Nsirimovu, Okwuwada (2025): PROTESTS AND RIOTS IN NIGERIA; APPLICATIONS AND IMPLICATION FOR NATIONAL ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION.
![]() |
PDF
MPRA_paper_124570.pdf Download (347kB) |
Abstract
Public opinion expressed through organized protests is a long-standing concept which forms an integral component of the nation's pre-colonial and post-colonial environment, not just in the twenty-first century, but dating back to the medieval ages. Protests and demonstrations have traditionally been at the core of democratic and political discourse. Though the dynamics differ throughout dispensations, one aspect remains constant: the goals of pushing for change and expressly expressing dissatisfaction with a policy. However, the recent trends of violence deflate its importance in political decision-making processes. This paper evaluates the prevalence of protest in Nigeria, its root causes, effects and why protest failed to achieve its main objectives. Getting a glimpse of the past agitation in Nigeria from the following: the demands, the organizers, the setbacks, and the successes. This information is important to assess how these protests and demonstrations affect the socioeconomic welfare of the nation. This paper posits that disunity among protesters, corruption, excessive use of force by authorities, violence amongst others constitute the reasons why protest fail to achieve its objectives. This paper offers possible procedures on how protests can be effective in addressing identified challenges through stake holder consultation, deliberate policy initiation, implementations and application.
Item Type: | MPRA Paper |
---|---|
Original Title: | PROTESTS AND RIOTS IN NIGERIA; APPLICATIONS AND IMPLICATION FOR NATIONAL ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION |
Language: | English |
Keywords: | Keywords: Protests, Applications, Implication, Transformation |
Subjects: | A - General Economics and Teaching > A2 - Economic Education and Teaching of Economics A - General Economics and Teaching > A2 - Economic Education and Teaching of Economics > A29 - Other |
Item ID: | 124570 |
Depositing User: | MR OKWUWADA NSIRIMOVU |
Date Deposited: | 25 Apr 2025 14:28 |
Last Modified: | 25 Apr 2025 14:28 |
References: | Abah.C., (2019). The 1929 women resistance to colonialism in eastern Nigeria and the quest for gender equity in Nigerian politics. Social Scientia Journal ISSN:2636-5979. Adam. P., (2018). The Women’s War of 1929. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.271. Adebowale, O. (2020) History of protests in Nigeria: Reactions and consequences. Guardian, 25 October. Available at: https://guardian.ng/life/history-of-protests-in-nigeria-reactions-and-consequences-2/ Adekunle. A. (2024). Now that the protests have begun. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/08/now-that-the-protests-have-begun-by-adekunle-adekoya/ Adesoji. U. O. (2024). Protest in the Political History of Nigeria. https://qiraatafrican.com/en/13161/protest-in-the-political-history-of-nigeria/ Afolabi, L. (2024). Protest metamorphosis: From 1929 Aba Women’s Riot to 2024 hunger anger. https://punchng.com/protest-metamorphosis-from-1929-aba-womens-riot-to-2024-hunger-anger/#google_vignette Akintola, B. (2010). The Perils of Protest: State Repression and Student Mobilization in Nigeria. In: Adebanwi, W., Obadare, E. (eds) Encountering the Nigerian State. Africa Connects. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230109636_5 Amnesty International. 2020. Nigeria: Time to End Impunity, Torture and Other Violations by Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS). Abuja: Amnesty International. Biereenu-Nnabugwu (2019). The nonagenarian of the 1929 anti-colonial women resistance in eastern Nigeria. Socials scientia Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities. https://journals.aphriapub.com/index.php/SS ON L Socialscientia Journal ISSN:2636-5979. Brown, R. (2011). Transition to modernity: Political, economic, and religious change among the Ibo of Nigeria 1900-1930 (Doctoral dissertation). Burton, A. (2008). ‘The Eye of Authority’: ‘Native’ Taxation, Colonial Governance, and Resistance in Interwar Tanganyika. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2(1), 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531050701847250 Campbell, J. (2019). Amnesty sets agenda to address Nigeria's human rights violations. https://www.cfr.org/blog/amnesty-sets-agenda-address-nigerias-human-rights-violations. Crane, A., Matten, D., & Moon, J. (2004). Stakeholders as citizens? Rethinking rights, participation, and democracy. Journal of Business Ethics, 53(1), 107-122. Evans. m., (2009). Aba women’s riots (November December 1929) posted on march 27, 2009. https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/aba-womens-riots-november-december-1929/ Deininger, W. T. (1960). Book Reviews: The Politics of Mass Society. By William Kornhauser. (Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1959. Pp. 256. $5.00.). Western Political Quarterly, 13(3), 817-819. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591296001300330 Effiong. U.P. (2018). 1929 and 1946: Nigerian Women Resist Colonial Laws. Southeastern-Nigerian-Women-Revolt.pdf Ezeibe, C., Ilo, C., Oguonu, C., Ali, A., Abada, I., Ezeibe, E., … Agbo, H. (2018). The impact of traffic sign deficit on road traffic accidents in Nigeria. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 26(1), 3–11. Falola.T. (2024). Young Nigerians’ push for change must go beyond street protests. https://theconversation.com/young-nigerians-push-for-change-must-go-beyond-street-protests-historian-236120 Gwaindepi A. (2024). Taxation in Africa since colonial times https://www.aehnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Abel-Gwaindepi-Taxation-in-colonial-Africa-2.pdf Gillies, R. M. (2014). Cooperative Learning: Developments in Research. International journal of educational psychology, 3(2), 125-140. Hari. S.I., (2014). The Evolution of Social Protest in Nigeria: The Role of Social Media in the “#OccupyNigeria” Protest. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714 Heywood, A. (2007). Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Houghton.V., & Drivion. S., (2023). Social Movement Theories & Examples. https://study.com/academy/lesson/social-movement-theories-and-motives.html Human Rights Watch. (2000). Human rights in Nigeria: A briefing for the visit of President Clinton. https://www.hrw.org/news/2000/08/22/human-rights-nigeria. Ihonvbere, B. (2003). Foreword. In Human rights and contemporary issues in Africa, ed. N.J. Udombana. Lagos: Malthouse Press. Iwuoha, V.C, & Aniche, E. T. (2021). Protests and blood on the streets: repressive state, police brutality and #EndSARS protest in Nigeria. Security J. 2022;35(4):1102–24. doi: 10.1057/s41284-021-00316-z. Epub 2021 Sep 22. PMCID: PMC8456068 Ives, B. & Lewis, J. S. (2019). From Rallies to Riots: Why Some Protests Become Violent. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 64 (5), 958-986. Kornhauser W. (1959). The Politics of Mass Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591296001300330 Lebakeng, T., & Matebese-Notshulwana, K. (2024). Article Demographic Youth Bulge and Unemployment as Potential for Political Violence and Insecurity in Africa, with Special Reference to South Africa. Commonwealth Youth and Development. 10.25159/1727-7140/13931. Odegard P.H., & Helms. E. A., (1947). American Politics (2d ed., New York: Harper, 1947), p. 1. Mkhize, M., & Madumi, P. (2016). Are police deaths a consequence of flaws in the South African Police Service administration? A SWOT Analysis. African Security Review 25 (4): 323–339 Nagle, J. (2012). Unity in Diversity’: Non-sectarian Social Movement Challenges to the Politics of Ethnic Antagonism in Violently Divided Cities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2012.01156 Nsirimovu, O. (2023). Reflecting on the appetite for borrowing and the volatility of crude prices for rapid post-COVID economic recovery initiatives in Nigeria: Implications for Per capita income using a Dynamic ARDL simulation approach. Oluwalogbon, l. A. (2024). why women protest: insights from Nigeria’s fourth republic. Journal of behavioral studies. vol 5, no 2 (2024) Ojo, S. O., & Afolaranmi, A. O. (2024). From Protests to Progress: Unlocking the Potential of the Nigerian Youth for Political Reform. British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies, 5(4), 100–115. https://doi.org/10.37745/bjmas.2022.04157 Okwuwada, N. (2023). The modern-day consequences, causes, and nature of kidnapping, terrorism, banditry, and violent crime in Nigeria: A comprehensive analysis. Oyediran T. (2024). Nigeria’s protest history since 1999 — A timeline from anti-fuel hike to #EndSARS. https://punchng.com/nigerias-protest-history-since-1999-a-timeline-from-anti-fuel-hike-to-endsars/#google_vignette Searle‐White, J. R. (2021). Sloganeering, mantras and progress in social movements. Sociology Compass, 15(5), e12863. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12863 Smith, H., Thomas, P., & Yuen. H., (2020). Relative Deprivation Theory: Advances and Applications Advances and Applications. 10.1093/oso/9780190629113.003.0018. Sulaiman T. H., Abalaka, J. N, & Ajiteru, S. A. R. (2024). Analyzing the Implications of the Aristocratic Nationwide Protest in Nigeria on End Bad Governance and Public Policy Effectiveness on August 1, 2024. European journal of business startups and open society, 4(8), 48–60. https://www.inovatus.es/index.php/ejbsos/article/view/3844 Tonye. z., & Idibhar, a.o., (2024). economic hardship and end bad government protest: causes, effects, educational implications and way forward. International Journal of Law, Politics and Humanities Research, 5(6) Udoudom. U., Obong. U., Etifit. S., & Idiong. E. (2024). Social Media Activism and Sloganeering in Nigeria: Examining the Socio-Political Contexts in the "No Gree for Anybody" Mantra. 1. 12-27. 10.5281/zenodo.11301141. Kesteren, F.V. (2019). Dealing with shrinking civic space: It is not just the state we have to worry about! https://includeplatform.net/news/dealing-with-shrinking-civic-space-it-is-not-just-the-state-we-have-to-worry-about/. Youngs, R. (2019). After protest: Pathways beyond mass mobilization |
URI: | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/124570 |