Assumption without representation: the unacknowledged abstraction from communities and social goods

Wicks, Rick (2011): Assumption without representation: the unacknowledged abstraction from communities and social goods. Published in: The American Economist , Vol. 57, No. 1 (2012): pp. 78-95.

Abstract

We have not clearly acknowledged the abstraction from unpriceable “social goods” (derived from communities) which, different from private and public goods, simply disappear if it is attempted to market them. Separability from markets and economics has not been argued, much less established. Acknowledging communities would reinforce rather than undermine them, and thus facilitate the production of social goods. But it would also help economics by facilitating our understanding of – and response to – financial crises as well as environmental destruction and many social problems, and by reducing the alienation from economics often felt by students and the public.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: assumptions, communities, general equilibrium, separability, social goods.
• Subjects: A - General Economics and Teaching > A1 - General Economics > A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines; A - General Economics and Teaching > A1 - General Economics > A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values; B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches > B5 - Current Heterodox Approaches > B52 - Institutional ; Evolutionary; D - Microeconomics > D2 - Production and Organizations > D20 - General; Z - Other Special Topics > Z1 - Cultural Economics ; Economic Sociology ; Economic Anthropology > Z13 - Economic Sociology ; Economic Anthropology ; Social and Economic Stratification

References

Ackerman, Frank. 2002. “Still Dead After All These Years: Interpreting the failure of general equilibrium theory.” Journal of Economic Methodology 9 (2): 119-39.

Ackerman, F. 2008. “The Economics of Collapsing Markets.” Real-World Economics Review 48: 279-90, retrieved 30 December 2008 (http://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue48/Ackerman48.pdf).

Ackerman, Frank, and Alejandro Nadal, with Carlo Benetti, Kevin P. Gallagher, and Carlos Salas. 2004. The Flawed Foundations of General Equilibrium: Critical Essays on Economic Theory. London: Routledge.

Ackerman, Frank, David Kiron, Neva R. Goodwin, Jonathan M. Harris, and Kevin Gallagher, editors 1997. Human Well-Being and Economic Goals. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Adaman, Fikret, and Yahya M. Madra. 2002. “Theorizing the ‘Third Sphere’: A critique of the persistence of the ‘economistic fallacy’.” Journal of Economic Issues 36 (4): 1045-78.

Akerlof, George A., and Rachel E. Kranton. 2000. “Economics and Identity.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 115 (3): 715-53.

Akerlof, George A., and Robert J. Shiller. 2009. Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why it Matters for Global Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Anderson, Elizabeth S. 1990. “Is Women’s Labor a Commodity?” Philosophy and Public Affairs 19 (1): 71-92.

Armstrong, Karen. 2001. Islam: A Short History. London: Phoenix.

Arrow, Kenneth J. 1983. “The Organization of Economic Activity: Issues pertinent to the choice of market versus non-market allocation.” Pp. 67-81 in Public Expenditure and Policy Analysis, edited by R. Haveman and J. Margolis. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Originally published in Analysis and Evaluation of Public Expenditures: The PPP System, Vol. 1, 1969. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, pp. 47-64.

Arrow, Kenneth J. 1997. “Invaluable Goods.” Journal of Economic Literature 35 (2): 757-65.

Bakan, Joel. 2003. The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power. Video directed by M. Achbar and J. Abbott. Retrieved 5 May 2010 (http://thecorporation.com/index.cfm?page_id=46).

Bakshi, Rajni. 2004. “Gross National Happiness.” Post-Autistic Economics Review 26: Article 6. Retrieved September 2004 (http://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue26/Bakshi26.htm).

Barber, Benjamin. 1995. Jihad vs. McWorld. New York: Time Books.

Bauman, Zygmunt. 2001. Community: Seeking Safety in an Insecure World. Cambridge, UK: Polity.

Baumol, William J. 1970. Economic Dynamics: An Introduction, 3rd Edition. London: Macmillan.

Bazerman, Charles. 1988. Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Becker, Gary. 1976. The Economic Approach to Human Behavior; Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Becker, Gary. 1991. A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Becker, Gary, and Kevin M. Murphy. 2000. Social Economics: Market Behavior in a Social Environment. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Bell, Daniel. 1976. The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. London: Heinemann.

Bell, Daniel, and Irving Kristol, Editors 1981. The Crisis in Economic Theory. New York: Basic Books.

Bendle, Mervyn F. 2002. “The Crisis of ‘Identity’ in High Modernity.” British Journal of Sociology 53 (1): 1-18.

Benton, Raymond Jr. 1990. “A Hermeneutical Approach to Economics: If economics is not science, and if it is not merely mathematics, then what could it be?” Ch. 3 in Economics as Discourse: An Analysis of the Language of Economists, edited by W. J. Samuels. Boston: Kluwer Academic.

Bergstrom, Theodore C. 1997. “A Survey of Theories of the Family.” Ch. 2 in Handbook of Population and Family Economics, edited by M. R. Rosenzweig and O. Stark. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.

Bloor, Meriel, and Thomas Bloor. 1993. “How Economists Modify Propositions.” Ch. 8 in Economics and Language, edited by W. Henderson, T. Dudley-Evans, and R. Backhouse. London: Routledge.

Boadway, Robin, and Neil Bruce. 1984. Welfare Economics. Oxford: Blackwell.

Bobbitt, Philip. 2002. “Get Ready for the Next Long War: Virtual states are a new, elusive threat.” Time Magazine, September 9. Retrieved 8 March 2011 (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1003220,00.html).

Bodley, John H. 2001. Anthropology and Contemporary Human Problems, 4th Edition. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.

Boli, John. 1995. “The Economic Absorption of the Sacred.” Pp. 93-115 in Rethinking Materialism: Perspectives on the Spiritual Dimension of Economic Behavior, edited by R. Wuthnow. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans.

Boulding, Kenneth E. 1969. “Economics as a Moral Science (AEA presidential address).” American Economic Review 59 (1): 1-12.

Boulding, Kenneth E. 1978. Ecodynamics: A New Theory of Societal Evolution. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

Boulding, Kenneth E. 1985. The World as a Total System. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

Boulding, Kenneth E. 1990. Three Faces of Power. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Boulding, Kenneth E. 1992. “What Went Wrong With Economics?” Ch. 5 in Towards a New Economics: Critical Essays on Ecology, Distribution, and Other Themes, edited by K.E. Boulding. Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar.

Boulding, Kenneth E., Elise Boulding, and Guy M. Burgess. 1980. The Social System of the Planet Earth. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

Bowen, Howard R. 1943. “The Interpretation of Voting in the Allocation of Economic Resources.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 58 (1): 27-48.

Bowles, Samuel. 1991. “What Markets Can – and Cannot – Do.” Challenge 34 (4): 11-6.

Bowles, Samuel. 1998. “Endogenous Preferences: The cultural consequences of markets and other economic institutions.” Journal of Economic Literature 36 (1): 75-111.

Buchanan, James M. 1978. “Markets, States, and the Extent of Morals.” American Economic Review 68 (2): 364-8.

Burenstam Linder, Staffan. 1970. The Harried Leisure Class. New York: Columbia University Press.

Carey, James. 1999. The Dean’s Statement of Educational Policy 1998-99. Santa Fe: St. John’s College.

Chwe, Michael Suk-Young. 2001. Rational Ritual: Culture, Coordination, and Common Knowledge. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Ciscel, David H., and Julia A. Heath. 2001. “To Market, to Market: Imperial capitalism’s destruction of social capital and the family.” Review of Radical Political Economics 33 (4): 401-14.

Cohen, G. A. 1991. Incentives, Inequality, and Community: The Tanner Lecture on Human Values, delivered at Stanford University, May 21-23. Retrieved 4 January 2007 (http://www.tannerlectures.utah.edu/lectures/documents/cohen92.pdf)

Colander, David, Editor. 1996. Beyond Microfoundations: Post-Walrasian Macroeconomics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Commons, John R. 1990 [1934]. Institutional Economics: Its Place in Political Economy, Vol. 1. New Brunswick: Transaction.

Cornes, Richard, and Todd Sandler. 1996. The Theory of Externalities, Public Goods, and Club Goods, 2nd Edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Cornish, Edward. 1997. “Happiness and Wealth.” The Futurist 31 (5): 13-5.

Cowen, Tyler. 2002. Creative Destruction: How Globalization is Changing the World’s Cultures. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Dasgupta, Partha. 1995. An Inquiry into Well-Being and Destitution. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Devine, James G. 2002. “Psychological Autism, Institutional Autism and Economics.” Post-Autistic Economics Review 16: Article 2. Retrieved November 2002 (http://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue16/Devine16.htm).

Duby, Georges. 1980. The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Dunbar, Robin. 1995. The Trouble with Science. London: Faber and Faber.

Dupré, John. 2001. “Economics without Mechanism.” Ch. 16 in The Economic World View: Studies in the Ontology of Economics, edited by U. Mäki. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Durkin, John T. 1999. “Market Size, Optimal Variety and the Gains from Trade in a Model of Monopolistic Competition with Social Goods.” Working paper, mimeo.

Easterlin, Richard A. 1996. Growth Triumphant: The Twenty-first Century in Historical Perspective. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Elster, Jon. 1989. The Cement of Society: A Study of Social Order. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

England, Paula, and Nancy Folbre. 2003. “Contracting for Care.” Pp. 61-80 in Feminist Economics Today: Beyond Economic Man, edited by M. A. Ferber and J. A. Nelson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press..

Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1999. Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economics. New York: Oxford University Press.

Etzioni, Amitai. 1986. “The Case for a Multiple Utility Conception.” Economics and Philosophy 2 (2): 159-84. Reprinted as ch. 4 (pp. 63-89) in Essays in Socio-Economics. 1999. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Etzioni, Amitai. 1988. The Moral Dimension: Toward a New Economics. New York: Free Press.

Etzioni, Amitai. 1995. The Spirit of Community: Rights, Responsibilities, and the Communitarian Agenda. London: Fontana Press.

Etzioni, Amitai. 1996. The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society. New York: Basic Books.

Etzioni, Amitai. 1999. Essays in Socio-Economics. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Etzioni, Amitai, and Paul R. Lawrence, editors. 1991. Socio-Economics: Towards a New Synthesis. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.

Ferber, Marianne A., and Julie A. Nelson, editors. 2003. Feminist Economics Today: Beyond Economic Man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Fine, Ben, and Ellen Leopold. 1997. “Consumerism and the Industrial Revolution.” Pp. 135-7 in The Consumer Society, edited by N. R. Goodwin, F. Ackerman, and D. Kiron. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Fisher, Franklin M. 1989. “Games Economists Play: A noncooperative view,” RAND Journal of Economics 20 (1): 113-24.

Fiske, Alan Page. 1991. Structures of Social Life: The Four Elementary Forms of Human Relations. New York: Free Press.

Fiske, Alan Page. 1997. “Taboo Trade-Offs: Reactions to transactions that transgress the spheres of justice.” Political Psychology 18 (2): 255-97.

Fiske, Alan Page. 2004. “Relational Models Theory 2.0.” Ch. 1 in Relational Models Theory: A Contemporary Overview, edited by N. Haslam. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Folbre, Nancy. 2001. The Invisible Heart: Economics and Family Values. New York: New Press.

Frank, Robert H. 1999. Luxury Fever: Why Money Fails to Satisfy in an Era of Excess. New York: Free Press.

Frank, Robert H., Thomas Gilovich, and Dennis T. Regan. 1993. “Does Studying Economics Inhibit Cooperation?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 7 (2): 159-71.

Frey, Bruno S. 1997. Not Just for the Money: An Economic Theory of Personal Motivation. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

Frey, Bruno S., and Reiner Eichenberger. 1996. “Marriage Paradoxes.” Rationality and Society 8 (2): 187-206.

Friedman, Thomas L. 1989. From Beirut to Jerusalem. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.

Friedman, Thomas L. 2000. The Lexus and the Olive Tree. London: Harper Collins.

Fukuyama, Francis. 1999. The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order. New York: Free Press/Macmillan.

Fullbrook, Edward. 2001. “Real Science is Pluralist.” Post-Autistic Economics Review 5: http://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/wholeissues/issue5.htm (accessed April 2001).

Fullbrook, Edward. 2004. A Guide to What’s Wrong with Economics. London: Wimbledon.

Furner, Mary O. 1975. Advocacy and Objectivity: A Crisis in the Professionalization of American Social Science, 1865-1905. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

Fusfeld, Daniel R. 1985. Economics: Principles of Political Economy, 2nd Edition. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

Giddens, Anthony. 1998. The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

Goodwin, Neva R., Frank Ackerman, and David Kiron, editors. 1997. The Consumer Society. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Hahn, Frank. 1984. Equilibrium and Macroeconomics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Haidt, Jonathan. 2006. The Happiness Hypothesis: Putting Ancient Wisdom to the Test of Modern Science. London: William Heinemann.

Harris, Marvin, and Orna Johnson. 2003. Cultural Anthropology, 6th Edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Hausman, Daniel M. 1992. The Inexact and Separate Science of Economics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Hazlitt, Henry. 1946. Economics in One Lesson. New York: Harper.

Heilbroner, R.L. 1985. The Nature and Logic of Capitalism. New York: W.W. Norton.

Hirsch, Fred. 1976. Social Limits to Growth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Hirschman, Albert O. 1982. “Rival Interpretations of Market Society: Civilizing, destructive, or feeble?” Journal of Economic Literature 20 (4): 1463-84. also published as “Rival Views of Market Society.” Ch. 5 in Rival Views of Market Society and Other Recent Essays (1992). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Hodgson, Geoffrey M. 2004. “On the Problem of Formalism in Economics.” Post-Autistic Economics Review 28: Article 1. http://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue28/Hodgson28.htm (accessed November 2004).

Iannaccone, Laurence R. 1998. “Introduction to the Economics of Religion.” Journal of Economic Literature 36 (3): 1465-95.

Inglehart, Ronald. 1997. Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in Forty-three Societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Jha, Raghbendra. 1998. Modern Public Economics. London: Routledge.

Johansson-Stenman, Olof. 1998. “On the Problematic Link between Fundamental Ethics and Economic Policy Recommendations.” Journal of Economic Methodology 5 (2): 279-313.

Johnson, Allen W., and Timothy Earle. 2000. The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State, 2nd Edition. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Juster, Thomas F. 1973. “A Framework for the Measurement of Economic and Social Performance.” Pp. 25-109 in The Measurement of Economic and Social Performance, Vol. 38 of Studies in Income and Wealth, edited by M. Moss. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Kamarck, Andrew M. 2001. Economics for the Twenty-first Century: The Economics of the Economist-fox. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.

Keen, Steve. 2001. Debunking Economics: The Naked Emperor of the Social Sciences. London: Pluto Press.

King, Mary C. 2003. “Socially Sustainable Development: Integrating feminist, Marxist, and ecological economics.” Paper presented at the ICAPE (International Confederation of Associations for Pluralism in Economics) conference in Kansas City, June.

Klamer, Arjo. 2001. “Making Sense of Economists: From falsification to rhetoric and beyond.” Journal of Economic Methodology 8 (1): 69-75.

Kristol, Irving. 1981. “Rationalism in Economics.” Ch. 11 in The Crisis in Economic Theory, edited by D. Bell and I. Kristol. New York: Basic Books.

Lakoff, George. 2002. Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think, 2nd Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Landsburg, Steven E. 1997. Fair Play: What your Child can Teach you about Economics, Values, and the Meaning of Life. New York: Free Press.

Lane, Robert E. 2000. The Loss of Happiness in Market Democracies. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Lee, Frederic S., and Steve Keen. 2004. “The Incoherent Emperor: A heterodox critique of neoclassical microeconomic theory.” Review of Social Economy 62 (2): 169-99.

Leontief, Wassily. 1947. “Introduction to a Theory of the Internal Structure of Functional Relationships,” Econometrica 15 (4): 361-73.

Lewis, Thomas, Fari Amini, and Richard Lannon. 2000. A General Theory of Love. New York: Random House.

Lifton, Robert Jay. 1993. The Protean Self: Human Resilience in an Age of Fragmentation. New York: Basic Books.

Lindbeck, Assar. 1972. “Rejoinder.” In “Symposium: Economics of the New Left,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 86 (4): 665-83.

Lindsey, Brink. 2001. “The Last Totalitarians,” Washington, DC: Cato Institute. Retrieved 8 March 2011 (http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=10882).

Mäki, Uskali. 1994. “Reorienting the Assumptions Issue.” Ch. 12 in New Directions in Economic Methodology, edited by R. Backhouse. London: Routledge.

Mäki, Uskali. 2001a. “Economic Ontology: What? Why? How?” Ch. 1 in The Economic World View: Studies in the Ontology of Economics, edited by U. Mäki. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Mäki, Uskali. 2001b. “The Way the World Works (www): Towards an ontology of theory choice.” Ch. 19 in The Economic World View: Studies in the Ontology of Economics, edited by U. Mäki. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Marglin, Stephen A. 2007. The Dismal Science: How Thinking Like an Economist Undermines Community, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Marwell, Gerald, and Ruth E. Ames. 1981. “Economists Free Ride, does Anyone Else?” Journal of Public Economics 15 (3): 295-310.

Marx, Karl. 1986 [1887]. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. I. Moscow: Progress Publishers.

Maslow, Abraham. 1954. Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper and Row.

Mayer, Thomas. 1993. Truth versus Precision in Economics. Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar.

Mayer, Thomas. 2001. “Improving Communication in Economics: A task for methodologists.” Journal of Economic Methodology 8 (1): 77-84.

McCloskey, Deirdre. 1990. If You’re So Smart: The Narrative of Economic Expertise. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

McCloskey, Deirdre. 1998. “Bourgeois Virtue and the History of P and S (Presidential address to the Economic History Association).” Journal of Economic History 58 (2): 297-316.

McCloskey, Deirdre. 2000a. How to Be Human* *Though an Economist. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

McCloskey, Deirdre. 2000b. “Why Economic Historians Should Drop Statistical Significance and Seek Oomph.” pp. 194-200 in How to Be Human* *Though an Economist, by D. McCloskey. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

McCloskey, Deirdre. 2000c. “‘Modesty is the Best Policy,’ Says Herbert Stein.” pp. 268-270 in How to Be Human* *Though an Economist, by D. McCloskey. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

McCloskey, Deirdre. 2002. The Secret Sins of Economics. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press.

McCloskey, Deirdre. 2006. The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

McKendrick, Neil, John Brewer, and J. H. Plumb. 1982. The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of 18th-Century England. London: Europa Press.

Minowitz, Peter. 1993. Profits, Priests, and Princes: Adam Smith’s Emancipation of Economics from Politics and Religion. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Mirowski, Philip. 1990. “Walras’ ‘Economics and Mechanics’: Translation, commentary, and context.” Ch. 6 in Economics as Discourse: An Analysis of the Language of Economists, edited by W. J. Samuels. Boston: Kluwer Academic.

Mirowski, Philip. 1994. “What are the Questions?” Ch. 4 in New Directions in Economic Methodology, edited by R. Backhouse. London: Routledge.

Mishan, E.J. 1986. Economic Myths and the Mythology of Economics. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International, and Brighton, UK: Wheatsheaf.

Mishan, E.J. 1993. The Costs of Economic Growth, Revised Edition. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Mithen, Steven. 1996. The Prehistory of the Mind: A Search for the Origins of Art, Religion, and Science. London: Phoenix/Orion Books.

Moss, Milton, editor. 1973. The Measurement of Economic and Social Performance, Vol. 38 of Studies in Income and Wealth. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Musgrave, Richard A. 1969. “Provision for Social Goods.” ch. 6 in Public Economics: An Analysis of Public Production and Consumption and their Relations to the Private Sectors (Proceedings of a conference held by the International Economic Association, 1966), edited by J. Margolis and H. Guitton. London: Macmillan and St. Martin’s Press.

Musgrave, Richard A. 1986. Public Finance in a Democratic Society, Vol. I: Social Goods, Taxation, and Fiscal Policy. Brighton, UK: Wheatsheaf.

Myers, David G. 2000. The American Paradox: Spiritual Hunger in an Age of Plenty. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Myles, Gareth D. 1995. Public Economics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Myrdal, Gunnar. 1969. Objectivity in Social Research. New York: Pantheon Books.

Nathanson, Donald L. 1992. Shame and Pride: Affect, Sex, and the Birth of the Self. New York: W.W. Norton.

Nelson, Julie A. 2006. Economics for Humans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Nelson, Robert H. 1991. Modern Economic Theology: An Historical Inquiry into the Theological Foundations of Modern Economics (also titled Reaching for Heaven on Earth: The Theological Meaning of Economics). Savage, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

Ormerod, Paul. 1994. The Death of Economics. London: Faber and Faber.

Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Perelman, Michael. 2006. Railroading Economics: The Creation of the Free Market Mythology. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Pigou, A.C. 1962 [1932]. The Economics of Welfare, 4th edition. London: Macmillan.

Platteau, Jean-Philippe. 2000. Institutions, Social Norms, and Economic Development. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic.

Plumb, J. H. 1988. “The End of an Epoch.” Pp. 310-21 in Collected Essays Vol. I: The Making of an Historian. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. First published in Horizon 14 (Summer), 1972.

Pepperday, Michael E. 2009. Way of Life Theory: The Underlying Structure of Worldviews, Social Relations and Lifestyles. PhD thesis. Canberra: Australian National University.

Polanyi, Karl. 1968 [1944]. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of our Time. Boston: Beacon. Post-Autistic Economics Network, http://www.paecon.net/ (accessed 8 March 2011).

Prasch, Robert R. 2003. “Are Economists Amoral? Contemporary economic thought and the distinction between values and prices.” Forum for Social Economics 32 (2): 13-22.

Putnam, Robert. 1995. “Bowling Alone: America’s declining social capital.” Journal of Democracy 6 (1): 65-78 (first presented in Uppsala, Sweden).

Putnam, Robert. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Qutb, Sayyid. 1964. Introduction to Milestones (also titled Signposts in the Road), http://www.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/books/milestones/Introduction.asp (accessed 16 December 2006).

Robbins, Lionel. 1932. An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science. London: Macmillan.

Roccas, Sonia, and Clark McCauley. 2004. “Values and Emotions in the Relational Models.” Ch. 9 in Relational Models Theory: A Contemporary Overview, edited by N. Haslam. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Rodrik, Dani. 1997. Has Globalization Gone Too Far? Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.

Rosenberg, Alexander. 1992. Economics: Mathematical Politics or Science of Diminishing Returns? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Rosenberg, Alexander. 1994. “If Economics Isn’t Science, What Is It?” Ch. 21 in The Philosophy of Economics: An Anthology, 2nd Edition, edited by D. M. Hausman. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Originally published in Philosophical Forum 14 (3-4, 1983): 296-314.

Rosenberg, Alexander. 1994. “What is the Cognitive Status of Economic Theory?” Ch. 11 in New Directions in Economic Methodology, edited by R. Backhouse. London: Routledge.

Ruggles, Nancy, and Richard Ruggles. 1973. “A Proposal for a System of Economic and Social Accounts.” Pp. 111-60 in The Measurement of Economic and Social Performance, Vol. 38 of Studies in Income and Wealth, edited by M. Moss. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research..

Samuelson, Paul A., and William D. Nordhaus. 1995. Economics, 15th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Schwartz, Barry. 1987. The Battle for Human Nature: Science, Morality, and Modern Life. New York: W.W. Norton.

Scott, James C. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Seabright, Paul. 2004. The Company of Strangers: A Natural History of Economic Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Sen, Amartya. 1977. “Rational Fools: A critique of the behavioral foundations of economic theory.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 6 (4): 317-44. Reprinted as pp. 84-106 in A. Sen. 1982/97. Choice, Welfare, and Measurement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Sen, Amartya. 1979. “Personal Utilities and Public Judgments: Or, what’s wrong with welfare economics?” Economic Journal 89 (355): 537-58. Reprinted as pp. 327-52 in A. Sen. 1982/97. Choice, Welfare, and Measurement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Sent, Esther-Mirjam. 2003. “Pleas for Pluralism.” Post-Autistic Economics Review 18: Article 1. http://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue18/Sent18.htm (accessed March 2003).

Sent, Esther-Mirjam. 2006. “Pluralism in Economics.” Ch. 5 in Scientific Pluralism (Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science), edited by S. Kellert, H. Longino, and K. Waters. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Shermer, Michael. 2003. “The Domesticated Savage.” Scientific American 289 (3): 340.

Simon, Julian L., and Rita James Simon. 1993. “Do We Really Need All These Immigrants?” Pp. 19-25 in Second Thoughts: Myths and Morals of U.S. Economic History., edited by D. McCloskey. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Simons, Robert G. 1995. Competing Gospels: Public Theology and Economic Theory. Alexandria, NSW: E.J. Dwyer.

Smith, Adam. 1976 [1776]. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Oxford: Clarendon.

Smith, Adam. 1984 [1759]. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund.

Solow, Robert M. 1994. “Science and Ideology in Economics.” Ch. 13 in The Philosophy of Economics: An Anthology, 2nd Edition, edited by D. M. Hausman. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Originally published in The Public Interest 23 (Spring 1971): 94-107.

Stark, Oded. 1999. Altruism and Beyond: An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups, Revised Edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Steiner, Rudolf. 1922. The Three-fold Commonwealth. Translated by E. K. Bowen-Wedgwood. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing. Retrieved 8 March 2011 (http://books.google.com/books?id=oxwJ6_H4FPoC&dq=three-fold%20commonwealth&source=gbs_book_other_versions).

Stiglitz, Joseph E. 1997. Economics, 2nd Edition. New York: W.W. Norton.

Stiglitz, Joseph E. 2002. Globalization and its Discontents. New York: W.W. Norton.

Stiglitz, Joseph E. 2003. The Roaring Nineties: A New History of the World’s Most Prosperous Decade. New York: W.W. Norton.

Stiglitz, Joseph E. 2010. Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy. New York: W.W. Norton.

Strauss, Leo. 1959. What is Political Philosophy? and Other Studies. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

Streeten, Paul. 2004. “What’s Wrong with Contemporary Economics?” mimeo.

Stretton, Hugh. 1999. Economics: A New Introduction. London: Pluto Press.

Sutton, John. 2000. Marshall’s Tendencies: What Can Economists Know? Leuven: Leuven University Press, and Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Temin, Peter. 2006. “The Economy of the Early Roman Empire.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20 (1): 133-51.

Tetlock, Philip E., A. Peter McGraw, and Orie V. Kristel. 2004. “Proscribed Forms of Social Cognition: Taboo trade-offs, blocked exchanges, forbidden base rates, and heretical counterfactuals.” Ch. 8 in Relational Models Theory: A Contemporary Overview, edited by N. Haslam. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Titmuss, Richard M. 1970. The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy. London: George Allen and Unwin.

Toulmin, Stephen. 1992. Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Toulmin, Stephen. 2001. Return to Reason. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Trigilia, Carlo. 2002. Economic Sociology: State, Market, and Society in Modern Capitalism. Oxford: Blackwell.

Varian, Hal R. 2001. “What I’ve Learned about Writing Economics.” Journal of Economic Methodology 8 (1): 131-4.

von Mises, Ludvig. 1963. Human Action: A Treatise on Economics, Revised Edition, New Haven: Yale University Press.

Wallach, Michael A., and Lise Wallach. 1983. Psychology’s Sanction for Selfishness: The Error of Egoism in Theory and Therapy. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

Walras, Leon. 1954 [1926]. Elements of Pure Economics: The Theory of Social Wealth, the William Jaffe translation of the definitive edition of Éléments d’Économie Politique Pure: ou, Théorie de la Richesse Sociale. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

Ward, Benjamin. 1972. What’s Wrong with Economics? London: Macmillan.

Ward, Benjamin. 1979. The Ideal Worlds of Economics: Liberal, Radical, and Conservative Economic World Views. New York: Basic Books.

Weintraub, E. Roy. 1985. General Equilibrium Analysis: Studies in Appraisal. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Weintraub, E. Roy. 1991. Stabilizing Dynamics: Constructing Economic Knowledge. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Weisskopf, Walter A. 1955. The Psychology of Economics. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Weisskopf, Walter A. 1971. Alienation and Economics. New York: Delta.

Westen, Drew. 2007. The Political Brain: The Role of Emotion in Deciding the Fate of the Nation, New York: Public Affairs Press.

Wicks, Rick. 2009. “A Model of Dynamic Balance among the Three Spheres of Society – Markets, Governments, and Communities – Applied to Understanding the Relative Importance of Social Capital and Social Goods.” International Journal of Social Economics 36 (5): 535-65.

Wicks, Rick. 2011. “Markets, Governments – and Communities!” Challenge 54 (4): 65-96.

Wilson, John Oliver. 1991. “Human Values and Economic Behavior: A model of moral economy.” Ch. 14 in Socio-Economics: Towards a New Synthesis., edited by A. Etzioni and P. R. Lawrence. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.

Wuthnow, Robert, editor. 1995. Rethinking Materialism: Perspectives on the Spiritual Dimension of Economic Behavior. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans.

Zohar, Danah. 1990. The Quantum Self: Human Nature and Consciousness Defined by the New Physics, also subtitled A Revolutionary View of Human Nature and Consciousness Rooted in the New Physics. New York: Quill/William Morrow.