Natural Learning in Higher Education

Armstrong, J. Scott (2012): Natural Learning in Higher Education. Published in: Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning (2012): pp. 1-10.

Abstract

A comparison of natural learning, the learner-responsible model, and the teacher-responsible model that is used in most higher learning institutions. Natural learning appears to be more effective than the teacher-responsibility approach because the incentive to learn is stronger when the learner selects the learning objective and decides the steps for pursuing such objectives.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: learner, teacher, responsibility, university, learning objective, education, incentive, practice
• Subjects: I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I0 - General; I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I2 - Education and Research Institutions > I21 - Analysis of Education

References

Ahlburg, Dennis A. (1992), Predicting the job performance of managers: What do the experts know? International Journal of Forecasting 7, 467-472

Armstrong, J. S. (1991), “Prediction of Consumer Behavior by Experts and Novices,” Journal of Consumer Research, 18, 251-256.

Armstrong, J. S. (1995), “The devil’s advocate responds to an MBA student’s claim that research harms learning,” Journal of Marketing, 59 (July), 101-106.

Armstrong, J. S. (1996), “Management Folklore and Management Science: On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias and Such,” Interfaces, 26, No. 4, 28-42

Armstrong, J. S. (1998), “Are student ratings of instruction useful?” American Psychologist, 53, 1223-1224.

Armstrong, J. S. & R. Schultz (1993), “Principles involving marketing policies: An empirical assessment,” Marketing Letters, 253-265.

Armstrong, J.S. & T. Sperry (1994) “Business school prestige: Research versus teaching,” (with commentary) Interfaces, 24, 13-22.

Attiyeh, R. & K. G. Lumsden (1972), “Some modern myths in teaching economics: The U.K. experience,” American Economic Review, 62, 429-433.

Babcock, Philip (2010), “Real costs of nominal grade inflation? New evidence from student course evaluations,” Economic Inquiry, 48, 983-996.

Babcock, Philip S. & Mindy Marks (2010). “The falling cost of college: Evidence from half a century of time use data.” Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, www.nber.org/papers/w15954.

Bacon, Donald R. and Kim A. Stewart (2006), “How fast do students forget what they learn in consumer behavior? A longitudinal study,” Journal of Marketing Education, 28 (3), 181-192.

Batson, C. Daniel (1975), “Rational processing or rationalization? The effect of disconfirming evidence on a stated religious belief,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, (1), 176-184.

Berg, Ivar (1970), Education and Jobs: The Great Training Robbery. New York: Praeger, New York.

Carrell, Scott E. & J. E. West (2010), “Does professor quality matter? Evidence from random assignment of students to professors,” Journal of Political Economy, 118 (3), 409-432.

Clayson, Dennis E. (2009), “Student evaluations of teaching: Are they related to what students learn? A meta-analysis and review of the literature,” Journal of Marketing Education, 31 (1), 16-30.

Condry, John (1977), “Enemies of exploration: Self-initiated versus other-initiated learning,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 459-477.

Dale, Stacy Berg and Alan B. Krueger (2002), "Estimating the payoff to attending a more selective college: An application of selection on observables and unobservables," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 1491-1527

Deci, Edward L., R. Koestner & R. Ryan (1999), “A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation,” Psychological Bulletin, 125, No. 6, 627-668 .

Duckworth, Angela. I. & Martin E. P. Seligman (2005), “Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents,” Psychological Science, 16, 939-944. 9

Espenshade, Thomas J. & Alexandria W. Radford (2009), No Longer Separate, Not Yet Equal: Race and Class in Elite College Admission and Campus Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Furnham, Adrian, B. Gunter & A. Green (1990), “Remembering science: The recall of factual information as a function of the presentation mode,” Applied Cognitive Psychology, 4 (3), 203-212.

Gray, M. & B. R. Bergmann (2003), “Student teaching evaluation: inaccurate, demeaning, misused,” Academe, (September–October), 44–46.

Hanushek, Eric A. (1999), “Some findings from an independent investigation of the Tennessee STAR experiment and from other investigations of class size effects,” Educational Evaluation and Policy-analysis, 21 (2), 143-163.

Horwitz, Sujin K. & I. B. Horwitz (2007), “The effects of team diversity on team outcomes: A meta-analytic review of team demography,” Journal of Management, 33, 987-1015.

Hunt, S. D., L. B. Chonko & V. R. Wood (1986), “Marketing education and marketing success: Are they related?” Journal of Marketing Education, 6 (Summer), 2-13.

Hunter, John E. & R. F. Hunter (1984), “Validity and utility of alternative predictors of job performance,” Psychological Bulletin, 96, 72-98.

Karau, Steven J. & K. D. Williams (1993), “Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 681-706.

Kealey, Terence (1996), The Economic Laws of Scientific Research. London: Macmillan.

Kohn, Alfie (1986), No Contest: The case Against Competition. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

Kohn, Alfie (1993), Punished by Rewards. New York: Houghton Mifflin. Locke, Edwin A. & G. P. Latham, (2002) “Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey,” American Psychologist, 57, 705-717.

McCabe, Donald L and Linda K. Trevino (1996), “What we know about cheating in college,” Change, (January/February 1996), 29-33.

McCord, Joan (1978), "A thirty-year follow-up of treatment effects," American Psychologist, 33 (3) 284-290.

Mischel, W., Y. Shoda & M. L. Rodriquez (1989), “Delay of gratification in children,” Science (244), 933-938.

Murray, Charles (2008), Real Education. New York: Crown Forum, an imprint of Random House.

Ofir, Chezy & Itamar Simonson (2001), “In search of negative customer feedback: The effect of expecting to evaluate on satisfaction evaluations,” Journal of Marketing Research, 38, 170-182.

Robinson, Peter (1994), Snapshots from Hell, New York: Warner Books.

Roth, Philip L.C. A. Bevier, F. S. Switzer & J. S. Schippmann (1996), “Meta-analyzing the relationship between grades and job performance,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 548-556.

Tough, Allen (1971), The Adult’s Learning Projects. Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.

Tough, Allen (1982), Intentional Changes. Chicago: Follett Publication.

Vaughan, Eva D. (1977), “Misperceptions about psychology among psychology students,” Teaching of Psychology, 4 (3), 138-141.10

Winston, Clifford (2006), Government Failure versus Market Failure. Brookings Institution Press.

Wolf, Alison (2004), “Education and economic performance: Simplistic theories and their policy consequences,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 20, 315-333.