L'evoluzione della ruralità nei Paesi in via di sviluppo (PVS). Approcci teorici ed applicativi

Pisani, Elena (2007): L'evoluzione della ruralità nei Paesi in via di sviluppo (PVS). Approcci teorici ed applicativi.

Abstract

Rural economy, that is, the integrated system of non-homogeneous activities as performed out of urban areas, has very often been confused, in the development literature, with agricultural economy, which aims at the increase of agricultural and zootechnic production. The two terms imply distinct, yet linked, theories and paradigms, which emphasise the many paths leading towards economic growth of the non-urban areas of the Developing Countries. The thesis “Evolution of rurality in Developing Countries. Theoretical and applied Approaches” highlights such aspects, first presenting the historical evolution, from the 50’s to the current days, of the theories concerning the rural development in the Developing Countries (chapter 1), secondly following the various steps of the economic journey from agricultural to rural systems which opened the way to the new territorial economy (chapter 2), the latter based on new rural-urban relationships and new ways of expressing them. The approach that is suggested to explain these aspects of the development of rural areas in the Developing Countries, in particular in Latin America, is the view that rural areas hold an integrated dialogue, economic, social, political as well as cultural, with the adjacent urban ones, in a union that leaves behind the traditional rural-urban dichotomy, and instead searches new ways of organising the territory. Such approach has been tested in extensive case studies undertaken in Latin America, and more specifically in Ecuador (chapter 3). Utilising several analyses, both qualitative (SWOT and scenario planning) and quantitative (analysis of assets and liabilities as well as analysis of budget, financial and economical indexes), field research was applied on two organisations that have been relevant in the recent economical rural growth of Ecuador, that is the non-government organisation FEPP and the Social Group Salinas. The results of these analyses show that the approach above described is not only substantially proved in these case studies, but that it also explains further-reaching entailments of the individual cases. The theories portrayed in chapter one, and the proofs evinced in the case studies of chapter three, confirm and reinforce the contents and the methodological approach panned out in chapter two with regards to the concepts of rurality and new territorial economy.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• English Title: Evolution of rurality in Developing Countries (DCs). Theoretical and applied Approaches
• Language: Italian
• Keywords: Rurality, Rural Economy, Territorial Economy, Latin America, Ecuador, Developing Countries, SWOT, Budget Analysis, Financial and economic indexes, Cooperative Enterprises,
• Subjects: L - Industrial Organization > L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior > L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope; P - Economic Systems > P5 - Comparative Economic Systems; L - Industrial Organization > L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise > L31 - Nonprofit Institutions ; NGOs ; Social Entrepreneurship; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q0 - General > Q01 - Sustainable Development; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q1 - Agriculture > Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets; N - Economic History > N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries > N56 - Latin America ; Caribbean; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q1 - Agriculture > Q16 - R&D ; Agricultural Technology ; Biofuels ; Agricultural Extension Services; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O1 - Economic Development; R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics > R1 - General Regional Economics > R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes; P - Economic Systems > P4 - Other Economic Systems

References

AA.VV., (2001) “Rural Nonfarm Employment and Incomes in Latin America: Overview and Policy Implications”. World Development Vol 29 n. 3.

AA.VV., (2002) "Construyendo Capacidades Colectivas. Fortalecimiento organizativo de las federaciones campesinas-indigenas en la Sierra ecuatoriana" Thomas F. Carroll Editor. World Bank New York.

AA.VV., (2005) "Policies for rural prosperity. Special report on the contribution of agriculture and rural territories to poverty reduction, employment creation, and the promotion of rural prosperity" Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture Sustainable Rural Development Area. San José. Costa Rica.

Albert, T., (1983) “Agrarian Reform and Rural Poverty. A case study of Peru” Westview Press. Colorado. USA.

Astolfi, E., Negri, L., (2005) "Ragioneria applicata e pubblica" Tramontana Milano.

Atria, R., Siles, M., (2004) “Social capital and poverty reduction in Latin America and the Caribbean: towards a new paradigm”. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) - Michigan State University Working Group. United Nations Publications.

Baran, P., (1952) "On the Political Economy of Backwardness" Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies. 20:66-84.

Basile, E., Cecchi, C., (2006) "Diritto all'alimentazione, agricoltura e sviluppo" Atti del XLI° Convegno di Studi SIDEA Roma, 18-20 settembre 2004. Franco Angeli.

Baylis, J., Smith, S., (1997) "The Globalization of World Politics. An Introduction to International Relations". Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York.

Bhalla, G.S., Chadla, G.K., (1982) "Green Revolution and Small Peasant: A Study of Income Distribution in Punjab Agriculture". Economic and Political Weekly, XVII, 20 e 21, May 15 and 22.

Binswanger, H.P., Elgin, M., (1998) "Reflections on Land Reform and Farm Size" in "International Agricultural Development" 3rd Edition a cura di C.K. Eicher, J.M. Staatz. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore and London.

Binswanger, H.P., Rosenzweig, M.R., (1984) "Contractual Arrangements, Employment and Wages in Rural Labor Market in Asia" New Haven. Yale University Press.

Binswanger, H.P., Rosenzweig, M.R., (1986) "Behavioural and Material Determinants of Production Relations in Agriculture" Journal of Development Studies 22 n.3 (April).

Boeke, J.H., (1953) "Economics and Economic Policy of Dual Societies" Institute of Pacific Relations. New York.

Boisier, S., (1998) "Theories and Metaphors on Territorial Development". Regional Development Dialogue, Vol. 19. N. 2 1998 pagg. 171-187.

Buttel, F., (1991) "Knowledge Production, Ideology and Sustainability in the Social and Natual Sciences" Paper presented at the Conference on Varieties of Sustainability, Asilomar, California, May 10-12.

Cabrera Arcos, C., (1997) "El mito al debate. Las ONG en Ecuador" Ediciones Abya-Yala Quito Ecuador.

Cadena, M., Boada, J., (1990) "Las Queserias rurales del Ecuador. Trabajo de campesino, Don José y oltros soňadores del Desarrollo Rural" Cosude, Consorcio de queserieas rurales del Ecuador, Promocion Humana Diocesana, FEPP. ImpreFEPP. Quito Ecuador.

Camagni, R., (1993) "Principi di Economia Urbana e Territoriale". La Nuova Italia Scientifica, Roma.

Castle, E.N., (1998) "A conceptual framework for the study of the rural place". American Journal of Agricultural Economics, n.80.

Centro Regional de Ayuda Tecnica (1971) "Lecciones basicas de cooperativismo" Agencia para el desarrollo international (A.I.D). Mexico. Buenos Aires.

Chambers, R., (1985) "Rural Development: putting the last first". Longman London.

Chancusing, E., (1997) "Sistemas Agricolas Andinos" Abya-Yala - FEPP. Quito Ecuador.

Chenery, H.B., Syrquin, M., (1975) "Patterns of Development, 1950-1970". London Oxford University Press. Chiriboga, M., (1999) "Cambiar se puede. Experiencias del FEPP en el desarrollo rural del Ecuardor" FEPP e Abya Yala. Imprefepp Quito.

Clark, C., (1940) "The Conditions of Economic Progress". 3rd edition London Macmillan.

Conway, G.R., Barbier, E.B., (1990) “After the Green Revolution. Sustainable Agriculture for Development”. Earthscan Publications.

Cucuzza, V., Iacazzi, L., (2005) "L'impresa agricola e cooperativa" Halley Editrice. Collana Professionisti. Matelica (MC).

Davis, J.H., Goldberg, R.A., (1957) "A Concept of Agribusiness" Harvard Business School. Boston.

Dibona, D., (2002) "Dizionario Universale della Montagna" Grandi Manuali Newton & Compton editori. Roma.

Dixon, C., (1990) "Rural Development in the Third World" Routledge London and New York.

Dornbush, R., (1998) "The Case of Trade Liberalization" in "International Agricultural Development" a cura di Eicher e Staatz. Johns Hopkins University Press.

Douglass, M., (1998) "A Regional Network Strategy for Reciprocal Rural-Urban Lnkages: an agenda for Policy Research with reference to Indonesia". Third World Planning Review, Vol. 20, no. 1, pp 1-34.

Echeverri Perico, R., Pilar Ribero, M., (2002) "Nueva Ruralidad. Visiòn del territorio en América Latina y el Caribe" Istituto Interamericano de Cooperaciòn para la Agricultura. IICA. Centro Internacional de Desarrollo Rural, Cider. Corporaciòn Latinoamericana Mision Rural. Cargraphics. San José. Costa Rica.

Falck-Zepeda J., Cohen J., Komen J., (2003) "Biotechnology, biosafety and regulatory costs", Paper presented at the 7th ICABR International Conference on Public Goods and Public Policy for Agricultural Biotechnology, Ravello, Italy, 29 June - 3 July 2003.

Falcon, W.P, (1970) "The Green Revolution: Generation of Problems". American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 52, December.

FAO (2001) "World Food and Agriculture: Lessons form the past 50 years. The State of Food and Agriculture - 2000". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome.

FAO (2003) "La Nueva Ruralidad en Europa y su Interés para América Latina" Unidad Regional de Desarollo Agrìcola y Rural Sostenible (LCSES) Banco Mundial. Direcciòn del Centro de Inversiones (TCI) Organizacìon de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y Alimentacìon. FAO Rome.

FAO (2004) “Agricultural Biotechnology. Meeting the needs of the poors? The State of Food and Agriculture. 2003-2004”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome.

FAO (2005) “Agricultural Trade and Poverty. The State of Food and Agriculture. 2005” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome.

FAO and Earthscan (2003) "World Agriculture Towards 2015-2030. An FAO perspectives" edited by Jelle Bruinsma. Earthscan Publications LTD. Copyright © Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome.

FEPP (1997) "El desarrollo es el nuevo nombre de la paz" FEPP Presentation 1997. Quito Ecuador.

FEPP (2005) "Informe Anual. El ser y el quehacer del Grupo Social Fepp" Quito Ecuador.

Formica, C., (1996) "Geografia dell'Agricoltura" NIS. La Nuova Italia Scientifica. Roma.

Franceschetti, G., (1980) "Introduzione alla programmazione territoriale nelle aree rurali" Clesp Editrice. Padova.

Franceschetti, G., (1995) "Problemi e politiche dello sviluppo rurale: gli aspetti economici" Atti del XXXI convegno SIDEA Campobasso, 22-24 settembre 1994 "Lo sviluppo del mondo rurale: problemi e politiche istituzioni e strumenti" INEA. Quaderni della Rivista di Economia Agraria. Società Editrice Il Mulino Bologna.

Franceschetti, G., (2000) “OGM: è a rischio la sovranità alimentare”. Etica per le professioni. Questioni di Etica Applicata. A cura della Fondazione Lanza. N. 3 – 2000.

Franceschetti, G., (2002) "Per uno sviluppo sostenibile nell'Africa del terzo millennio. Proposte di un economista agrario italiano e reazioni di un antropologo africano" Cleup Padova.

Franceschetti, G., Benvegnù, C., Pisani, E., (2004) "Microcredito nella Modavia rumena. Uno strumento per lo sviluppo socio-economico nelle aree rurali". Cleup Padova.

Franceschetti, G., Fusetti, G., Mabenga, J.S., (2002) "Per uno sviluppo sostenibile nell'Africa del terzo millennio" Cleup Padova.

Franceschetti, G., Gallo D., (2004) "Verso una ruralità che promuove qualità sociale ed ambientale". Rivista di Economia Agraria. Anno LIX, n.4, dicembre 2004. I rapporti tra città e campagna nello sviluppo economico. Pagg. 493-510.

Franceschetti, G., Pisani, E., (2002) "Rivoluzione verde e trasformazioni economiche. Aspetti teorici ed applicativi nello stato indiano dell’Haryana". Rivista di Economia Agraria Anno LVII, n.2-3, settembre 2002, pagg. 467-492

Franceschetti, G., Provoli, A., Tacchetto, R., (1996) "Cooperative agricole venete. Indagine patrimoniale e finanziaria" Unipress Padova.

Frankel, F.R., (1969) "India's New Strategy of Agricultural Development: Political Costs of Agrarian Modernization". Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 28.n°4 (aug.1969) pagg. 693-710.

Friedmann, J., (1968) "The Strategy of Deliberate Urbanization" AIP Journal, nov. 364-371.

Friedmann, J., Douglass M., (1978) "Agropolitan Development: Toward a New Strategy for Regional Planning in Asia" Growth Pole Strategy and Regional Development Policy. Pergamon Press Oxford: 163-192.

Geroma, M., (2005) "El comercio de productos agricolas en la OMC" Flacso - Abya-Yala. Quito Ecuador.

Gomez, S., (2002) "La nueva ruralidad. Qué tan nueva?" Universidad Austral de Chile. Valdivia Chile.

Gupta, A., (1988) "Ecology and Development in the Third World" Routledge London and New York.

Hanel, A., (1992) “Basic Aspects of Cooperative Organizations and Cooperative Self-Help Promotion in Developing Countries”. Marburg Consult. Theory and Practice of Self-Help Promotion. Series A3. Marburg.

Harrison, J.G., (1972) "Agricultural Modernization and Income Distribution", A Ph.D Thesis submitted to the Princenton University.

Hautier, J., (2005) "Finanzas Locales y Desarrollo Rural" ImpreFEPP Quito Ecuador.

Hernandez, T.M., (2001) "La Revolucion verde indoandina. Tecnologias agricolas para la produccion de alimentos en armonia con la naturaleza" Editado por TH Domingo Espinar. Quito Ecuador.

Hirschman, A.O., (1958) "The Strategy of the Economic Development". New Haven. Yale University Press.

Hogendorn, J.S., (1995) "Lo Sviluppo Economico" Nicola Zanichelli Editore. Bologna.

Holdcroft, L.E., (1984) "The Rise and Fall of Community Development, 1950-1965: A Critical Assessment" in "Agricultural Development in the Third World" a cura di C.K. Eicher e J.M. Staatz, 46-58. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Holland, J., Campbell, J., (2005) "Methods in Development Research. Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches" ITDG Publishing. Centre for Development Studies, University of Wales Swansea.

Houtart, F., (2004) "Globalizacion agricultura y pobreza" Ediciones Abya-Yala. Quito Ecuador.

ICI (1996) "Desviaciones Organizativas" Instituto Cooperativo Interamericano. San Salvador. El Salvador. Centro America.

INEA (2004) "Misurare la sostenibilità. Indicatori per l'agricoltura italiana" a cura di Antonella Trisorio. Stilgrafica Roma.

Johnston, B.E., Kilby, P., (1975) "Agriculture and Structural Transformation in Developing Countries: Economic Strategies in Late-Developing Countries". New York Oxford University Press.

Johnston, B.J., Mellor, J.W., (1961) "The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development". American Economic Review 51 (4).

Johnston, D.G., Brooks, K.M., (1983) "Prospects for the Soviet Agriculture in the 1980s" Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Jorgenson, D.G., (1961) "The Development of a Dual Economy" Economic Journal, 71, 309-334.

Kirkpatrick, C., Clarke, R., Polidano, C., (2002) "Handbook on Development Policy and Management" Edward Elgar Publishing. Northampton, Massachusetts. USA.

Korovkin, T., (2002) "Comunidades Indigenas. Economia de mercado y democracia en los Andes Ecuatorianos" Ediciones Abya-Yala. Quito Ecuador.

Kostrowicki, J., (1980) "Geografia dell'Agricoltura. Ambienti, società, sistemi, politiche". Geografia umana. Collana diretta da Lucio Gambi. Franco Angeli Editore. Milano.

Kuhn, J., (1990) “Cooperative organizations for Rural Development. Organizational and Management Aspects”. Marburg Consult. Theory and Practice of Self-Help Promotion. Series A4. Marburg.

Kuznets, S., (1966) "Modern Economic Growth". New Haven. Yale University Press.

Lacroix, R.L.J., (1985) “Integrated Rural Development in Latin America” World Bank Staff Working Papers n. 716. World Bank. Washington DC.

Ladejinsky, W., (1969) "The Green Revolution in Punjab: a Field Trip". Economic and Political Weekly, 4. June 28.

Latouche, S., (1991) "Le ambiguità dell'autosufficienza alimentare" in Volontari e Terzo Mondo - n. 3 (luglio-settembre). Roma.

Lenin, V.I., (1960) "The Development of Capitalism in Russia: the Process of formation of a home market for large-scale industries" Vol. 3° Lenin Collected Works. 4th Edition Moscow: Foreign Languages House (original pub. 1899)

Limbert Ledezma Rivera, J., (2003) "Economia andina. Estrategias no monetarias en las comunidades andinas quechuas de Raqaypampa" Universidad Mayor de San Simon. Cedeges. Ediciones Abya-Yala. Quito. Ecuador.

Lipton, M., (1977) "Why poor people stay poor?" Gower Publishing. London.

Little, I.M.D., (1982) "Economic Development: Theory, Policy and International Relations" New York: Basic Books.

Mauro, L., (2004) "Alcune riflessioni sui possibili effetti economici dell'introduzione degli organismi geneticamente modificati in agricoltura". Nuovo Diritto Agrario Anno IX - numero 1.

Meier, G., (1976) "Leading Issues in Economic Development". 3rd ed. New York. Oxford University Press.

Merlo, V., Zaccherini, R., Battaglini, N., Zecchillo, V., Sardo, E., (1994) "Rurale 2000" Istituto nazionale di sociologia rurale. Franco Angeli. Milano.

Moscher, A.T., (1966) "Getting Agriculture Moving: Essentials for Development and Modernization". New York: Praeger.

Ngango, G., (1978) "L'Africa tra tradizione e modernità". In "Terzo Mondo Informazioni", n. 3-4, 1978, pag. 19. Nicholls, W.H., (1964) "The Place of Agriculture in Economic Development" in "Agriculture in Economic Development" edited by C.L. Eicher and L.W. Witt, 11-44. New York McGraw-Hill.

North, L.L., Cameron, J.D., (2003) “Rural Progress, Rural Decay: Neoliberal Adjustment Policies and Local Initiatives”. Kumarian Press, Bloomfield USA.

Ocampo, J.A., (2004) "Social capital and the development agenda" in "Social capital and poverty reduction in Latin America and the Caribbean: towards new paradigm" a cura di R. Atria, M. Siles. ECLAC (United Nations) e Michigan State University. Santiago. Cile.

Paganini, D., (2004) "Rilevanza ed efficacia dell'azione del FEPP per lo sviluppo delle aree rurali ed urbano-marginali dell'Ecuador". Tesi di Laurea, Relatore prof. Leonardo Asta Centro Copie San Francesco Padova.

Papisca, A., Mascia, M., (1997) "Le relazioni internazionali nell'era dell'interdipendenza e dei diritti umani" CEDAM Padova.

Pettenella, D., Pisani, E., (2006) "La valutazione dei progetti nella cooperazione allo sviluppo" Collana "I Percorsi dello Sviluppo" n.3 Cleup Padova.

Pisani, E., (2004) "Economie rurali in transizione: il caso dell'Armenia". Atti del convegno "I rapporti tra città e campagna" del Gruppo di Lavoro della SIDEA sulle "Economie Rurali nei PVS" Rivista di Economia Agraria Anno LIX, n.4, dicembre 2004.

Pisani, E., (2004) "Quale sviluppo per l'Armenia rurale?". Atti del convegno internazionale "Il Sistema rurale. Una sfida per la progettazione tra salvaguardia, sostenibilità e governo delle trasformazioni" Regione Lombardia - Politecnico di Milano. CEDAT. Milano 13 e 14 ottobre 2004. Pagg. 494-507.

Pisani, E., (2006) "Some socio-economic consequences of the Green Revolution" in Land Reform FAO Rome.

Polo, A., (2003) "La Puerta abierta. 30 anni di avventura missionaria e sociale a Salinas de Bolivar, in Ecuador" Edizioni Sigem Modena.

Polo, A., (2005) "Anuario Salinas. Un Peblo de Economia Solidaria". Jason Livery. Salinas Ecuador.

Potter, R.B., Unwin, T., (1989) “The Geography of Urban-Rural Interaction in Developing Countries” Routledge London and New York.

Prebish, R., (1950) "The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems". Lake Success. NY United Nations Department of Economic Affairs.

Ranis, G., Fei, J.C.H, (1961) "A Theory of the Economic Development". American Economic Review 51 (4).

Reardon, T., (1998) "African Agriculture: Productivity and Sustainability Issues" in "International Agricultural Development" edited by C.K. Eicher and J.M. Staatz. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore and London.

Reardon, T., Berdeguè, J., Escobar, G., (2001) "Rural Nonfarm Employment and Incomes in Latin America: Overview and Policy Implications" World Development. Volume 29 - n.3. March 2001. pp. 395-409. Elsevier Science. Great Britain.

Rondinelli, D., (1979) "Applied Policy Analysis for Integrated Regional Development Planning in the Philippines" Third World Planning Review. 1-2, pp. 151-178.

Ruttan, V.W., (1980) "Models of Agricultural Development" pubblicato in "International Agricultural Development" a cura di C.K. Eicher e J.M. Staatz.

Ruttan, V.W., (1982) "Politica per la ricerca in agricoltura" a cura di G. Stellin. Regione Veneto.

Ruttan, V.W., (1994) "Constraints on the Design of Sustainable Systems of Agricultural Production" in Ecological Economics 10 (1994). Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. The Netherlands.

Ruttan, V.W., Hayami Y., (1972) "Strategies for Agricultural Development". Food Research Institute Studies in Agricultural Economics, Trade and Development. 9. No. 2 (1972). Stanford University.

Sassi, M., (2006) "An Introduction to Food Security Issues and Short-Term Responses" Aracne Editrice. Roma.

Satterthwaite D., Tacoli, C., (2003) “The urban part of rural development: the role of small and intermidiate urban centres in rural regional development and poverty reduction” Rural-Urban Interactions and Livelihood Strategies. Working Paper 9. Human Settlements and Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods Programme. IIED

Scherer, F.M., (1970) "Industrial market structure and economic performance" Rand McNally.

Schultz, T., (1964) "Transforming Traditional Agriculture" New Haven. Yale University Press.

Sen, A.K., (1985) "Foods, Economics, and Entitlements". Lecture given at the triennial meeting of the International Association of Agricultural Economists, Malaga Spain, 26 August 1985. Reprinted from Lloyd's Bank Review n°. 160 (1986): 1-20 by permission of Gower Publishing Company.

Sen, B., (1970) "Opportunities in the Green Revolution". Economic and Political Weekly 5, March 28.

Shamelev, G., (1982) "Social Production and Personal Household Plots" Problems of Economics 25 (June).

Singer, H., (1984) "The terms of trade controversy and evolution of soft financing: early years and the U.N." In G. Meier and D. Seers Eds. Pioneers of Development. Oxford University Press. Oxford UK.

Singh, S.H., (1991) "Agricultural Development and Rural Labour. A Case Study of Punjab and Haryana". Published by Ashok Kumar Mittal. New Delhy. India.

Staatz, J.M., Eicher, C.l., (1998) "Agricultural Development Ideas in Historical Perspective" in "International Agricultural Development" a cura di C.K. Eicher e J.M.. Staatz. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore and London.

Stamoulis, K.G., (2001) "Current and Emerging Issues for Economic Analysis and Policy Research" Economic and Social Department of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome.

Stamoulis, K.G., (2001) "Food, Agriculture and Rural Development. Current and Emerging Issues for Economic Analysis and Policy Reseach". Economic and Social Department FAO – United Nations.

Stiglitz, J.E., (2002) "La globalizzazione e i suoi oppositori" Einaudi Torino.

Tacoli, C., (1998) “Bridging the divide: rural – urban interactions and livelihood strategies”. Gatekeeper Series n. 77 Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods Programme. IIED.

Tacoli, C., (2000) "Rural-urban interactions: a guide to the literature" International Institute for Environment and Development. IIED. London.

Tacoli, C., (2002) “Changing rural-urban interactions in sub-Saharan Africa and their impact on livelihoods: a summary” Rural-urban Interactions and Livelihood Strategies. Working Paper 7. Human Settlements and Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods Programme. IIED.

Tacoli, C., Thanh, H.X., Anh, D.N., (2005) “Livelihood diversification and rural-urban linkages in Vietnam’s Red River Delta” Rural-urban Interactions and Livelihood Strategies. Working Paper 11. Human Settlements and Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods Programme. IIED.

Thomson, J.A., (2004) "Colture geneticamente modificate e scambi commerciali: una prospettiva africana" Nuovo Diritto Agrario Anno IX - numero 1.

Timmer, C.P., (1988) "Handbook of Development Economics" Volume 1, edited by H. Chenery and T.N. Srinivasan. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. Amsterdam.

Timmer, C.P., Falcon, W.P., Pearson, S.R., (1983) "Food Policy Analysis" Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press for the World Bank.

Tonello, B., (2003) "Intervento di José Tonello del Fondo Ecuatoriano Populorum Progressio al Master in Cooperazione allo Sviluppo nelle aree rurali dell’Università di Padova" Santo Stefano di Cadore, 1-2 maggio 2003, materiale inedito.

Tonello, B., (2005) "El Desarrollo Rural en Tiempos de Globalizaciòn, refleziones ecuatorianas desde el FEPP" Seminario Regional Andino sobre Desarrollo Rurale. 15-17 Junio 2005. Asociacion Arariwa.

UN - Habitat (2004) "Urban-Rural Linkages. An Annotated Bibliography 1994-2004" United Nations Human Settlements Programme. UN New York.

UNDP (1997) "Rapporto sullo sviluppo umano n.8. Sradicare la povertà". Rosenberg & Seller Torino.

Van Hauwermeiren, S., (1999) "Manual de Economia ecologica" Ediciones Abya-Yala. Quito Ecuador.

Van Kassel, J., (1997) "Manos Sabias para criar la vida. Tecnologia andina" Ediciones Abya-Yala. Quito. Ecuador.

Vivien, F.D., (2000) "Economia y Ecologia" Ediciones Abya-Yala. Quito Ecuador.

Vogel, W.A., (1999) "Conservar y producir. Cuidar el suelo para una agricultura sostenible" Fondo Ecuatoriano Populorum Progressio (FEPP) Regional de Riobamba. ImpreFEPP Quito Ecuador.

Volpi, F., (2005) "Lezioni di economia dello sviluppo". Franco Angeli Milano (pagg.19-20).

Wallerstien, V.I., (1991) "Unthinking Social Science: the Limits of Nineteenth Century Paradigms" Cambridge, Polity.

World Bank (1985) "Integrated Rural Development in Latin America" a cura di Lacroix R.J.. World Bank Washington DC Working Paper n. 716/1985.

World Bank (2003) “Ecuador. An Economic and Social Agenda in the New Millenium” a cura di Cibils, V.F., Giugale, M.M., Lòpez, J.R. Washington DC. Càlix Editor.