نقش تجارت در انتقال فناوری

Mirjalili, Seyed hossein (2007): نقش تجارت در انتقال فناوری. Published in: Commercial Surveys Bimonthly , Vol. 5, No. 27 (19 March 2008): pp. 26-32.

Abstract

Every economy can be divided into four fundamental components: resource endowments, individual preferences, institutions, and technology. The role of technology is to determine how resources are utilized in the production of goods and services. Technology is the central element of economic growth. Differences in technology across countries are among the key determinants of national income levels. Technology possesses the characteristics of a public good, as its use does not diminish with increased consumption once it has been created. A relatively new branch of economics, the economics of technology, examines both the economic analysis of technological change and the economic transformations driven by technology. While scientific research can contribute to the advancement of a nation’s technological capacity, most countries are unable to bear the heavy costs of research and development, and many also lack a national system of innovation. Consequently, technology transfer emerges as an alternative, primarily facilitated through the trade of goods and services. Through reverse engineering, one can move from examining a product to designing it. The technological knowledge embedded in a product travels with it, and therefore trade serves as a vehicle for the diffusion of technology. For this reason, provisions on technology transfer are explicitly included in various agreements of the World Trade Organization (WTO).

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• English Title: The Role of Trade in Technology Transfer
• Language: Persian
• Keywords: Trade, Technology transfer, World Trade Organization.
• Subjects: F - International Economics > F1 - Trade > F10 - General; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O3 - Innovation ; Research and Development ; Technological Change ; Intellectual Property Rights > O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes

References

-Granstrand, Ove,( 1994),”Economics of Technology”, Elsevier Science.

-Eaton, C. and Allen,D., Microeconomics”, Canada.

-WTO Secretariat,(2002),” Trade and Transfer of Technology: A Literature Review”, WTO publication,WT/WGTTT/W/1,April.

-Saggi,Kamal,(2002),”International Technology Transfer and Economic Development”, in: Bernard Hoekman,Aaditya Mattoo and Philip English ((eds.), Development, Trade and the WTO, The World Bank.

-WTO,(2003),”Reflection Paper on Transfer of Technology to Developing and Less-developed countries, WT/WGTTT/W/5, February.