Negotiating the review of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding

Zimmermann, Thomas A. (2006): Negotiating the review of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding. Published in:

Abstract

ABSTRACT

On 1 January 1995, the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU) entered into force. Since 1998, negotiations to review and reform the DSU have taken place (‘DSU review’), without however yielding any result so far. This study proposes to analyse the DSU review negotiations and the proposals submitted so far.

In a first step, the foundations for the discussion are laid with a brief account of the economic, legal and political aspects of the dispute settlement mechanism, its evolution and its working in practice.

In a second step, the study offers an overview and analysis of the negotiating process in its broader context. Additionally, negotiating proposals on stage-specific and horizontal issues of the dispute settlement mechanism are presented and analysed in depth with regard to their background, their contents and their potential implications.

In a third step, the difficulties faced by negotiators in completing the DSU review are explored. Policy recommendations for further negotiations are made and the chances of a future agreement are evaluated.

Finally, the study is also intended to offer a one-stop point of departure for other researchers who wish to explore further specific aspects of the DSU review. To this end, references available on the DSU review exercise have been comprehensively documented.

JEL Classification: F02, F13, K33, K41

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Institution: Swiss Institute for International Economics and Applied Economic Research (SIAW-HSG)
• Language: English
• Keywords: WTO; Dispute Settlement; DSU Review Negotiations
• Subjects: K - Law and Economics > K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior > K41 - Litigation Process; F - International Economics > F0 - General > F02 - International Economic Order and Integration; F - International Economics > F1 - Trade > F13 - Trade Policy ; International Trade Organizations; K - Law and Economics > K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law > K33 - International Law

References

Abbott, Kenneth W. (1992): The Uruguay Round and Dispute Resolution – Building a Private-Interests System of Justice; in: Columbia Business Law Review; no 1, pp 111-149 ACWL (ed). (2002): Advisory Centre on WTO Law – Report on Operations – July 2001 to July 2002; (Geneva: ACWL) Ahn, Dukgeun (1999): Environmental Disputes in the GATT/WTO Before and After US-Shrimp Case; in: Michigan Journal of International Law, vol 20, no 4, pp 819-870 Anderson, Kym (2002): Peculiarities of Retaliation in WTO Dispute Settlement; in: World Trade Review, vol 1, no 2, pp 123–134 Antoniadis, Antonis (2002): Enhanced Third Party Rights in the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding; in: Legal Issues of Economic Integration, vol 29, no 3, pp 285-304 Appleton, Arthur E. (1999): Shrimp/Turtle – Untangling the Nets; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 2, no 3, pp 477-496 Auerbach, Alan J and Feldstein Martin (eds.) (2002) Handbook of Public Economics (Amsterdam: Elsevier) Bacchus, James (2003): Woulda, Coulda, Shoulda – The Consolations of WTO Dispute Settlement; Address to the International Bar Association, Geneva: 20 March 2003 http://www.worldtradelaw.net/articles/ bacchusconsolation.pdf (downloaded on 10 September 2003) Bagwell, Kyle and Robert W. Staiger (2002): The Economics of the World Trading System; Cambridge: MIT Press Bagwell, Kyle and Robert W. Staiger (2000): GATT-Think; NBER Working Paper no 8005 Bagwell, Kyle and Robert W. Staiger (1999): An Economic Theory of GATT; in: American Economic Review, vol 89, no 1, pp 215-248 Bagwell, Kyle, Petros C. Mavroidis and Robert W. Staiger (2002): It’s a Question of Market Access; in: American Journal of International Law, vol 96, no 1, pp 56-76 258 Negotiating the Review of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding Baldwin, Robert E. (1969): The Case Against Infant Industry Protection; in: Journal of Political Economy, vol 77, no 2, pp 295-305 Barfield, Claude E. (2002): WTO Dispute Settlement System in Need of Change; in: Intereconomics – Review of European Economic Policy, vol 37, no 3, pp 131-134 Barfield, Claude E. (2001): Free Trade, Sovereignty, Democracy: The Future of the World Trade Organization; Washington, D.C.: The AEI Press Bayard, Thomas O. and Kimberly Ann Elliott (1994): Reciprocity and Retaliation in US Trade Policy; Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics Behboodi, Rambod (2000): “Should” Means “Shall” – A Critical Analysis of the Obligation to Submit Information Under Article 13.1 of the DSU in the Canada – Aircraft Case; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 3, no 4, pp 563-592 Benke, Rafael T. J. (2003): List of WTO Dispute Settlement Cases on “Trade Remedies” – USA as Respondent; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 1, pp 171-174 Berg, Hartmut (ed). (2001): Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik – Erfahrungen, Probleme, Perspektiven; Berlin: Duncker und Humblot Bessko, Zsolt K. (1996): Going Bananas over EEC Preferences? A Look at the Banana Trade War and the WTO’s Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes; in: Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, vol 28, pp 265ff Bhagwati, J. (1988): Protectionism; Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press Bhagwati, Jagdish and Mathias Hirsch eds. (1998): The Uruguay Round and Beyond – Essays in Honour of Arthur Dunkel; Berlin Springer Bhagwati, Jagdish and Hugh T. Patrick eds. (1990): Aggressive Unilateralism – America’s 301 Trade Policy and the World Trading System; Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press Bhagwati, Jagdish N. et al. eds. (1971): Trade, Balance of Payments and Growth – Papers in International Economics in Honour of Charles P. Kindleberger; Amsterdam: North Holland Bhala, Raj (2001): The Power of the Past – Towards de Jure Stare Decisis in WTO Adjudication (Part Three of a Trilogy); in: George Washington International Law Review, vol 33, pp 873-978 259 12. Bibliography Bhala, Raj (1999): The Precedent-Setters – De Facto Stare Decisis in WTO Adjudication (Part Two of a Trilogy); in: Journal of Transnational Law and Policy, vol 9, pp 1-151 Bhala, Raj (1999a): The Myth About Stare Decisis and International Trade Law (Part One of a Trilogy); in: American University International Law Review, vol 14, pp 845-956 Bhala, Raj and Kevin Kennedy (1998): World Trade Law – The GATT-WTO System, Regional Arrangements and US Law; Charlottesville, Va: Lexis Bhuiyan, Sharif (2002): Mandatory and Discretionary Legislation – The Continued Relevance of the Distinction Under the WTO; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 5, no 3, pp 571-604 Bishop, Andrew K. (2001): The Second Legal Revolution – Ecuador Goes Ape in Banana Trade War with European Union; in: International Legal Perspectives, vol 12, no 1, pp 1ff Blázquez Navarro, Irene (2000): Los Límites del Unilateralismo en el Sistema de Solución de Diferencias de la Organización Mundial del Comercio – El Informe del Grupo Especial sobre los Artículos 301 a 310 de la Ley de Comercio Exterior de los Estados Unidos; in: Revista Electrónica de Estudios Internacionales, no 1; http://www.reei.org/reei1/Blazquez.reei.PDF; downloaded on 23 September 2003 Blokker, Niels M. and Henry G. Schermers eds. (2001): Proliferation of International Organizations – Legal Issues; The Hague: Kluwer Bourgeois, Jacques H. J. (2003): Comment on a WTO Permanent Panel Body; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 1, pp 211-214 Bourgeois, Jacques H. J. (2001): Some Reflections on the WTO Dispute Settlement System from a Practitioner’s Perspective; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 4, no 1, pp 145-154 Bourgeois, Jacques H. J. (1998): WTO Dispute Settlement in the Field of Anti-Dumping Law; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 1, no 2, pp 259-276 Bown, Chad P. (2003): On the Economic Success of GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement; forthcoming in: The Review of Economics and Statistics; Manuscript (January 2003) version; http://people.brandeis.edu/~cbown/ papers/outcome.pdf (downloaded on 8 September 2003) Bown, Chad P. (2002): The Economics of Trade Disputes, the GATT’s Articles XXIII and the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Understanding; Manuscript; 260 Negotiating the Review of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding Brandeis University; http://people.brandeis.edu/~cbown/papers/ dispute.pdf (downloaded on 10 May 2003) Brander, James A. (1995): Strategic Trade Policy; NBER Working Paper no 5020 Brander, James A. and Barbara J. Spencer (1985): Export Subsidies and International Market Share Rivalry; in: Journal of International Economics, vol 18, Nos. 1 and 2, pp 83-100 Bree, Axel (1999): Article XX – Quo Vadis? The Environmental Exception after the Shrimp/Turtle Appellate Body Report; in: Dickinson Journal of International Law, vol 17, pp 99-134 Bronckers, Marco C. E. J. (1997): Enforcing WTO Law through the EC Trade Barriers Regulation; in: International Trade Law and Regulation, vol 3, no 3, pp 76-84 Bronckers, Marco C. E. J. and John. H. Jackson (1999): Editorial Comment – Outside Counsel in WTO Dispute Processes; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 2, no 1, pp 155-158 Bronckers, Marco and Natalie McNelis (2001): The EU Trade Barriers Regulation Comes of Age; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 35, no 4, pp 427- 482 Busch, Marc L. (2000): Democracy, Consultations and the Panelling of Disputes Under GATT; in: Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol 44, no 4, pp 425-446 Busch, Marc L. (2000a): Accommodating Unilateralism? US Section 301 and GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement; Manuscript; Kingston, Ont.: Queen’s School of Business Busch, Marc L. and Eric Reinhardt (2003a): Transatlantic Trade Conflicts and GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement; in: Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich and Mark Pollack eds.: Dispute Prevention and Dispute Settlement in the Transatlantic Partnership Busch, Marc L. and Eric Reinhardt (2003): The Evolution of GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement; in: Curtis, John M. and Dan Ciuriak eds.: Trade Policy Research; pp 143-183 Busch, Marc L. and Eric Reinhardt (2002): Testing International Trade Law – Empirical Studies of GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement; in: Kennedy, Daniel L. M. and James D. Southwick eds: The Political Economy of International Trade Law – Essays in Honour of Robert E. Hudec; pp 457-481 261 12. Bibliography Busch, Marc L. and Eric Reinhardt (2000): Bargaining in the Shadow of the Law – Early Settlement in GATT/WTO Disputes; in: Fordham International Law Journal, vol 24, no 1-2, pp 158-172 Bütler, Monika. and Heinz Hauser (2000): The WTO Dispute Settlement System: A First Assessment from an Economic Perspective; in: Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, vol 16, no 2, pp 503-533 Cadeddu, Marlo Pfister (1998): Turtles in the Soup? An Analysis of the GATT Challenge to the United States Endangered Species Act Section 609 Shrimp Harvesting Nation Certification Programme for the Conservation of Sea Turtles; in: Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, vol 11, no 1, pp 179-207 Cameron, James and Karen Campbell eds. (1998): Dispute Resolution in the World Trade Organization; London: Cameron & May Carmody, Chi (2002): Remedies and Conformity Under the WTO Agreement; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 5, no 2, pp 307- 329 Cartland, Michael (2003): Comment on a WTO Permanent Panel Body; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 1, pp 214-218 Chang, Howard F. (2000): Towards a Greener GATT – Environmental Trade Measures and the Shrimp-Turtle Case; in: Southern California Law Review, vol 74, no 1, pp 31-47 Chang, Seung W. (2003): Comment on a WTO Permanent Panel Body; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 1, pp 219-224 Chang, Seung W. (2000): Taming Unilateralism Under the Multilateral Trading System – Unfinished Job in the WTO Panel Ruling on US Sections 301–310 of the Trade Act of 1974; in: Law and Policy in International Business, vol 31, pp 1151-1226 Charnovitz, Steve (2003): The WTO’s Problematic “Last Resort” Against Noncompliance; http://www.worldtradelaw.net/articles/ charnovitzlastresort.pdf (downloaded on 10 September 2003); updated version (15 August 2003) of an article written for and published in: Aussenwirtschaft, vol 57 (2002), no 4, pp 409-439 Charnovitz, Steve (2001): Rethinking WTO Trade Sanctions; in: American Journal of International Law, vol 95, no 4, pp 792-832 Charnovitz, Steve (2001): The WTO and the Rights of the Individual; in: Intereconomics - Review of European Economic Policy, vol 36, no 2, pp 98- 108 262 Negotiating the Review of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding Chaytor, Beatrice (1999): Reform of the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Mechanism for Sustainable Development; World Wildlife Federation International; http://www.panda.org/resources/programmes/trade/ cacdsureview.pdf (downloaded on 10 April 2002) Charnovitz, Steve (2000): Opening the WTO to Non-Governmental Interests; in: Fordham International Law Journal, vol 24, Nos. 1 and 2, pp 173-216 Charnovitz, Steve (1996): Participation of Non-Governmental Organizations in the World Trade Organization; in: University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law, vol 17, no 1, pp 331- 358 Clough, Mark (2001): Anti-dumping and Jurisprudence of the WTO Panel and Appellate Body Reports (1995-2001); in: International Trade Law and Regulation, vol 7, no 3, pp 76-83 Collins, Susan M. and Dani Rodrik eds. (2001): Brookings Trade Forum 2000; Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press Cone III, Sydney M. (2001): The Asbestos Case and Dispute Settlement in the World Trade Organisation – The Uneasy Relationship between Panels and the Appellate Body; in: Michigan Journal of International Law, vol 23, no 1, pp 103-142 Consultative Board ed. (2004): The Future of the WTO – Addressing institutional challenges in the new millennium; Report by the Consultative Board to the Director-General Supachai Panitchpakdi; Geneva: World Trade Organization, 2004 (available online at http://www.wto.org/ english/thewto_e/10anniv_e/future_wto_e.pdf) Cottier, Thomas (2003): The WTO Permanent Panel Body – A Bridge Too Far?; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 1, pp 187-202 Cottier, Thomas (2002): Proposals for Moving from Ad Hoc Panels to Permanent WTO Panellists; in: Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich ed. (2002): Preparing the Doha Development Round – Improvements and Clarifications of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding, pp 40-52 Cottier, Thomas (1998): The WTO Dispute Settlement System – New Horizons (Contribution in: WTO Dispute Settlement – Three Years in Review); in: ASIL Proceedings, 1998, pp 86-91 Cottier, Thomas. ed. (1995): GATT-Uruguay Round; Bern: Stämpfli 263 12. Bibliography Cottier, Thomas and Satoko Takenoshita (2003): The Balance of Power in WTO Decision-Making – Towards Weighted Voting in Legislative Response; in: Aussenwirtschaft, vol 59, no 2, pp 171-214 Cottier, Thomas and Krista Nadakavukaren Schefer (1998): The Relationship between World Trade Organization Law, National and Regional Law; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 1, no 1, pp 83-122 Croley, Steven P. and John H. Jackson (1996): WTO Dispute Procedures, Standard of Review, and Deference to National Governments; in: American Journal of International Law, vol 90, no 2, pp 193-213 Covelli, Nick (1999): Public International Law and Third Party Participation in WTO Panel Proceedings; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 33, no 2, pp 125-139 Croome, John (1999): Reshaping the World Trading System – A History of the Uruguay Round, (2nd ed, Geneva: WTO / The Hague: Kluwer) Cunningham, Richard O. and Troy H. Cribb (2003): Dispute Settlement Through the Lens of “Free Flow of Trade” – A Review of WTO Dispute Settlement of US Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 1, pp 155-170 Curtis, John M. and Dan Ciuriak eds. (2003): Trade Policy Research 2003; Ottawa: Department of International Affairs and Foreign Trade Davey, William J. (2003): The Case for a WTO Permanent Panel Body; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 1, pp 177-186 Davey, William J. (2002): Proposals for Improving the Working Procedures of WTO Dispute Settlement Panels; in: Petersmann, Ernst- Ulrich ed. (2002): Preparing the Doha Development Round: Improvements and Clarifications of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding, pp 27-39 Davey, William J. (2002a): A Permanent Panel Body for WTO Dispute Settlement – Desirable or Practical; in: Kennedy, Daniel L. M. and James D. Southwick (eds.): The Political Economy of International Trade Law – Essays in Honour of Robert E. Hudec; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 496-527 Davey, William J. (2002b): The WTO Dispute Settlement System; in: Sampson, Gary P. and W. Bradnee Chambers eds.: Trade, Environment, and the Millennium, pp 145-174 Davey, William J. (2001): Has the WTO Dispute Settlement System Exceeded its Authority – A Consideration of Deference Shown by the 264 Negotiating the Review of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding System to Member Government Decisions and its use of Issue-Avoidance Techniques; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 4, no 1, pp 79- 110 Davey, William J. (2000): Supporting the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement System; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 34, no 1, pp 167-170 Davey, William J. (2000a): The WTO Dispute Settlement System; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 3, no 1, pp 15-18 Davey, William J. and Amelia Porges (1998): Performance of the System I – Consultations and Deterrence; in: International Lawyer, vol 32, no 3 De Bièvre, Dirk (2002): Redesigning the Virtuous Circle – Two Proposals for World Trade Organization Reform – Resolving and Preventing United States-European Union, and other Disputes; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 36, no 5, pp 1005-1013 Denters, Eric and Nico Schrijvers eds. (1998): Reflection on International Law from the Low Countries – In Honour of Paul de Waart; The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Delich, Valentina (2002): Developing Countries and the WTO Dispute Settlement System; in: Hoekman, Bernard , Aaditya Mattoo and Philip English eds.: Development, Trade, and the WTO – A Handbook Destler, I. Mac (1997): Renewing Fast-Track Legislation; Policy Analyses in International Economics no 50, Washington: Institute for International Economics Dicke, Detlev C. and Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann eds. (1988): Foreign Trade in the present and a new international economic order; Fribourg: University Press (PUPIL Series, no 4) Dixit, Avinash K. and Victor D. Norman (1980): Theory of International Trade, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Drezner, Daniel W. ed. (2003): Locating the Proper Authorities – The Interaction of Domestic and International Institutions; Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press Dunkel, Arthur ed. (1987): Trade Policies for a Better Future – The ‘Leutwiler Report’, the GATT and the Uruguay Round; Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Dunne III, Matthew S. (2002): Redefining Power Orientation: A Reassessment of Jackson’s Paradigm in light of Asymmetries of Power, Negotiation, and Compliance in the GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System; in: Law and Policy in International Business, vol 34, pp 277-342 265 12. Bibliography Durling, James P. (2003): Deference, But Only When Due – WTO Review of Anti-Dumping Measures; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6. no 1, pp 125-153 Duvigneau, Johann L. (2001): Die Konstitutionalisierung des WTORechts – Zur juristischen Diskussion über Verfassungsstrukturen im Bereich des Handelsvölkerrechts; in: Aussenwirtschaft, vol 56, no 3, pp 295-325 Eeckhout, Piet (2002): Judicial Enforcement of WTO Law in the European Union – Some Further Reflections; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 5, no 1, pp 91-110 Eeckhout, Piet (1997): The Domestic Legal Status of the WTO Agreement – Interconnecting Legal Systems; in: Common Market Law Review, vol 34, no 1, pp 11-58 Ehlermann, Claus-Dieter (2003): Reflections on the Appellate Body of the WTO; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 3, pp 695-708 Ehlermann, Claus-Dieter (2002): Six Years on the Bench of the “World Trade Court” – Some Personal Experiences as Member of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 36, no 4, pp 605-639; also published as Policy Paper no 9 of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies; Florence: European University Institute Ehlermann, Claus-Dieter (2002a): Tensions Between the Dispute Settlement Process and the Diplomatic and Treaty-Making Activities of the WTO; in: World Trade Review, vol 1, no 3, pp 301-308 Ehrenhaft, Peter D. (1999): “Right to Counsel” in WTO Dispute Settlement Proceedings – A 1998 Resolution of the American Bar Association; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 2, no 1, pp 159- 162 Esserman, Susan and Robert Howse (2003): The WTO On Trial; in: Foreign Affairs, vol 82, no 1, pp 130-140 Esty, Daniel C. (1998): Linkages and Governance – NGOs at the World Trade Organization; in: University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law, vol 19, no 3, pp 709-730 Ethier, Wilfried J. (2001): Punishments and Dispute Settlement in Trade Agreements; Economic Policy Research Unit (EPRU) Discussion Paper no 2001-14 266 Negotiating the Review of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding Evenett, Simon (2003): The Failure of the WTO Ministerial Meeting in Cancún – Implications for Future Research; in: CESifo Forum, vol 4, no 3, pp 11-17 Feliciano, Florentino P. and Peter L. H. van den Bossche (2001): The Dispute Settlement Process of the World Trade Organization – Institutions, Process and Practice; in: Blokker, Niels M. and Henry G. Schermers eds.: Proliferation of International Organizations – Legal Issues, pp 297-350 Folsom, Ralph H., Michael W. Gordon and John A. Spanogle (2003): Handbook of NAFTA Dispute Settlement; Looseleaf Collection; Ardsley: Transnational Publishers Footer, Mary E. (2001): Developing Country Member Practice in the Matter of WTO Dispute Settlement; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 35, no 1, pp 55-98 Furse, Mark (1999): Competition Law and the WTO Report ‘Japan – Measures Affecting Photographic Film and Paper’; in: European Competition Law Review, vol 20, pp 9ff Furusawa, Taiji (2003): The Role of the WTO Dispute Settlement Procedure on International Cooperation, Manuscript; http://www.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/ ~furusawa/paper/dsp.pdf (downloaded on 12 September 2003) Fujii, Hiroyuki (1997): The Kodak-Fuji Dispute: A Spectrum of Divergent Colors and a Blueprint for a New WTO Procedure for Disputes Involving Government Toleration of Anti-Competitive Practices; in: UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs; vol 2, no 2, pp 317ff Gabilondo, José Luis Pérez (2001): Developing Countries in the WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures – Improving their Participation; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 35, no 4, pp 483-488 Gallagher, Peter (2002): Guide to Dispute Settlement – A Handy Guide to Bringing a Case Before the WTO; Geneva: The WTO / The Hague: Kluwer Law GAO ed. (2003): World Trade Organization – Standard of Review and Impact of Trade Remedy Rulings – Report to the Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Finance, US Senate; Washington, D.C.: United States General Accounting Office GAO ed. (2000): World Trade Organization – US Experience to Date in Dispute Settlement System – Briefing Report to the Chairman, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives; Washington, D.C.: United States General Accounting Office 267 12. Bibliography GAO ed. (2000a): World Trade Organization – US Experience in Dispute Settlement System – The First Five Years – Testimony Before the Subcommittee on International Trade, Committee on Finance, US Senate; Washington, D.C.: United States General Accounting Office GAO ed. (2000b): World Trade Organization – Issues in Dispute Settlement –Report to the Chairman, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives; Washington, D.C.: United States General Accounting Office Garrett, Geoffrey and James McCall Smith (2002): The Politics of WTO Dispute Settlement; UCLA International Institute Occasional Paper Series; Los Angeles: UCLA Geuze, Matthijs and Hannu Wager (1999): WTO Dispute Settlement Practice Relating to the TRIPS Agreement; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 2, no 2, pp 347-384 Gleason, Carolyn B. and Pamela D. Walther (2000): The WTO Dispute Settlement Implementation Procedures – A System in Need of Reform; in: Law and Policy in International Business, vol 31, no 3, pp 709-736 Goh, Gavin and Andreas R. Ziegler (2003): Retrospective Remedies in the WTO After Automotive Leather; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 3, pp 545-564 Goh, Gavin and Trudy Witbreuk (2001): An Introduction to the WTO Dispute Settlement System; in: University of Western Australia Law Review, vol 30, no 1, pp 51-74 Goldman, Julie (1999): Bad Lawyering or Ulterior Motive? Why the United States Lost the Film Case Before the WTO Dispute Settlement Panel; in: Law and Policy in International Business, vol 30, no 2, pp 417-437 Grané, Patricio (2001): Remedies Under WTO Law; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 4, no 4, pp 755-772 Greenwald, John (2003): WTO Dispute Settlement – An Exercise in Trade Law Legislation?; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 1, pp 113-124 Grossman, Gene and Elhanan Helpman (1994): Protection for Sale, in: American Economic Review, vol 84, no 4, pp 833-850 Guzman, Andrew and Beth A. Simmons (2002): To Settle or Empanel? An Empirical Analysis of Litigation and Settlement at the World Trade Organization; in: Journal of Legal Studies, vol 31, no 1, pp 205-235 268 Negotiating the Review of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding Hauser, Heinz (2003): Die WTO nach Cancún; in: Aussenwirtschaft, vol 58, no 4, pp 459-488 Hauser, Heinz (2002): Die Ministererklärung von Doha – Start zu einer kleinen Marktöffnungsrunde oder zu einer umfassenden Entwicklungsrunde?; in: Aussenwirtschaft, vol 57, no 2, pp 127-150 Hauser, Heinz (2001): Die WTO-Streitschlichtung aus einer Law and Economics Perspektive; in: Berg, Hartmut ed.: Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik – Erfahrungen, Probleme, Perspektiven; pp 79-111 Hauser, Heinz (2000): Der Streitfall zu den US-Foreign Sales Corporations; in: WTO-News, no 2, pp 3-4 Hauser, Heinz (1996): Weshalb brauchen die Regierungen die WTO?; in: Thürer, Daniel and Stephan Kux: GATT 94 und die Welthandelsorganisation; Zürich: Schulthess, pp 81-92 Hauser, Heinz (1988): Foreign Trade Policy and the Function of Rules for Trade Policy Making; in: Dicke, Detlev Chr. and Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann eds.: Foreign Trade in the present and a new international economic order; pp 18-38 Hauser, Heinz and Alexander Roitinger (2003): A Renegotiation Perspective on Transatlantic Trade Disputes; in: Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich and Mark A. Pollack eds.: Transatlantic Economic Disputes – The EU, the US, and the WTO, pp 487-506 Hauser Heinz and Thomas A. Zimmermann (2003): The Challenge of Reforming the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding; in: Intereconomics – Review of European Economic Policy, vol 38, no 5, pp 241- 245 Hauser, Heinz and Thomas A. Zimmermann (2000): Transatlantische Handelskonflikte gefährden die WTO; in: Financial Times Deutschland; 18.September 2000, p 29 Hauser, Heinz and Andrea Martel (1997): Das WTOStreitschlichtungsverfahren: Eine verhandlungsorientierte Perspektive; in: Aussenwirtschaft, vol 52, no 4, pp 525-560 Hauser, Heinz and Kai-Uwe Schanz (1995): Das neue GATT – Die Welthandelsordnung nach Abschluss der Uruguay-Runde; 2nd ed:; München/ Wien: Oldenbourg Hecht, James C. (2000): Operation of WTO Dispute Settlement Panels – Assessing Proposals for Reform; in: Law and Policy in International Business, vol 31, no 3, pp 657-664 269 12. Bibliography Herman, Andrew D. (1996): The WTO Dispute Settlement Review Commission – An Unwise Extension of Extrajudicial Roles; in: Hastings Law Review, vol 47, Nos. 5 and 6, pp 1635-1669 Hippler Bello, Judith (1996): The WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding – Less Is More; in: The American Journal of International Law, vol 90, no 3, pp 416-418 Hoekman, Bernard (2003): Cancún – Crisis or Catharsis?; Note Presented at the September 17th Meeting of the Brookings-George Washington Trade Roundtable; http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTRANETTRADE/Resources/Hoekman-CancunCatharsis-092003.pdf (downloaded on 20 November 2003) Hoekman, Bernard , Aaditya Mattoo and Philip English eds. (2002): Development, Trade, and the WTO – A Handbook; Washington, D.C.: World Bank Hoekman, Bernard M. and Michael Kostecki (2001): The Political Economy of the World Trading System – From GATT to WTO; 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press Hoekman, Bernard M. and Petros C. Mavroidis (2000): WTO Dispute Settlement, Transparency and Surveillance; in: The World Economy, vol 23, no 4, pp 527-542 Hollis, Duncan B. (2002): Private Actors in Public International Law – Amicus Curiae and the Case for the Retention of State Sovereignty; in: Boston College International and Comparative Law Review; vol 25, no 2, pp 235-256 Horlick, Gary N. (1998): The Consultation Phase of WTO Dispute Resolution – A Private Practitioner’s View; in: International Lawyer, vol 32, no 3, pp 685-693 Horlick, Gary N. (1995): WTO Dispute Settlement and the Dole Commission; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 29, no 6, pp 45-48 Horlick, Gary N. and Glenn R. Butterton (2000): A Problem of Process in WTO Jurisprudence – Identifying Disputed Issues in Panels and Consultations; in: Law and Policy in International Business, vol 31, no 3, pp 573-582 Horn, Henrik and Petros C. Mavroidis (1999): Remedies in the WTO Dispute Settlement System and Developing Country Interests; World Bank, http://www1.worldbank.org/wbiep/trade/papers_2000/BPdisput.PDF (downloaded on 13 July 2003) 270 Negotiating the Review of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding Horn, Henrik, Hakan Nordström and Petros C. Mavroidis (1999): Is the Use of the WTO Dispute Settlement System Biased?; CEPR Discussion Paper no 2340; London: Centre for Economic Policy Research Howse, Robert (2002): The Appellate Body Rulings in the Shrimp/Turtle Case – A New Legal Baseline for the Trade and Environmental Debate; in: Columbia Journal of International Law, vol 27, no 2, pp 491-521 Hudec, Robert E. (1999) ed.: Essays on the Nature of International Trade Law; London: Cameron May Hudec, Robert E. (2002): Free Trade, Sovereignty, Democracy – The Future of the World Trade Organization [by Claude Barfield]; Review Article; in: World Trade Review, vol 1, no 2, pp 211-222 Hudec, Robert E. (2002a) The Adequacy of WTO Dispute Settlement Remedies: A Developing Country Perspective, in: Hoekman, Bernard , Aaditya Mattoo and Philip English eds.: Development, Trade and the WTO – A Handbook, pp 81-91 Hudec, Robert E. (2000): Broadening the Scope of Remedies in WTO Dispute Settlement; in: Weiss, Friedl and Jochen Wiers eds.: Improving WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures, pp 345-376 Hudec, Robert E. (1999): The New WTO Dispute Settlement Procedure: An Overview of the First Three Years; in: Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, vol 8, no 2, pp 1-53 Hudec, Robert E. (1998): The Role of the GATT Secretariat in the Evolution of the WTO Dispute Settlement Procedure; in: Bhagwati, Jagdish and Mathias Hirsch eds.: The Uruguay Round and Beyond – Essays in Honour of Arthur Dunkel, pp 101-120 Hudec, Robert E. (1993): Enforcing International Trade Law – The Evolution of the Modern GATT Legal System; Salem, N.H.: Butterworth Legal Publishers Hudec, Robert E. (1990): The GATT Legal System and World Trade Diplomacy; 2nd ed.; Salem, N.H: Butterworth Legal Publishers Hughes, Layla (1998): Limiting the Jurisdiction of Dispute Settlement Panels – The Appellate Body Beef Hormone Decision; in: The Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, vol 10, pp 915-942 Hughes, Valerie (2002): Arbitration within the WTO; in: Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich ed. (2002): Preparing the Doha Development Round: Improvements and Clarifications of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding, pp.100-118 Hungerford, Thomas L. (1991): GATT –A Cooperative Equilibrium in a Noncooperative Trading Regime?; in: Journal of International Economics, vol 31, Nos. 3 and 4, pp 357-369 Irwin, Douglas A. and Randall S. Kroszner (1996): Log-Rolling and Economic Interests in the Passage of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, NBER Working Paper no 5510 Jackson, John H. (2002): Perceptions about the WTO trade institutions; in: World Trade Review, vol 1, no 1, pp 101-114 Jackson, John H. (2001): The Role and Effectiveness of the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism; in: Collins, Susan M. and Dani Rodrik eds. (2001): Brookings Trade Forum 2000; pp 179-219 Jackson, John H. ed. (2000): The Jurisprudence of GATT and the WTO – Insights on Treaty Law and Economic Relations; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Jackson, John H. (1998): Dispute Settlement and the WTO – Emerging Problems; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 1, no 3, pp 329- 351 Jackson, John H. (1998a): Designing and Implementing Effective Dispute Settlement Procedures – WTO Dispute Settlement; in: Krueger, Anne O. ed.: The WTO as an International Institution, pp 161-179 Jackson, John H. (1998b): The Uruguay Round Results and National Sovereignty; in: Bhagwati, Jagdish and Mathias Hirsch eds.: The Uruguay Round and Beyond – Essays in Honour of Arthur Dunkel; pp 293-304 Jackson, John H. (1998c): The World Trade Organization – Constitution and Jurisprudence; London: Royal Institute of International Affairs Jackson, John H. (1997): The World Trading System – Law and Policy of International Economic Relations, 2nd edition; Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press Jackson, John H. (1997a): The Great 1994 Sovereignty Debate – United States Acceptance and Implementation of the Uruguay Round Results; in: Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, vol 36, pp 157-188 Jackson, John H. (1990): Restructuring the GATT System; London: Royal Institute of International Affairs Jackson, John H. (1978): The Crumbling Institutions of the Liberal Trade System; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 12, no 2, pp 93-106 272 Negotiating the Review of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding Jackson, John H. and Rafael T. J. Benke (2003): The WTO Cases on US “Trade Remedies” – Opening a Discussion; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 1, p 111 Jackson, John H. and Patricio Grané (2001): The Saga Continues – An Update on the Banana Dispute and Its Procedural Offspring; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 4, no 3, pp 581-595 Jones, Ronald W. (1971): A Three Factor Model in Theory, Trade, and History; in: Bhagwati, Jagdish N. et al. eds.: Trade, Balance of Payments and Growth – Papers in International Economics in Honour of Charles P. Kindleberger, pp 3-21 Kantzenbach, Erhard, Bruno Molitor and Otto G. Mayer eds. (1994): Hamburger Jahrbuch für Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftspolitik, vol 39; Tübingen: Mohr/Siebeck Kaplow, Louis and Steven Shavell (2002): Economic Analysis of Law; in: Auerbach, Alan J and Martin Feldstein eds.: Handbook of Public Economics, vol 3, pp 1661-1784 Kearns, Jason E. and Steve Charnovitz (2002): Adjudicating Compliance in the WTO – A Review of DSU Article 21.5; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 5, no 2, pp 331-352 Kemp, Murray C. (1964): The Pure Theory of International Trade; Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall Kennedy, Daniel L. M. and James D. Southwick eds. (2002): The Political Economy of International Trade Law – Essays in Honour of Robert E. Hudec; New York: Cambridge University Press Kierzkowski, Henryk ed. (1984): Monopolistic Competition and International Trade; New York: Oxford University Press Kingery, John (2000): Operation of Dispute Settlement Panels; in: Law and Policy in International Business, vol 31, no 3, pp 395-402 Koremenos, Barbara (2001): Loosening the Ties that Bind – A Learning Model of Agreement Flexibility; in: International Organization, vol 55, no 2, pp 289-325 Kovenock, Dan and Marie Thursby (1997): GATT Dispute Settlement and Cooperation; in: Economics and Politics, vol 9, no 1, pp 95-98 Kovenock, Dan and Marie Thursby (1992): GATT, Dispute Settlement and Cooperation – A Reply; in: Economics and Politics, vol 4, no 2, pp 151-170 273 12. Bibliography Krueger, Anne O. ed. (1998): The WTO as an International Organization; Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press Krueger, Anne O. (1974): The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society; in: American Economic Review, vol 64, no 3, pp 291-303 Krugman, Paul R. (1987): Is Free Trade Passé?; in: Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol 1, no 2, pp 131-144 Krugman, Paul R. (1986): Strategic Trade Policy and the New International Economics; Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press Krugman, Paul R. (1984): Import Protection as Export Promotion: International Competition in the Presence of Oligopoly and Economies of Scale; in: Kierzkowski, Henryk ed.: Monopolistic Competition and International Trade, pp 180-193 Kufuor, Kofi Oteng (1997): From the GATT to the WTO – The Developing Countries and the Reform of the Procedures for the Settlement of International Trade Disputes; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 31, no 5, pp 117-145 Kuruvila, Pretty Elizabeth (1997): Developing Countries and the GATT/ WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 31, no 6, pp 171-208 Lacarté-Muro, Julio (2003): Comment on a WTO Permanent Panel Body; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 1, pp 227-230 Lacarté-Muro, Julio and Petina Gappah (2000): Developing Countries and the WTO Legal and Dispute Settlement System – A View from the Bench; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 3, no 3, pp 395-401 Ladreit De Lacharrière, Guy (1987): The Settlement of Disputes Between Contracting Parties to the General Agreement; in: Dunkel, Arthur (ed.): Trade Policies for a Better Future – The ‘Leutwiler Report’, the GATT and the Uruguay Round, pp 119-135 Lash, William H. (1998): US International Trade Regulation – A Primer; Washington: American Enterprise Institute Leier, Klaus-Peter (1999): Fortentwicklung und weitere Bewährung – Zur derzeitigen Überprüfung des Streitbeilegungsverfahrens in der WTO; in: Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht EuZW, vol 10, no 7, pp 214-211 274 Negotiating the Review of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding Leitner, Kara and Simon Lester (2003): WTO Dispute Settlement 1995- 2002 – A Statistical Analysis; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 1, pp 251-261 Levy, Philip I. and T. N. Srinivasan (1996): Regionalism and the (Dis)advantage of Dispute-Settlement Access; in: American Economic Review, vol 86, no 2, pp 93-98 Linarelli, John (2000): The Role of Dispute Settlement in World Trade Law – Some Lessons from the Kodak-Fuji Dispute; in: Law and Policy in International Business, vol 31, no 2, pp 263-372 List, Friedrich (1841): Das nationale System der politischen Ökonomie; Facsimile; Düsseldorf: Verlagsgruppe Handelsblatt (1989) Ludema, Rodney D. (2001): Optimal International Trade Agreements and Dispute Settlement Procedures; in: European Journal of Political Economy, vol 17, no 2, pp 355-376 Lukas, Martin (1995): The Role of Private Parties in the Enforcement of the Uruguay Round Agreements; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 29, no 5, pp 181-206 MacLean, Robert M. (1999): The European Community’s Trade Barrier Regulation Takes Shape – Is It Living Up to Expectation; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 33, no 6, pp 69-96 Maggi, Giovanni (1999): The role of multilateral institutions in international trade co-operation; in: American Economic Review, vol 89, no 1, pp 190-214 Magnus, John R. (2000): Get the WTO criticisms right in the trade debate; in: Journal of Commerce, 3 May 2000, p 7 Magnus, John R., Navin Joneja and David Yocis (2003): What Do All These Adverse WTO Decisions Mean?; in: GULC Trade Update; 30 January 2003 Marceau, Gabrielle and Matthew Stilwell (2001): Practical Suggestions for Amicus Curiae Briefs Before WTO Adjudicating Bodies; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 4, no 1, pp 155-187 Marceau, Gabrielle and Peter N. Pedersen (1999): Is the WTO Open and Transparent? A Discussion of the Relationship of the WTO with Non- Governmental Organisations and Civil Society’s Claims for More Transparency and Public Participation; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 33, no 1, pp 5-49 275 12. Bibliography Martha, Rutsel Silvestre J. (1997): Representation of Parties in World Trade Disputes; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 31, no 2, pp 83-96 Mavroidis, Petros C. (2002): Proposals for Reform of Article 22 of the DSU: Reconsidering the “Sequencing” Issue and Suspension of Concessions – Taking Care of Business in Geneva; in: Petersmann, Ernst- Ulrich ed. (2002): Preparing the Doha Development Round: Improvements and Clarifications of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding, pp 81-99 Mavroidis, Petros C. (2001): Amicus Curiae Briefs Before The WTO: Much Ado About Nothing; Jean Monnet Working Paper 2/01 Mavroidis, Petros C. (2000): Remedies in the WTO Legal System – Between a Rock and a Hard Place; in: European Journal of International Law, vol 11, no 4, pp 763-813 Mavroidis, Petros C. (2000a): Trade and Environment after the Shrimp/ Turtles Legislation; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 34, no 1, pp 73-88 Mavroidis, Petros C. et al. (1998): Is the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism Responsive to the Needs of the Traders? Would a System of Direct Action by Private Parties Yield Better Results? Panel Discussion at the 6th Geneva Global Arbitration Forum; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 32, no 2, pp 147-165 Mavroidis, Petros C. (1993): Handelspolitische Abwehrmechanismen der EWG und der USA und ihre Vereinbarkeit mit den GATT-Regeln – Eine rechtsvergleichende Analyse der Verordnung 2641/84 (EWG) und “Section 301” des “Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act” von 1988 (USA); Stuttgart: Verlagsgesellschaft Internationales Recht Mavroidis, Petros C. and Werner Zdouc (1998): Legal Means to protect private parties‘ interests in the WTO – The Case of the EC New Trade Barriers Regulation; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 1, no 3, pp 407-432 McCall Smith, James (2003): WTO Dispute Settlement – The Politics of Procedure in Appellate Body Rulings; in: World Trade Review, vol 2, no 1, pp 65-100 McCall Smith, James (2000): The Politics of Dispute Settlement Design – Explaining Legalism in Regional Trade Pacts; in: International Organization, vol 54, no 1, pp 137-180 McDonald, Brian (1998): The World Trading System; Houndsmills: Macmillan McNelis, Natalie (1998): The European Trade Barriers Regulation – A More Effective Instrument; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 1, no 1, pp 149-155 276 Negotiating the Review of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding McNelis, Natalie (1999): Success for Private Complainants Under the EU’s Trade Barriers Regulation; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 2, no 3, pp 519-529 McRae, Donald (2003): Claus-Dieter Ehlermann’s Presentation on ‘The Role and Record of Dispute Settlement Panels and the Appellate Body of the WTO’; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 3, pp 709- 717 Mitchell, Shannon K. (1997): GATT, Dispute Settlement and Cooperation – A Note; in: Economics and Politics, vol 9, no 1, pp 87-93 Monnier, Pierre (2001): The Time to Comply with an Adverse WTO Ruling – Promptness within Reason; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 35, no 5, pp 825-845 Moser, Peter (1990): The Political Economy of the GATT; Grüesch: Rüegger (SIASR series, no 22) Nichols, Philip M. (1996): Participation of Non-Governmental Parties in the World Trade Organization – Extension of Standing in World Trade Organization Disputes to Non-Government Third Parties; in: University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law, vol 17, no 1, pp 295- 330 Nogueira, Gustavo (1996): The First Appellate Body Review: United States – Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 30, no 6, pp 5ff Oesch, Matthias (2003): Standards of Review in WTO Dispute Resolution; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 3, pp 635-659 O’Neal Taylor, Cherie (1997): The Limits of Economic Power – Section 301 and the World Trade Organisation Dispute Settlement System; in: Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, vol 30, pp 209-348 Olivares, gustavo (2001): The Case for Giving Effectiveness to GATT/ WTO Rules on Developing Countries and LDCs; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 35, no 3, pp 545-551 Ortino, Federico and Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann eds. (2003): The WTO Dispute Settlement System 1995-2003; The Hague: Kluwer Law International (Studies in International Law, vol 18) Overbeek, Johannes (1999): Free Trade versus Protectionism – A Source Book of Essays and Readings; Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Padideh, Ala’i (2000): Judicial Lobbying at the WTO – The Debate over the Use of Amicus Curiae Briefs and the US Experience; in: Fordham Journal of International Law; vol 24, Nos. 1 and 2, pp 84-94 277 12. Bibliography Palmer, Erin N. (2002): The World Trade Organization Slips Up – A Critique of the World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Understanding Through the European Union Banana Dispute; in: Tennessee Law Review, vol 69, no 2, pp 443-483 Palmeter, David (1998): The WTO Appellate Body Needs Remand Authority; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 32, no 1, pp 32-41 Palmeter, David and Petros C. Mavroidis (1999): Dispute Settlement in the World Trade Organization – Practice and Procedure; The Hague: Kluwer Park, Young Duk and Marion Panizzon (2002): WTO Dispute Settlement 1995-2001 – A Statistical Analysis; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 5, no 1, pp 221-244 Park, Young Duk and Georg C. Umbricht (2001): WTO Dispute Settlement 1995-2000 – A Statistical Analysis; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 4, no 1, pp 213-230 Park, Young Duk and Barbara Eggers (2000): WTO Dispute Settlement 1995-1999 – A Statistical Analysis; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 3, no 1, pp 193-204 Parlin, C. Christopher (2000): Operation of Consultations, Deterrence and Mediation; in: Law and Policy in International Business, vol 31, no 3, pp 565-572 Pauwelyn, Joost (2002): Proposals for Reforms of Art. 21 of the DSU; in: Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich ed. (2002): Preparing the Doha Development Round: Improvements and Clarifications of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding, pp 67-80 Pauwelyn, Joost (2000): Enforcement and Countermeasures in the WTO – Rules are Rules – Toward a More Collective Approach; in: American Journal of International Law, vol 94, no 2, pp 335-347 Pearlman, Jessica C. (1999): Participation by Private Counsel in World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Proceedings; in: Law and Policy in International Business, vol 30, no 2, pp 399-416 Pescatore, Pierre, Terence P. Stewart, Amy S. Dwyer and Marta M. Prado eds. (2003): Handbook of WTO/GATT Dispute Settlement; Looseleaf Collection; Ardsley, N.Y.: Transnational Publishers Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich (2003): WTO Negotiators Meet Academics – The Negotiations on Improvements of the WTO Dispute Settlement System; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 1, pp 237-250 Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich ed. (2002): Preparing the Doha Development Round – Improvements and Clarifications of the WTO Dispute Settlement 278 Negotiating the Review of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding Understanding; conference report; Florence: European University Institute – Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich (2002a): Additional Negotiation Proposals on Improvements and Clarifications of the DSU; in: Petersmann, Ernst- Ulrich ed. (2002): Preparing the Doha Development Round: Improvements and Clarifications of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding, pp 125- 139 Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich (2000): Prevention and Settlement of International Trade Disputes Between the European Union and the United States; in: Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, vol 8, Spring issue, pp 233-260 Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich (1999): Dispute Settlement in International Economic Law – Lessons for Strengthening International Dispute Settlement in Non-Economic Areas; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 2, no 2, pp 189-248 Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich (1998): How to Promote the International Rule of Law? Contributions by the World Trade Organization Appellate Review System; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 1, no 1, pp 25-48 Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich (1998a): Editorial – From the Hobbesian International Law of Co-Existence to Modern Integration Law – The WTO Dispute Settlement System; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 1, no 2, pp 175-198 Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich (1997): International Trade Law and the GATT/ WTO Dispute Settlement System; The Hague: Kluwer Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich (1997a): The GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System – International Law, International Organizations and Dispute Settlement; London: Kluwer Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich (1992): National Constitutions, Foreign Trade Policy and European Community Law; in: European Journal of International Law, vol 3, no 1, pp 1-35 Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich (1986): Trade Policy as a Constitutional Problem – On the “Domestic Policy Functions” of International Trade Rules; in: Aussenwirtschaft, vol 41, Nos. 2 and 3, pp 405-439 Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich and Mark A. Pollack eds. (2003): Transatlantic Economic Disputes – The EU, the US, and the WTO; Oxford: Oxford University Press 279 12. Bibliography Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich and Detlev Chr. Dicke eds (1988): Foreign Trade in the Present and a New International Economic Order; Fribourg: University Press Puckett, A. Lynne and William L. Reynolds (1996): Rules, Sanctions and Enforcement Under Section 301 – At Odds With the WTO?; in: American Journal of International Law, vol 90, no 4, pp 675-689 Puls, Bret (1999): The Murky Waters of International Environmental Jurisprudence – A Critique of Recent WTO Holdings in the Shrimp/Turtle Controversy; in: Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, vol 8, no 2, pp 343-379 Quick, Reinhard and Andreas Bluthner (1999): Has the Appellate Body Erred? An Appraisal and Criticism of the Ruling in the WTO Hormones Case; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 2, no 4, pp 603-639 Qureshi, Asif H. (1999): Extraterritorial Shrimps, NGOs and the WTO Appellate Body; in: International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol 48, pp 199-206 Raghavan, Chakravarthi (2000): The World Trade Organization and its Dispute Settlement System – Tilting the Balance Against the South; Third World Network TWN; Trade and Development Series no 9; http:// www.twnside.org.sg/title/tilting.htm (downloaded on 22 April 2003) Ragosta, John A. (2000): Unmasking the WTO – Access to the DSB System – Can the WTO DSB Live Up to the Moniker “World Trade Court”?; in: Law and Policy in International Business, vol 31, no 3, pp 739-768 Ragosta, John A., Navin Joneja and Mikhail Zeldovich (2003): You Be the Judge; in: Foreign Affairs, vol 82, no 3, pp 170-171 Ragosta, John, Navin Joneja and Mikhail Zeldovich (no year specified): WTO Dispute Settlement – The System Is Flawed and Must Be Fixed; http:/ / w w w . d b t r a d e . c o m / p u b l i c a t i o n s / wto_dispute_settlement_is_flawed.pdf (visited on 10 September 2003) Rangaswami, Viji (2000): Operation of the Appellate Process and Functions, Including the Appellate Body; in: Law and Policy in International Business, vol 31, pp 701-704 Rawls, John (1971): A Theory of Justice; Harvard: The Belknap Press / Havard University Press Reinhardt, Eric (2001): Adjudication without Enforcement in GATT Disputes; in: Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol 45, no 2, pp 174-195 280 Negotiating the Review of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding Reinhardt, Eric (2001a): Tying Hands Without a Rope – Rational Domestic Response to International Institutional Constraints; in: Drezner, Daniel W. ed. (2003): Locating the Proper Authorities – The Interaction of Domestic and International Institutions, pp 77-104 Reinhardt, Eric (2000): Aggressive Multilateralism – The Determinants of GATT/WTO Dispute Initiation, 1948-1998; Manuscript; http:// userwww.service.emory.edu/~erein/research/initiation.pdf (downloaded on 10 September 2003) Reinhardt, Eric (2000a): To GATT or Not to GATT – Which Trade Disputes Does the US Litigate?; Manuscript; http://userwww.service.emory.edu/ ~erein/research/ tg.pdf (downloaded on 10 September 2003) Richards, Eric L. and Martin A. McCrory (2000): The Sea Turtle Dispute – Implications for Sovereignty, the Environment, and International Trade Law; in: University of Colorado Law Review, vol 71, no 2, pp 295-341 Rhodes, Sylvia A. (2000): The Article 21.5/22 Problem – Clarification Through Bilateral Agreements?; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 3, no 3, pp 553-558 Roessler, Frieder (2003): Comment on a WTO Permanent Panel Body – The Cobra Effects of the WTO Panel Selection Procedures; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 1, pp 230-235 Roessler, Frieder (2002): Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries under the WTO Dispute Settlement System; in: Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich ed. (2002): Preparing the Doha Development Round: Improvements and Clarifications of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding, pp 119-124 Roessler, Frieder (1986): Discussion to Session IV – Competition and Trade Policies – The Constitutional Function of International Economic Law; in: Aussenwirtschaft, vol 41, Nos. 2 and 3, pp 467-474 Rosas, Allan (2001): Implementation and Enforcement of WTO Dispute Settlement Findings – An EU Perspective; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 4, no 1, pp 131-144 Rosendorff, B. Peter (2001): Stability and Rigidity – The Dispute Settlement Procedure of the WTO; Manuscript; http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~bpeter/ papers/dspv4.pdf (downloaded on 24 April 2003) Rosendorff, B. Peter and Helen V. Milner (2001): The Optimal Design of International Trade Institutions – Uncertainty and Escape; in: International Organization, vol 55, no 4, pp 829-858 Salas, Mauricio and John H. Jackson (2000): Procedural Overview of the WTO EC-Banana Dispute; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 3, no 1, pp 145-166 Samahon, Tuan N. (2000): TRIPS Dispute Settlement After the Transition and Moratorium – Nonviolation and Situation Complaints Against Developing Countries; in: Law and Policy in International Business, vol 31, no 3, pp 1051-1076 Sampson, Gary P. and W. Bradnee Chambers (2002) eds.: Trade, Environment, and the Millennium, 2nd ed:; Tokyo/New York: United Nations University Press Samuelson, Paul A. (1971): Ohlin was right; in: Swedish Journal of Economics, vol 73, no 4, pp 365-384 Saner, Raymond (1997): Verhandlungstechnik – Strategie, Taktik, Motivation, Verhalten, Delegationsführung; Berne: Haupt Schaefer, M. (1998): Section 301 and the World Trade Organization: A Largely Peaceful Coexistence To Date; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 1, Iss. 1, pp 156-160 Schede, Christian (1996): The Strengthening of the Multilateral System – Article 23 of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding – Dismantling Unilateral Retaliation under Section 301 of the 1974 Trade Act?; in: World Competition, vol 20, no 1, pp 109-138 Schleyer, Glen T. (1997): Power to the People – Allowing Private Parties to Raise Claims Before the WTO Dispute Resolution System; in: Fordham Law Review, vol 65, pp 2275ff Schott, Jeffrey J. (1994): The Uruguay Round – An Assessment; Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics Schott, Jeffrey J. and Jayashree Watal (2000): Decision-Making in the WTO; Policy Brief 00-2; Washington: Institute for International Economics Schwartz, Warren F. and Alan O. Sykes (2002): The Economic Structure of Renegotiation and Dispute Resolution in the WTO/GATT System; in: Journal of Legal Studies, vol 31, no 1, pp 179-204 Scott, Nancy E. (1996): The WTO Appellate Body and the US-Venezuela Gasoline Dispute; in: International Trade Law and Regulation, vol 2, pp 103ff Sek, Leonore (2002): Trade Retaliation – The “Carousel” Approach; CRS Report for Congress; Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 282 Negotiating the Review of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding Senti, Richard (2000): WTO – System und Funktionsweise der Welthandelsordnung; Zürich: Schulthess Senti, Richard and Patricia Conlan (1998): WTO – Regulation of World Trade after the Uruguay Round; Zürich: Schulthess Senti, Richard (1994): GATT-WTO – Die neue Welthandelsordnung nach der Uruguay-Runde; Zürich: Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung der ETH Sevilla, Christina R. (1998): Explaining Patterns of GATT/WTO Trade Complaints; Working Paper 98/1, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University; http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/sec01 (downloaded on 26 May 2003) Sevilla, Christina R. (1997): A Political Economy Model of GATT/WTO Trade Complaints; Jean Monnet Paper no 5/97 (New York University School of Law) Shaffer, Gregory and Mark A. Pollack (2001) eds.: Transatlantic Governance in the Global Economy; Lanham, MD.: Rowman and Littlefield Shaffer, Gregory (2001): The Blurring of the Intergovernmental – Public- Private Partnerships in the Bringing of US and EC Trade Claims; in: Shaffer, Gregory and Mark A. Pollack eds.: Transatlantic Governance in the Global Economy Shaffer, Gregory (1998): Mechanisms for the Negotiation of International Trade Claims by Public Authorities on Behalf of Private Enterprises in the European Union – A Public-Private Partnership; in: ASIL Proceedings, pp 212-225 Shell, G. Richard (1996): The Trade Stakeholders Model and Participation by Nonstate Parties in the World Trade Organization; in: University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law, vol 17, no 1, pp 359- 382 Shenk, Maury D. (1996): WTO Dispute Settlement Body – Article XX Environmental Exceptions to GATT – National Treatment – Consistency with GATT of US Rules Regarding Imports of Reformulated Gasoline; in: American Journal of International Law, vol 90, pp 669-674 Shoyer, Andrew W. (2003): Panel Selection in WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 1, pp 203- 209 283 12. Bibliography Shoyer, Andrew W. and Eric M. Solovy (2000): The Process and Procedure of Litigating at the World Trade Organisation – A Review of the Work of the Appellate Body; in: Law and Policy in International Business, vol 31, no 3, pp 677-694 Shoyer, Andrew W. (1998): The First Three Years of WTO Dispute Settlement – Observations and Suggestions; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 1, no 2, pp 277-302 Shoyer, Andrew W. (1998a): The Future of WTO Dispute Settlement; in: ASIL Proceedings, 1998, pp 75-79 Sim, Kwan Kiat (2003): Rethinking the Mandatory/Discretionary Legislation Distinction in WTO Jurisprudence; in: World Trade Review, vol 2, no 1, pp 33-64 Simmons, Benjamin (1999): In Search of Balance – An Analysis of the WTO Shrimp/Turtle Appellate Body Report; in: Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, vol 24, no 2, pp 413-454 Slotboom, Marco M. (1999): World Trade Organization – The Hormones Case – An Increased Risk of Illegality of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures; in: Common Market Law Review, vol 36, no 2, pp 471-491 Steger, Debra P. (2002): Improvements and Reform of the WTO Appellate Body; in: Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich ed. (2002): Preparing the Doha Development Round: Improvements and Clarifications of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding, pp 53-66 Steger, Debra P. (2002a): Review of: Barfield, Claude E. (2001): Free Trade, Sovereignty, Democracy – The Future of the World Trade Organization; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 5, no 2, pp 565-570 Steger, Debra P. and Susan M. Hainsworth (1998): World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement – The First Three Years; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 1, no 2, pp 199-226 Steger, Debra P. and Peter Van den Bossche (1998): WTO Dispute Settlement – Emerging Practice and Procedure; in: ASIL Proceedings, 1998, pp 79-86 Stewart, Terence P. ed. (1993): The GATT Uruguay Round – A Negotiating History (1986-1992); The Hague: Kluwer 284 Negotiating the Review of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding Stewart, Terence P. and Amy S. Dwyer (2001): Handbook on WTO Trade Remedy Disputes – The First Six Years (1995-2000); Ardsley: Transnational Publishers Stewart, Terence P. and Amy Ann Karpel (2000): Review of the Dispute Settlement Understanding – Operation of Panels; in: Law and Policy in International Business, vol 31, no 3, pp 593-656 Sundberg, Drew and Edwin Vermulst (2001): The EC Trade Barriers Regulation – An Obstacle to Trade?; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 35, no 5, pp 989-1013 Sykes, Alan O. (1992): Constructive Unilateral Threats in International Commercial Relations – The Limited Case for Section 301; in: Law and Policy in International Business, vol 23, no 2, pp 263-331 Tarullo, Daniel K. (2002): The Hidden Costs of International Dispute Settlement – WTO Review of Domestic Anti-Dumping Decisions; in: Law and Policy in International Business, vol 34, pp 109-181 Thomas, Vinod and John Nash (1991): Best Practices in Trade Policy Reform; Washington, D.C.: The World Bank Thürer, Daniel (1996): WTO-Teilordnung im System des Völker- und Europarechts; in: Thürer, Daniel and Stephan Kux: GATT 94 und die Welthandelsorganisation; Zürich: Schulthess, pp 41-72 Thürer, Daniel and Stephan Kux (1996): GATT 94 und die Welthandelsorganisation; Zürich: Schulthess Trachtman, Joel P. (1999): The Domain of WTO Dispute Resolution; in: Harvard International Law Journal, vol 40, no 1, pp 333-377 Trakman, Leon E. ed. (1997): Dispute Settlement Under the NAFTA – Manual and Source Book; Ardsley, N.Y.: Transnational Publishers Trebilcock, Michael J. and Robert Howse (1999): The Regulation of International Trade, 2nd ed.; London: Routledge Tumlir, Jan (1985): Protectionism – Trade Policy in Democratic Societies; Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Tumlir, Jan (1985a): Europe’s Contribution to World Development; in: Giersch, Herbert ed.: Probleme und Perspektiven der weltwirtschaftlichen 285 12. Bibliography Entwicklung; Schriften des Vereins für Socialpolitik Nr. 148; Berlin: Duncker und Humblot Tumlir, Jan. (1983): International Economic Order and Democratic Constitutionalism; in: ORDO, vol 34, pp 71-83 Tumlir, Jan (1984): Economic policy as a constitutional problem; 15th Wincott memorial lecture; London: Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA Occasional Paper no 70) Umbricht, Georg C. (2001): An “Amicus Curiae Brief” on Amicus Curiae Briefs at the WTO; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 4, no 4, pp 773-794 Union of Industrial and Employers’ Confederations of Europe (UNICE) ed. (2001): Update of UNICE Discussion Paper on WTO Dispute Settlement System; Brussels: 31 May 2001; http://www.unice.org (downloaded on 14 September 2003) Union of Industrial and Employers’ Confederations of Europe (UNICE) ed. (1999): Preliminary UNICE Position on WTO Dispute Settlement; Brussels: 1 October 1999; http://www.unice.org (downloaded on 14 September 2003) Valles, Cherise M. and Brendan McGivern (2000): The Right to Retaliate under the WTO Agreement – The “Sequencing Problem”; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 34, no 2, pp 63-84 Van der Borght, Kim (1999): The Review of the WTO Understanding on Dispute Settlement – Some Reflections on the Current debate; in: American University International Law Review, vol 14, no 4, pp 1223-1243 Van Eeckhaute, Jean Charles (1999): Private Complaints against Foreign Unfair Trade Practices – The EC’s Trade Barriers Regulation, in: Journal of World Trade, vol 33, no 6, pp 199-213 Vermulst, Edwin, Petros C. Mavroidis and Paul Waer (1999): The Functioning of the Appellate Body After Four Years – Towards Rule Integrity; in: Journal of World Trade, vol 33, no 2, pp 1-50 Wasescha, Luzius (2003): Comment on a Permanent Panel Body; in: Journal of International Economic Law, vol 6, no 1, pp 224-227 Waincymer, Jeffrey (2000): Transparency of Dispute Settlement Within the World Trade Organisation; in: Melbourne University Law Review, vol 24, no 3, pp 797-838 286 Negotiating the Review of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding Waincymer, Jeffrey (1996): Reformulated Gasoline under Reformulated WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures – Pulling Pandora Out