of reeds as raw material for pulp and paper production. In Practical experiment in the cropping of reeds for the manufacture of pulp and paper - Economic results. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., 227–289.

Cirella, G.T., 2009. Developing a quantitative multi-criteria method of sustainability assessment: With application in Queensland, Australia, Gold Coast, Australia: Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University.

Cirella, G.T. & Tao, L., 2008. Measuring sustainability: an application using the index of sustainable functionality in South East Queensland, Australia. The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 3(8), 231–240.

Cirella, G.T., Tao, L. & Mohamed, S., 2007. An application of an adaptive quantitative method to measure the sustainability of the Gold Coast, Australia. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 50, 52–56.

Cirella, G.T. & Zerbe, S., 2014. Index of sustainable functionality: Procedural developments and application in Urat Front Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The Sustainability Collection, (Submitted).

Cirella, G.T. & Zerbe, S., 2014. Quizzical societies: A closer look at sustainability and principles of unlocking its measurability. The International Journal of Science In Society, (Submitted).

CMF, 1990. The Forests of Xinjiang, Urumqi: China Ministry of Forestry, Xinjiang Peoples Publishing House.

Cocking, E.C., 2003. Endophytic colonization of plant roots by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Plant and Soil, 252(1), 169–175. Available at: http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?id=doi:10.1023/A:1024106605806.

Compant, S. et al., 2005. Endophytic colonization of Vitis vinifera L. by plant growth-promoting bacterium Burkholderia sp. strain PsJN. Applied and environmental microbiology, 71(4), 1685–1693.

Conedera, M. et al., 2004. The cultivation of Castanea sativa (Mill.) in Europe, from its origin to its diffusion on a continental scale. Veget Hist Archaeobot, 13, 161–179.

Conkle, J.L., White, J.R. & Metcalfe, C.D., 2008. Reduction of pharmaceutically active compounds by a lagoon wetland wastewater treatment system in Southeast Louisiana. Chemosphere, 73(11), 1741–1748.

Curtis, T.P., Sloan, W.T. & Scannell, J.W., 2002. Estimating prokaryotic diversity and its limits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(16), 10494–10499.

Daily, G.C., 1995. Restoring Value to the World’s Degraded Lands. Science, 269(5222), 350–354.

Daly, H.E., 2006. The Future of Sustainability M. Keiner, ed., Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.

Daly, H.E. & Cobb, J., 1989. For the common good: redirecting the economy toward community, the environment, and a sustainable future, Boston: Beacon Press.

Davies, G.R., 2013. Appraising Weak and Strong Sustainability: Searching for a Middle Ground. Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development, 10(1), 111–124.

Devuyst, D., 1999. Sustainability assessment: The application of a methodological framework. Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 01(04), 459–487.

Dienst, Schmieder & Wolfgang Ostendorp, 2004. Dynamik der Schilfröhrichte am Bodensee unter dem Einfluss von Wasserstandsvariationen. Limnologica - Ecology and Management of Inland Waters, 34(1-2), 29–36.

Döring, R., 2009. Natural capital – What’s the difference? In R. Döring, ed. Sustainability, natural capital and nature conservation. Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag, 123–142.

Dou, J., Liu, X. & Ding, A., 2009. Anaerobic degradation of naphthalene by the mixed bacteria under nitrate reducing conditions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 165(1-3), 325–331.

Economist Intelligence Unit, 2005. Quality-of-life Index. Available at: http://www.eiu.com/ [Accessed 20 December 2013].

Egamberdieva, D. et al., 2008. High incidence of plant growth-stimulating bacteria associated with the rhizosphere of wheat grown on salinated soil in Uzbekistan. Environmental microbiology, 10(1), 1–9.

Ejina Qizhe, 1998. Ejina Qizhe (Description of Ejina County), Beijing: Fangzhe Chubanshe.

Elkington, J., 1998. Cannibals With Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business, Stony Creek, CT: New Society Publishers.

Emmanuel, E. et al., 2004. Toxicological effects of disinfections using sodium hypochlorite on aquatic organisms and its contribution to AOX formation in hospital wastewater. Environment International, 30(7), 891–900.

Esty, D.C. et al., 2005. 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index Benchmarking National Environmental Stewardship, New Haven: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy.

European-China-Clean-Energy-Centre, 2011. Study of potential and constraints of the biomass sector in China -Executive Summary,

Eusemann, P. et al., 2013. Growth patterns and genetic structure of Populus euphratica Oliv. (Salicaceae) forests in NW China - Implications for conservation and management. Forest Ecology and Management, 297, 27–36.

Faafeng, B. et al., 2008. Lake Wuliangsuhai Restoration Project: Water Quality Monitoring System, Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation Agency (NORAD).

Fachagentur für nachwachsende Rohstoffe, 2012. Nachwachsende Rohstoffe in der Industrie (Renewable raw material for industry),

FAO, 2011. The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture (SOLAW): Managing systems at risk, London: Earthscan Publications Ltd.

Feng, Q. & Cheng, G.D., 1998. Current situation, problem and rational utilisation of water resources in Gansu Province. Chinese J. Arid Land Research, 11, 293–299.

Fisher, M.M. & Triplett, E.W., 1999. Automated approach for ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis of microbial diversity and its application to freshwater bacterial communities. Applied and environmental microbiology, 65(10), 4630–4636.

Foliente, G. et al., 2007. Beyond Triple Bottom Line – Sustainable Cities: CSIRO. In State of Australian Cities National Conference (SOAC2007). Adelaide, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 28–30 November.

Franz, A., Burgstaller, W. & Schinner, F., 1991. Leaching with Penicillium simplicissimum: Influence of Metals and Buffers on Proton Extrusion and Citric Acid Production. Applied and environmental microbiology, 57(3), 769–774.

Fränzle, O., 2006. Complex bioindication and environmental stress assessment. Ecological Indicators, 6(1), 114–136.

Friberg, R. & Blasiak, W., 2002. Measurements of mass flux and stoichiometry of conversion gas from three different wood fuels as function of volume flux of primary air in packed-bed combustion. Biomass and Bioenergy, 23(3), 189–208.

Frick, A. et al., 2011. Monitoring of the vegetation composition in rewetted peatland with iterative decision tree classification of satellite imagery. Photogrammetrie - Fernerkundung - Geoinformation, 2011(3), 109–122.

Fu, G.B. et al., 2004. Hydro-climatic trends of the Yellow River basin for the last 50 years. Climatic Change, 65(1-2), 149–178.

Gahlert, F., 2006. Schilf (Phramites australis) in der Tarim-Aue, Nordwest China. Uni Greifswald. Available at: http://laoek.botanik.uni-greifswald.de/literatur/diplom/GAHLERT.

Garcia-Perez, M. & Metcalf, J., 2008. The Formation of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons and Dioxins During Pyrolysis: A Review of the Literature with Descriptions of Biomass Composition, Fast Pyrolysis Technologies and Thermochemical Reactions, Pullman: Washington State University.

Gibson, R. et al., 2001. Specification of sustainability-based environmental assessment decision criteria and implications for determining significance in environmental assessment. , (12 June 2008). Available at: http://www.sustreport.org/ [Accessed 20 December 2013].

Giese, E., Bahro, G. & Betke, D., 1998. Umweltzerstoerungen in Trockengebieten Zentralasiens (West- und Ost-Turkestan): Ursachen, Auswirkungen, Massnahmen, Stuttgart: Steiner.

Giese, E. & Moßig, I., 2004. Klimawandel in Zentralasien. Zentrum für internationale Entwicklungs- und Umweltforschung (ZEU), Giessen: Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen.

Girotti, S. et al., 2008. Monitoring of environmental pollutants by bioluminescent bacteria. Analytica Chimica Acta, 608(1), 2–29.

Glick, B.R., 2012. Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Mechanisms and Applications. Scientifica, 2012, 1–15.

Glick, B.R., 2010. Using soil bacteria to facilitate phytoremediation. Biotechnology Advances, 28(3), 367–374.

Gomez, C. & Bosecker, K., 1999. Leaching heavy metals from contaminated soil by using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans or Thiobacillus thiooxidans. Geomicrobiology Journal, 16(3), 233–244.

Goodwin, D., 2011. Cantera: an object-oriented software toolkit for chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, and transport processes.

Gordon, T.J., 1994. The Delphi Method. In AC/UNU Millennium Project, Future Research Methodology.

Graneli, W., 1990. Standing crop and mineral content of reed, Phragmites australis, in Sweden- Management of reed stands to maximize harvestable biomass. Folia Geobotanica, 25(3), 291–302.

Granéli, W., 1984. Reed Phragmites australis(Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel as an energy source in Sweden. Biomass, 4(3), 183–208.

Gries, D. et al., 2003. Growth and water relations of Tamarix ramosissima and Populus euphratica on Taklamakan desert dunes in relation to depth to a permanent water table. Plant, Cell and Environment, 26, 725–736.

Gruschke, A., 1991. Neulanderschließung in Trockengebieten der Volksrepublik China, Hamburg, Germany: Institut für Asienkunde.

Guo, Q., Feng, Q. & Li, J., 2009. Environmental changes after ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of Heihe River, northwest China. Environmental Geology, 58(7), 1387–1396.

Häkkinen, J., 2007. Traditional use of reed. In Read up on reed. 62–72.

Hale, M.G., Foy, C.L. & Shay, F.J., 1971. Factors affecting root exudation. Advances in Agronomy, 23, 89–109.

Hall, R.M. & Collis, C.M., 1995. Mobile gene cassettes and integrons: capture and spread of genes by site-specific recombination. Molecular microbiology, 15(4), 593–600.

Hampicke, U., 2009. Kosten der Renaturierung. In S. Zerbe & G. Wiegleb, eds. Renaturierung von Oekosystemen in Mitteleuropa. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 441–457.

Hansmann, P., 2008. “They Call Them Golden Sticks”- Socio-economic Explorations Around the Commodity of Reed. Wageningen University, The Netherlands.

Hansmann, P., 2008. “They call them golden sticks”- Socio-economic explorations around the commodity of reed. Wageningen University.

Hansson, P.-A. & Fredriksson, H., 2004. Use of summer harvested common reed (Phragmites australis) as nutrient source for organic crop production in Sweden. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 102(3), 365–375.

Haslam, S.M., 2010. A book of reed: (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel, formerly Phragmites communis Trin.), Forrest Text.

Hawke, C.J. & Jose, P. V, 1996. Reedbed management for commercial and wildlife interests, RSPB.

He, Z.B. & Zhao, W.Z., 2006. Characterising the spatial structures of riparian plant communities in the lower reaches of the Heihe River in China using geostatistical techniques. Ecological Research, 21, 551–559.

Hedin, S.A., 1943. Reports from the Scientific Expedition to the North-Western Provinces of China under the Leadership of Dr. Sven Hedin. Part I., Stockholm.

Heuer, H. & Smalla, K., 2007. Horizontal gene transfer between bacteria. Environmental Biosafety Research, 6(1-2), 3–13.

Hijosa-Valsero, M. et al., 2011. Removal of antibiotics from urban wastewater by constructed wetland optimization. Chemosphere, 83(5), 713–719.

Hochmuth, H., 2013. Wasserverbrauch der Landwirtschaft und natürlicher Ökosysteme im Heihe Flusssystem, Innere Mongolei, China, Diploma Thesis: University of Greifswald and University of Potsdam.

Holzmann, G. & Wangelin, M., 2009. Natürliche und pflanzliche Baustoffe: Rohstoff - Bauphysik - Konstruktion [Gebundene Ausgabe] (Natural and plant construction materials: resources construction physik- Construction), Vieweg and Teubner.

Hoppe, T., 1992. Chinesische Agrarpolitik und Uygurische Agrarkultur im Widerstreit. Das sozio-kulturelle Umfeld von Bodenversalzungen und -alkalisierungen im nördlichen Tarim-Becken (Xinjiang), Hamburg, Germany: Institut für Asienkunde.

Hou, L.G. et al., 2010. Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of Populus euphratica Oliv forest during the growing season in the extreme arid region northwest China. Agricultural Water Management, 97(2), 351–356.

Hou, P. et al., 2007. Response to environmental flows in the Lower Tarim River, Xinjiang, China: An ecological interpretation of water-table dynamics. Journal of Environmental Management, 83(4), 383–391.

Hu, R. et al., 1994. Glaciers and Lakes in the Tianshan Mountains and Climate Trends. Arid Land Geography (Ganhan Qu Dili), 17, 1–9.

Huang, P.Y., 1986. A Preliminary Study on the Decline of the Distribution Range and Regeneration of the Forest Land of Populus euphratica in the Tarimpendi (Basin). Acta Phytoecologica et Geobotanica Sinica, 10, 302–309.

Iital, A. et al., 2012. Reed harvesting. In A. Schultz-Zehden & M. Matczak, eds. Compendium. An Assessment of Innovative and Sustsainable Uses of Baltic Marine Resources. 103–124.

Imberger, J. et al., 2007. The index of sustainable functionality: a new adaptive, multicriteria measurement of sustainability – application to Western Australia. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, 6(3), 323–355.

Institute for Economics and Peace, 2007. Global Peace Index. Available at: http://economicsandpeace.org/.

IUCN, 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature Website. , (20 June 2008). Available at: http://www.iucn.org/ [Accessed 20 December 2013].

Ji, Y.H. et al., 2009. Expansion of Phragmites australis in the Liaohe Delta, north-east China. Weed Research, 49(6), 613–620. Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00727.x/pdf.

Jiang, F. et al., 1997. Response of Water Resources in Xinjiang to Future Climate Changes in Central Asia. Arid Land Geography (Ganhan Qu Dili), 20, 40–46.

Jiang, X. & Liu, C., 2010. The influence of water regulation on vegetation in the lower Heihe River. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 20(5), 701–711.

Jin, X. et al., 2010. Correlation between annual runoff in the Heihe River to the vegetation cover in the Ejina Oasis (China). Arid Land Research and Management, 24(1), 31–41.

Jordan, C. et al., 1987. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Oxford University Press.

Junfeng, L. et al., 2005. Assessment of sustainable energy potential of non-plantation biomass resources in China. Biomass and Bioenergy, 29(3), 167–177.

Kaltschmitt, M., Streicher, W. & Wiese, A. eds., 2007. Renewable Energy: Technology, Economics and Environment, Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Kask, Ü., 2011. Reed as bio-energy: opportunities to use it in boiler-houses and as biogas source. In Reed for bio-energy and Construction. 11.3.2011 Kaarina, Finland Seminar programme.

Kask, Ü., Kask, L. & Paist, A., 2007. Reed as energy resource in Estonia. In I. Ikonen & E. Hagelberg, eds. Read Up on Reed! Turku: Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy, 102–114.

Kennedy, I.R. et al., 1997. Biological nitrogen fixation in non-leguminous field crops: Facilitating the evolution of an effective association between Azospirillum and wheat. Plant and Soil, 194(1-2), 65–79.

Kerschbaumer, L. & Ott, K., 2013. Maintaining a River’s Healthy Life? An Inquiry on Water Ethics and Water Praxis in the Upstream Region of China's Yellow River. Water Alternatives, 6(1), 107–124.

Kim, J.S., 2007. A China Environmental Health Project Fact Sheet: Transboundary Air Pollution—Will China Choke On Its Success?, China Environment Forum’s partnership with Western Kentucky University on the U.S. AID-supporte d China Environmental Health Project (CEHP).

Kim, K.Y., Jordan, D. & McDonald, G.A., 1998. Enterobacter agglomerans, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, and microbial activity in soil: Effect of carbon sources. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30(8-9), 995–1003.

Kim, Y.C. et al., 2011. The multifactorial basis for plant health promotion by plant-associated bacteria. Applied and environmental microbiology, 77(5), 1548–1555.

Kitzler, H., Pfeifer, C. & Hofbauer, H., 2012. Combustion of Reeds in a 3 MW District Heating Plant. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 3(4), 407–411.

Kitzler, H., Pfeifer, C. & Hofbauer, H., 2011. Gasification of reed in a 100kW dual fluidized bed steam gasification. In 19th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition. Berlin, Germany, 1101–1105.

Kloepper, J.W., Gutiérrez-Estrada, A. & McInroy, J.A., 2007. Photoperiod regulates elicitation of growth promotion but not induced resistance by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Canadian journal of microbiology, 53(2), 159–167.

Knoef, H.A.M., 2005. Practical aspects of biomass gasification. In H. A. M. Knoef, ed. Handbok Biomass Gasification. Meppel: Biomass Tecnology Group BV.

Köbbing, J.F. et al., 2014. A common reed (Phragmites australis) economy under threat: pulp and paper market, values and netchain at Wuliangsuhai Lake, Inner Mongolia, China. Ecological Economics, Submitted.

Köbbing, J.F., Thevs, N. & Zerbe, 2013a. The utilisation of Reed (Phragmites australis) – A review. Mires and Peat, 13, 1–14.

Köbbing, J.F., Thevs, N. & Zerbe, 2013b. The utilisation of Reed (Phragmites australis) – a review. Mires and Peat, 13, 1–14.

Kole, M.M., Page, W.J. & Altosaar, I., 1988. Distribution of Azotobacter in Eastern Canadian soils and in association with plant rhizospheres. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 34, 815–817.

Komulainen, M. et al., 2008. Reed energy- Possibili ties of using the common reed for energy generation in southern Finland, Turku: Turku University of Applied Sciences. Available at: http://julkaisut.turkuamk.fi/isbn9789522160355.pdf.

Koziński, J.A., Saade, R. & zheng, G., 1996. Transformations of sludge waste during combustion in a low-high-low temperature reactor. Symposium (International) on Combustion, 26(2), 2495–2502.

Kristiana, R., 2009. Sustainability assessment in water management: The application and development of the Index of Sustainable Functionality on various water resources, Perth, Western Australia: University of Western Australia.

Kronbergs, E. et al., 2006. Biomass condition for solid biofuel compositions. In M. Barz & M. Alhhaus, eds. Use of Bioenergy in the Baltic Sea Region. 83–92.

Kronbergs, E. & Kronbergs, A., 2011. Common reed as solid biofuel resource.

Ku, C.S. & Mun, S.P., 2006. Characterization of Pyrolysis Tar Derived from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry -Seoul-, 12(6), 853–861.

Kuhlman, T., Diogo, V. & Koomen, E., 2013. Exploring the potential of reed as a bioenergy crop in the Netherlands. Biomass and Bioenergy, 55, 41–52. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0961953412002668.

Kumar, M. & Khanna, S., 2010. Diversity of 16S rRNA and dioxygenase genes detected in coal-tar-contaminated site undergoing active bioremediation. Journal of applied microbiology, 108(4), 1252–1262.

Kuzmina, Z. V & Treshkin, S.Y., 1997. Soil salinization and dynamics of Tugai vegetation in the southwestern Caspian Sea region and in the Aral Sea coastal region. Eurasien Soil Science, 30, 642–649.

Kwapinski, W. et al., 2010. Biochar from Biomass and Waste. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 1(2), 177–189. Lambertini, C. et al., 2008. Genetic diversity patterns in Phragmites australis at the population , regional and continental scales. Aquatic Botany, 88, 160-170.

Lang, C., 2007. Pulp Mill Watch Factsheet. Country profiles: China. pulpmillwatch.org, (June).

Lange, T., 2006. Orientierende Versuche zum Einsatz von Getreide und halmgutartiger Biomasse in einer Kleinfeuerungsanlage. FH Stralsund.

Lauber, C.L. et al., 2008. The influence of soil properties on the structure of bacterial and fungal communities across land-use types. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40(9), 2407–2415.

Lavrenko, E.M., 1956. Karta rastitelnosti srednej Asii (Vegetation Map of Central Asia), Moscow: Akademijca a NAUK SSSR.

Lear, G. & Lewis, G.D., 2009. Impact of catchment land use on bacterial communities within stream biofilms. Ecological Indicators, 9(5), 848–855.

Lee, H., 2011. Handbook of Bioenergy Crops. A Complete Reference to Species, Development and Applications. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 9(3), 473.

Leonard, K.M. & Swanson, G.W., 2001. Comparison of operational design criteria for subsurface flow constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Water Science and Technology, 43, 301–307.

Leung, D.Y.C., Yin, X.L. & Wu, C.Z., 2004. A review on the development and commercialization of biomass gasification technologies in China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 8(6), 565–580.

Li, C. & Suzuki, K., 2009. Tar property, analysis, reforming mechanism and model for biomass gasification—An overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(3), 594–604.

Li, L. et al., 2013. Nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of common reed (Phragmites australis) and its relationship to nutrient availability in northern China. Aquatic Botany, 112, 84–90.

Li, P. et al., 2012. Income and expenditure of the herdsman in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: A case study of Xianghuang Banner in Xilin Gol League. Asian Agricultural Research, 4(9), 26–39.

Li, Q., Feng, Q. & Zhai, L., 2010. Study of the height growth dynamic based on tree-ring data in Populus euphratica from the lower reach of the Heihe River, China. Dendrochronologia, 28(1), 49–64.

Li, X. et al., 2012. Estimation of evapotranspiration in an arid region by remote sensing-A case study in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 17(1), 85–93.

Li, Y.H. et al., 2010. Endophytic bacterial diversity in roots of Phragmites australis in constructed Beijing Cuihu Wetland (China). FEMS Microbiology Letters, 309, 84–93.

Liao, Z., 1993. The environmental chemistry and biological effects of microelement, Beijing: China Environmental Science Press.

Link, S. et al., 2013. Reed as a gasification fuel: a comparison with woody fuels. Mires and Peat, 13, 1–12.

Liu, H. et al., 2008. Distribution, utilization structure and potential of biomass resources in rural China: With special references of crop residues. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(5), 1402–1418.

Liu, P.J., Zhang, L. & Fan, C.Q., 1990. The Populus euphratia resources along the Tarim River . Science, Technique, K. Liang & P. J. Liu, eds., Beijing: Investigation of Resources and the Environment along the the Tarim River through Remote Sensing and Documentation Press.

Liu, P.X., Peng, J.F. & Chen, F.H., 2007. Hydrological Response of Populus euphratica Olve. Radial Growth in Ejinaa Banner, Inner Mongolia. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 49, 150−156.

Liu, W.T. et al., 1997. Characterization of microbial diversity by determining terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes encoding 16S rRNA. Applied and environmental microbiology, 63(11), 4516–4522.

Liu, Z. et al., 2007. Sediment phosphorus fractions and profile distribution at different vegetation growth zones in a macrophyte dominated shallow Wuliangsuhai Lake, China. Environmental Geology, 52(5), 997–1005.

Lovley, D.R., 1995. Microbial reduction of iron, manganese, and other metals. Advances Agronomy, 54, 175–231.

Lozupone, C. & Knight, R., 2007. Global patterns in bacterial diversity. Proceedings of the National …, 104(27), 11436–40. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2040916&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\nhttp://www.pnas.org/content/104/27/11436.short.

Lu, J. et al., 2007. Analysis of ecological restoration of inland desert oasis based on remote sensing. Available at: http://www.digitwater.net/articleinfo.asp?IDD113 [Accessed 15 December 2013].

Lüderitz, V. & Jüpner, R., 2009. Renaturierung von Fließgewässern S. Zerbe & G. Wiegleb, eds., Verlag, Heidelberg: Springer, Spektrum Akad.

De Maeseneer, J.L., 1997. Constructed wetlands for sludge dewatering. In Water Science and Technology. 279–285.

Man, R. De & Croon, F., 2007. YRD Green Pulp Partnership Frank Croon. In YRD Green Pulp Partnership. Helsinki. Available at: http://rdeman.nl/site/download/GreenPulpPartnershipHelsinki2007l.pdf.

Mant, J. & Janes, M., 2006. Restoration of rivers and floodplains. In J. van Andel & J. Aronson, eds. Restoration ecology: The new frontier. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Science, 141–157.

Margesin, R. & Schinner, F., 2001. Bioremediation (natural attenuation and biostimulation) of diesel-oil-contaminated soil in an alpine glacier skiing area. Applied and environmental microbiology, 67(7), 3127–3133.

Margulies, M. et al., 2005. Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. Nature, 437(7057), 376–380.

McGeoch, M.A., 1998. The selection, testing and application of terrestrial insects as bioindicators. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 73(2), 181–201.

Mckentry, P., 2002. Energy production biomass (part 1): Overview of biomass. Bioresource Technology, 83, 37–46.

MEA, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Wetlands and Water Synthesis World Resources Institute, ed., Washington, DC: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.

Micsinai, A. et al., 2003. Rhizome-associated bacterial communities of healthy and declining reed stands in Lake Velencei, Hungary. Hydrobiologia, 506-509(1-3), 707–713.

Mills, R. et al., 2005. Sustainable Subiaco: The local scale application of the index of sustainable functionality, Perth, Western Australia.

Moch, J., 2013. Renewable Energy In China: An Overview. (202).

Morgan, P. & Watkinson, R.J., 1989. Hydrocarbon degradation in soils and methods for soil biotreatment. Critical reviews in biotechnology, 8(4), 305–333.

Mothes, F. et al., 2010. Capability of headspace based sample preparation methods for the determination of methyl tert-butyl ether and benzene in reed (phragmites australis) from constructed wetlands. Chemosphere, 80(4), 396–403.

Muyzer, G. et al., 1996. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA a new molecular approach to analyse the genetic diversity of mixed microbial communities. Molecular microbial ecology manual, 3, 1–23.

MWR, 2004. Pilot experiences of establishing a water-saving society in China Ministry of Water Resources, ed., Beijing: China Water Press.

NDRC, 2006. China’s National Climate Change Program. National Assessment Report on Climate Change. Available at: http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/213624.htm [Accessed 18 November 2013].

Neefs, J.M. et al., 1993. Compilation of small ribosomal subunit RNA structures. Nucleic acids research, 21(13), 3025–3049.

Nelson, V., 2011. Introduction to Renewable Energy A. Ghassemi, ed., CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.

Nemergut, D.R. et al., 2008. Insights and inferences about integron evolution from genomic data. BMC genomics, 9, 261.

New Economics Foundation, 2006. Happy Planet Index. Available at: http://www.happyplanetindex.org/ [Accessed 24 October 2013].

Novikova, N.M., 2001. Ecological Basis for Botanical Diversity Conservation within the Amudarya and Syrdarya River Delta. In S. W. Breckle, M. Veste, & W. Wucherer, eds. Sustainable Land-use in Deserts. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 84–94.

Ogar, N.P.P., 2003. Vegetation of river valleys. In E. I. Rachkovskaya, E. A. Volkova, & V. N. Khramtsov, eds. Botanical geography of Kazakhstan and middle Asia (Desert region). Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences. Saint Petersburg, Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction of Ministry of Education and Science of Republic Kazakhstan. Almaty, Institute of Botany of Academy of Sciences of Republik Uzbekistan., 313–339.

Ostendorp, W., 1999. Management Impacts on Stand Structure of Lakeshore Phragmites Reeds. International Review of Hydrobiology, 84, 33–47. Available at: http://www.ub.uni-konstanz.de/kops/volltexte/2008/5713/pdf/Ostendorp_Management_Impacts_on_Stand.pdf.

Ott, K. & Döring, R., 2008. Theorie und Praxis starker Nachhaltigkeit, Metropolis-Verlag.

Ott, K., Muraca, B. & Baatz, C., 2011. Strong Sustainability as a Frame for Sustainability Communication. In J. Godemann & G. Michelsen, eds. Sustainability Communication: Interdisciplinary Perspectives and Theoretical Foundation. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 13–25.

Paavilainen, L., 1998. Modern non-wood pulp mill - process concepts and economic aspects. In North America Nonwood Fiber Symposium Proceedings.

Park, M., 2009. Pollutants Removal and Distribution of Microorganisms in a Reed Wetland of Shanghai. Environmental Progress, 28, 240–248.

Park, N. et al., 2009. Effective controls of micropollutants included in wastewater effluent using constructed wetlands under anoxic condition. Ecological Engineering, 35(3), 418–423.

Park, Y.-K. et al., 2012. Wild reed of Suncheon Bay: Potential bio-energy source. Renewable Energy, 42, 168–172.

Parr, L.B. & Mason, C.F., 2003. Long-term trends in water quality and their impact on macroinvertebrate assemblages in eutrophic lowland rivers. Water Research, 37(12), 2969–2979.

Patuzzi, F. et al., 2013. Common reeds ( Phragmites australis ) as sustainable energy source: experimental and modelling analysis of torrefaction and pyrolysis processes. GCB Bioenergy, 5(4), 367–374.

Pei-dong, Z., Guomei, J. & Gang, W., 2007. Contribution to emission reduction of CO2 and SO2 by household biogas construction in rural China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(8), 1903–1912.

Perelo, L.W., 2010. Review: In situ and bioremediation of organic pollutants in aquatic sediments. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 177(1-3), 81–89.

Perrow, M.R. & Davy, A.J., 2002. Handbook of ecological restoration (Vol. 1 and 2). In Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Piddock, L.J. V, 2006. Multidrug-resistance efflux pumps - not just for resistance. Nature reviews. Microbiology, 4(8), 629–636.

Pilon-Smits, E., 2005. Phytoremediation. Annual review of plant biology, 56, 15–39.

Po, M., Kaercher, J.D. & Nancarrow, B.E., 2003. Literature Review of Factors Influencing Public Perceptions of Water Reuse, Canberra.,

Poeyry, 2006. China: Technical assistance for the sustainable development of the non-wood pulp and paper industry. Environmental assessment. Techincal Report Modules 2-7.

Poole, K., 2005. Efflux-mediated antimicrobial resistance. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 56(1), 20–51.

Prando, D. et al., 2013. Biomass CHP Systems for Residential Applications: a Multi-Stage Modeling Approach. In K. Kabele et al., eds. CLIMA 2013 - 11th REHVA World Congress and the 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation and Energy Conservation in Buildings. Prague: Society of Environmental Engineering (STP), 3309–3318.

Prashar, P., Kapoor, N. & Sachdeva, S., 2013. Rhizosphere: its structure, bacterial diversity and significance. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 1705, 1–15.

Prins, M.J., Ptasinski, K.J. & Janssen, F.J.J.G., 2006. More efficient biomass gasification via torrefaction. Energy, 31(15), 3458–3470.

Qi, S. & Cai, Y., 2007. Mapping and Assessment of Degraded Land in the Heihe River Basin, Arid Northwestern China. Sensors, 7(11), 2565–2578.

Qi, S.-Z. & Luo, F., 2005. Water environmental degradation of the Heihe River Basin in arid northwestern China. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 108(1-3), 205–215.

Quan, W.M. et al., 2007. Uptake and distribution of N, P and heavy metals in three dominant salt marsh macrophytes from Yangtze River estuary, China. Marine Environmental Research, 64(1), 21–37.

Ratnaweera, H. et al., 2008. Inner Mongolia lake restoration, project Lake Wuliangsuhai comprehensive study management and control plan, Norwegian Institute for Water Research.

Redefining Progress, 1995. Genuine Progress Indicator. Available at: http://rprogress.org/sustainability_indicators/genuine_progress_indicator.htm [Accessed 20 July 2013].

Rees, W., 1992. Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out. Environment and Urbanization, 4(2), 121–130.

Reichel, F., 2013. Bauschilf (Construction reed). , (in German). Available at: http://www.bauschilf.at/produkte.htm [Accessed 30 April 2013].

Ringler, C. et al., 2010. Yellow River basin: living with scarcity. Water International, 35(5), 681–701.

Rockne, K.J. et al., 2000. Anaerobic naphthalene degradation by microbial pure cultures under nitrate-reducing conditions. Applied and environmental microbiology, 66(4), 1595–1601.

Rodewald-Rudescu, L., 1974. Das Schilfrohr (The reed stalk), E. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nägele u. Obermiller) Stuttgart.

Rodewald-Rudescu, L., 1958. Schilfrohr und Fischkultur im Donaudelta (Reed and fish culture in the Danube Delta),

Rösch, C., Mergel, A. & Bothe, H., 2002. Biodiversity of denitrifying and dinitrogen-fixing bacteria in an acid forest soil. Applied and environmental microbiology, 68(8), 3818–3829.

Rosemond, A.D., Mulholland, P.J. & Elwood, J.W., 1993. Top-Down and Bottom-Up Control of Stream Periphyton: Effects of Nutrients and Herbivores. Ecology, 74(4), 1264–1280.

Royal Government of Bhutan, 1999. Gross National Happiness. Available at: http://www.grossnationalhappiness.com/ [Accessed 14 July 2013].

Rüger, N., Schlüter, M. & Matthies, M., 2005. A fuzzy habitat suitability index for Populus euphratica in the Northern Amudarya delta (Uzbekistan). Ecological Modelling, 184(2-4), 313–328.

Sainty, G., 1985. Weed control and utilization of aquatic control and utilization of aquatic plants of lake Edku and barsik fish farm - Egypt T E C H N. FAO, ed., Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/R7236E/R7236E00.htm.

Salt, D.E. et al., 1995. Phytoremediation: a novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants. Bio/technology (Nature Publishing Company), 13(5), 468–474.

Savcor Indufor Oy, 2006. China: Technical assistance for the sustainable development of the non-wood pulp and paper industry: Recommendation for long-term concept of non-wood pulp production. Conclusion report,

SBZC, 2003. Statistics Yearbook of Zhangye City, Zhangye, China: Zhangye Press.

Schelwald-van der Kley, L. & Reijerkerk, L., 2014. Water: A way of life e-book. Available at: http://www.waterandculture.org [Accessed 9 April 2014].

Schutter, M., Sandeno, J. & Dick, R., 2001. Seasonal, soil type, and alternative management influences on microbial communities of vegetable cropping systems. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 34(6), 397–410.

Shang, S. et al., 2011. Spatial temporal expansion of reed marsh in the Wuliangsuhai wetland in Inner Mongolia. In Worl Environmental and Water Resources Congree. 4840–4848.

Shi, B. et al., 2010. Effects of atmospheric elevated temperature on the growth, reproduction and biomass allocation of reclamation Phragmites australis in East Beach of Chongming Island. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 19(4), 383–388.

Simonet, P. et al., 1999. Co-evolution between Frankia populations and host plants in the family Casuarinaceae and consequent patterns of global dispersal. Environmental microbiology, 1(6), 525–533.

Singer, R.S., Ward, M.P. & Maldonado, G., 2006. Can landscape ecology untangle the complexity of antibiotic resistance? Nature reviews. Microbiology, 4(12), 943–952.

Smalla, K. et al., 2001. Bulk and rhizosphere soil bacterial communities studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis: plant-dependent enrichment and seasonal shifts revealed. Applied and environmental microbiology, 67(10), 4742–4751.

Smith, S.D. et al., 1998. Water relations of riparian plants from warm desert regions. Wetlands, 18(4), 687–696.

Sogin, M.L. et al., 2006. Microbial diversity in the deep sea and the underexplored “rare biosphere”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(32), 12115–12120.

Song, Y.D. et al., 2000. Research on Water Resources and Ecology of Tarim River, China (Zhongguo Talim He Shui Ziyuan yu Shangtai Wenti Yanjiu), Urumqi: Xinjiang Peoples Press (Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe).

Southichak, B. et al., 2006. Phragmites australis: A novel biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Water Research, 40(12), 2295–2302.

Sowers, K.R. & May, H.D., 2013. In situ treatment of PCBs by anaerobic microbial dechlorination in aquatic sediment: Are we there yet? Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 24(3), 482–488.

Stenman, H., 2008. Reed construction on the Baltic Sea region, Stepanauskas, R. et al., 2006. Coselection for microbial resistance to metals and antibiotics in freshwater microcosms. Environmental microbiology, 8(9), 1510–1514.

Strezov, V., Evans, T.J. & Hayman, C., 2008. Thermal conversion of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) to bio-gas, bio-oil and charcoal. Bioresource Technology, 99(17), 8394–8399.

Su, N., Zhang, J. & Wang, Y., 1994. The pollution and evaluation of Cd in soil in Hujian Province. Acta Hujian Agriculture University, 23, 434–439.

Sukhova, G. V. & Gladyshev, A.I., Ecological and anatomical characteristics of tugai vegetation in the Amu Darya USSR, bottomland, Izv. Akad. Nauk turkmen. SSSR.

Sun, M.Y. et al., 2012. Bacterial communities are sensitive indicators of contaminant stress. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(5), 1029–1038.

Sutcu, H., 2008. Pyrolysis of Phragmites Australis and characterization of liquid and solid products. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 14(5), 573–577. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1226086X08001068 [Accessed 16 August 2010].

Taisan, 2009. Suitability of Using Phragmites australis and Tamarix aphylla as Vegetation Filters in Industrial Areas. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 5(740), 747.

TEEB, 2010. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Ecological and Economic Foundations Earthscan, ed., London and Washington, DC.

Temperton, V.M. & Kirr, K., 2004. Order of arrival and availability of safe sites: An example of their importance for plant community assembly in stressed ecosystems V. M. Temperton et al., eds., Washington, DC: Island Press.

Thevs, N. et al., 2011. Ecology and utilization of salt-tolerant plants in the river basins of Central Asia. Ecological Questions, 14, 19–20.

Thevs, N., 2007. Ecology, Spatial Distribution, and Utilisation of the Tugai Vegetation at the Middle Reaches of the Tarim River, Xinjiang, China, Göttingen: Cuvillier.

Thevs, N. et al., 2007. Productivity of reed (Phragmites australis Trin. ex Steud.) in continental-arid NW China in relation to soil, groundwater, and land-use. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality-Angewandte Botanik, 81(1), 62–68.

Thevs, N. et al., 2012. Structure and wood biomass of near-natural floodplain forests along the Central Asian rivers Tarim and Amu Darya. Forestry, 85(2), 193–202.

Thevs, N., Zerbe, S., Schnittler, M., et al., 2008. Structure, reproduction and flood-induced dynamics of riparian Tugai forests at the Tarim River in Xinjiang, NW China. Forestry, 81(1), 45–57.

Thevs, N., Zerbe, S., Peper, J., et al., 2008. Vegetation and vegetation dynamics in the Tarim River floodplain of continental-arid Xinjiang, NW China. Phytocoenologia, 38(1), 65–84.

Thevs, N., Zerbe, S., et al., 2014. Water allocation and water consumption of irrigation agriculture and natural vegetation in the Aksu and Tarim river basin, Xinjiang, China. Journal of Arid Environments, Submitted.

Thevs, N. et al., 2013. Water consumption of agriculture and natural ecosystems along the Tarim River, China. Geo-Öko, 34, 50–76.

Thevs, N., Ovezmuradov, K., et al., 2014. Water consumption of agriculture and natural ecosystems at the Amu Darya in Lebap Province, Turkmenistan. Environmental Earth Sciences, In press.

Thomas, F.M. et al., 2006. Water use by perennial plants in the transition zone between river oasis and desert in NW China. Basic and Applied Ecology, 7(3), 253–267.

Tian, Z. et al., 2009. Phragmites australis and Typha orientalis in removal of pollutant in Taihu Lake, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21(4), 440–446.

Treshkin, S.Y., 2001. The Tugai Forests of Floodplain of the Amudarya River: Ecology, Dynamics and their Conservation. In S. W. Breckle, M. Veste, & W. Wucherer, eds. Sustainable Land-use in Deserts. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 95–102.

Tutt, M. & Olt, J., 2011. Suitability of various plant species for bioethanol production. Agronomy Research Biosystem Engineering Special Issue, (1), 261–267.

Udvardi, M. & Poole, P.S., 2013. Transport and metabolism in legume-rhizobia symbioses. Annual review of plant biology, 64, 781–805. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23451778.

UN, 1987. Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, General Assembly Resolution 42/187,

UN, 2000. United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Available at: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ [Accessed 24 October 2013].

UNDP, 2010. Human Development Index: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi/ [Accessed 17 July 2013].

UNESCO, 2014. Karez Wells: Tentative List. World Heritage List Nominations. Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5347/ [Accessed 9 April 2014].

UNESCO, 2009. The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Water in a Changing World. In Earthscan, ed. World Water Assessment Programme. 349.

UNESCO, 2012. The United Nations World Water Development Report 4: Managing Water Under Uncertainty and Risk. In Earthscan, ed. World Water Assessment Programme. 407.

Unger-Shayesteh, K. et al., 2013. What do we know about past changes in the water cycle of Central Asian headwaters? A review. Global and Planetary Change, 110, 4–25.

Urbanska, K.M. et al., 1997. Hybridization and evolution in Cardamine (Brassicaceae) at Urnerboden, Central Switzerland: Biosystematic and molecular evidence,

USDA, 2012. China - Peoples Republic of Cotton and Products Annual. GAIN Report Number: CH12031. Available at: http://www.thefarmsite.com/reports/contents/chinacotmay12.pdf [Accessed 5 December 2013].

Valverde, A. et al., 2003. Herbaspirillum lusitanum sp. nov., a novel nitrogen-fixing bacterium associated with root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology, 53(Pt 6), 1979–1983.

VanDerZanden, A.M.. M. & Cook, T.W., 2011. Sustainable Landscape Management: Design, Construction, and Maintenance, Wiley.

Villegas-Navarro, A. et al., 1999. Evaluation of Daphnia magna as an indicator of toxicity and treatment efficacy of textile wastewaters. Environment International, 25(5), 619–624.

Vladár, P. et al., 2008. Diversity of sulfate-reducing bacteria inhabiting the rhizosphere of Phragmites australis in Lake Velencei (Hungary) revealed by a combined cultivation-based and molecular approach. Microbial ecology, 56(1), 64–75.

Vogel, T.M., 1996. Bioaugmentation as a soil bioremediation approach. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 7(3), 311–316.

Vymazal, J. et al., 2010. Heavy metals in sediments from constructed wetlands treating municipal wastewater. Biogeochemistry, 101, 335–356.

Vymazal, J. et al., 2009. Trace elements in Phragmites australis growing in constructed wetlands for treatment of municipal wastewater. Ecological Engineering, 35(2), 303–309.

Wang, G., Cheng, G. & Shen, Y., 2002. Eco-environmental variations and control strategies in Heihe Corridor region in the past 50 years. Journal of Natural Resource, 17(1), 78–86.

Wang, G., Liu, J. & Tang, J., 2004. The long-term nutrient accumulation with respect to anthropogenic impacts in the sediments from two freshwater marshes (Xianghai Wetlands , Northeast China). Water Research, 38, 4462–4474.

Wang, S., Li, J. & Shi, S., 2001. Geological disease caused by ecological environment: An example of a cancer-inflicted village in Shanxi Province. Environmental Protection, 5, 42–43.

Wang, S.J., Chen, B.H. & Li, H.Q., 1996. Euphrates Poplar Forest, Beijing: China Environmental Science Press.

Wayman, M., 1973. Guide for planning pulp and paper enterprises, Food and Agriculture Organization Forestry and Forest Products Studies No. 18.

Weis, J.S. & Weis, P., 2004. Metal uptake, transport and release by wetland plants: implications for phytoremediation and restoration. Environment international, 30(5), 685–700.

White, G., 2009. The future of reedbed management,

Wiehle, M. et al., 2009. Root suckering patterns in Populus euphratica (Euphrates poplar, Salicaceae). Trees, 23(5), 991–1001.

Wittfoth, S., 2011. Ermittlung der saisonalen Grundwasserneubildung in der hyporheischen Zone eines intermittienden Flusses, Diploma Thesis: University of Greifswald.

WLI, 2012. Wetland Link International. The Wetlands of Central Asia and the Ramsar Convention. Available at: http://wli.wwt.org.uk/2012/10/members/asia/asia-news/international-conference-the-wetlands-of-central-asia-and-the-ramsar-convention/ [Accessed 12 April 2013].

Woese, C.R., 1987. Bacterial Evolution. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 51, 221–271.

Wu, J. et al., 2013. Sediment geochemical records of environmental change in Lake Wuliangsu, Yellow River Basin, north China. Journal of Paleolimnology, 50(2), 245–255.

Wu, N. et al., 2010. Abundance and diversity of tetracycline resistance genes in soils adjacent to representative swine feedlots in China. Environmental science & technology, 44(18), 6933–6939.

Wulate Qianqi Government, 2012. Statistics Office, Wulate Qianqi, China.

WWF, 2005. Living Planet Index. Available at: http://wwf.panda.org/ [Accessed 17 July 2013].

WWF and IUCN, 1996. Forests for Life - The WWF/IUCN forest policy book, Surrey: WWF-UK.

Xia, J., Zuo, Q. & Pang, J., 2001. Enlightenment on sustainable management of water resources from past practices in the Bositeng Lake basin, Xinjiang, China. In Regional Management of Water Resources. IAHS Scientifits Assembly at Maastrich, 41–48.

Xiao, D.N. & Li, X.Z., 2004. Ecological and environmental function of wetland landscape in the Liaohe Delta. In Devlopments in Ecosystems. 35–46.

Xinjiang Linkeyuan Zaolin Zhisha Yanjiusuo, 1989. Huyanglin Gengxin Fuzhuang Jishu Yanjiu, Urumqi: Xinjiang Linkeyuan Zaolin Zhisha Yanjiusuo.

Yang, Q. et al., 2012. Thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectrometric analysis of CO2 gasification of reed (Phragmites australis) kraft black liquor. Bioresource technology, 107, 512–6.

Ye, S., Brix, H. & Sun, D., 2013. Large-scale management of common reed, Phragmites australis, for paper production: a case study from the Liaohe River Delta, China. In International conference “Reed as a Renewable Resource” 14.-16. February 2013, Greifswald, Germany. 34.

Ye, Z. et al., 1997. Zinc, Lead and Cadmium Tolerance, Uptake and Accumulation by the Common Reed, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel. Annals of Botany, 80(3), 363–370.

Yimit, H. et al., 2006. Water resource development and its environmental effects in the Tarim River floodplain. In T. Hoppe et al., eds. Watershed and Floodplain Management along the Tarim River in China’s Arid Northwest. Aachen: Shaker, 91–107.

Yu, J. et al., 2007. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science (New York, N.Y.), 318(5858), 1917–1920.

Zeng, Q. et al., 2012. Zoning for management in wetland nature reserves: a case study using Wuliangsuhai Nature Reserve, China. SpringerPlus, 1(1), 23.

Zerbe, S., Halik, Ü. & Küchler, J., 2006. Urban greening in the oases of continental arid Southern Xinjiang (NW China) – an interdisciplinary approach. Die Erde, 136, 245–266.

Zerbe, S. & Wiegleb, G., 2009. Renaturierung von Ökosystemen in Mitteleuropa, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg.

Zhang, J., 2012. Länderreport Strohenergie in China. In A. Schütte & A. Vetter, eds. Gülzower Fachgespräche - 2. Fachtagung Strohenergie. Berlin: Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR), 26–27.

Zhang, J.J. & Smith, K.R., 2007. Household air pollution from coal and biomass fuels in China: measurements, health impacts, and interventions. Environmental health perspectives, 115(6), 848–855.

Zhang, K. et al., 2013. Lignocellulosic biomass gasification technology in China. Renewable Energy, 49, 175–184.

Zhang, N., 1999. Advance of the research on heavy metals in soil-plant system. Advance in Environmental Science, 7, 30–33.

Zhang, W. et al., 2013. Pyrosequencing Reveals Bacterial Diversity in the Rhizosphere of Three Phragmites australis Ecotypes. Geomicrobiology Journal, 30(7), 593–599.

Zhang, Y. et al., 2011. Vegetation responses to integrated water management in the Ejina basin, northwest China. Hydrological Processes, 25, 3448–3461.

Zhang, Y. et al., 2012. Wuliangsuhai Wetlands: A critical Habitat for Migratory Water Birds. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 3(4), 316–323.

Zhao, H. et al., 2011. Pyrolytic Characteristics and Kinetics of Phragmites autralis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011(9), 1–6.

Zhou, L. & Zhou, G., 2009. Measurement and modelling of evapotranspiration over a reed (Phragmites australis) marsh in Northeast China. Journal of Hydrology, 372, 41–47. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V6C-4W1JW68- C-K&_cdi=5811&_user=1634577&_pii=S0022169409002145&_origin=search&_coverDate=06/15/2009&_sk=996279998&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkzS&md5=347a490694671bae8346c608115c6ad7&ie=/sdarticle.pdf. Zhou, X. et al., 2011. Assessment of sustainable biomass resource for energy use in China. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(1), 1–11.

Zhu, Y. et al., 2009. Simulation of Populus euphratica root uptake of groundwater in an arid woodland of the Ejina Basin, China. Hydrological Processes, 23(17), 2460–2469.