Gender Employment Longevity: I.T Staff Response to Organizational Support in Pakistan

Haque, Adnan ul and Yamoah, Fred (2014): Gender Employment Longevity: I.T Staff Response to Organizational Support in Pakistan. Published in: International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences , Vol. 4, No. 12 (8 January 2015): pp. 324-347.

Abstract

This research attempts to explain reasons behind employment longevity on the basis of gender among the I.T staff. Previous empirical researches have confirmed the correlation between organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and organisational support programme. However, most researches were single dimension primarily due to their focus on establishing the relationship between above mentioned variables in different organisational settings whereas, this research mainly explore on the grounds of gender’s impact of organisational support programme on the affective, normative, and continuance commitment of I.T staff. Furthermore, the causes and consequences of organisational support programme on I.T personnel is elaborated though "Hypothetico-Inductive-Deductive Model". This cross sectional study is commenced at Incisivesoft (I.T firm), following post-positivism research philosophy. Mixed research method has been used to explore both qualitative as well quantitative aspects related to research problem, using "Online Survey questionnaire" and "In-depth Interviews" as main research instruments used to collect responses from the sample size of 103 participants. The results reveal that organisational support programme has more impact on the female professionals in the I.T firms as compare to male staff. In the comparative analysis of three dimensions of organizational commitment, normative commitment and continuance commitment is high in female employees whereas male employees have high affective commitment. Moreover, research found that cultural influence is key factor for female's strong obligation towards firm. On the other hand, majority of male employees have "situational commitment" which reflects that their performance is highly driven by the situation at hand. Furthermore, this paper found that female employees are more loyal towards organisation whereas male are high performers but have low level of loyalty towards the organisation due to intense competition in the I.T sector of Pakistan.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: Impact, Female Professionals, Organizational Commitment, Organizational Support Programme, Employees Job Performance, Study of I.T Firm
• Subjects: L - Industrial Organization > L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior > L20 - General; L - Industrial Organization > L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior > L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm; L - Industrial Organization > L8 - Industry Studies: Services > L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services; L - Industrial Organization > L8 - Industry Studies: Services > L86 - Information and Internet Services ; Computer Software; M - Business Administration and Business Economics ; Marketing ; Accounting ; Personnel Economics > M0 - General

References

Ahmad, Z. A., and Yekta, Z. A. (2010). Relationship between perceived organizational support, leadership behavior, and job satisfaction: An empirical study in Iran. Intangible Capital. 6, 2, 160-185.

Allen, J.N. and Meyer, P.J. (1990), “The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization”, Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1- 18.

Allen N. J, and Meyer, J. P. (1996). Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization: An Examination of Construct Validity. Journal of Vocational Behaviour. 49, 3, 250-278.

Allen, M. W., Armstrong, D. J., Reid, M. F. and Riemenschneider, C. K. (2008), “Factors impacting the perceived organizational support of IT employees”, Information & Management, 45, 556-563.

Alvi, A. K., and Abbasi, A. S. (2012). Impact of Organizational Justice on Employee Engagement in Banking Sector of Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 12, 5, 643-649.

Angle, H. L., and Perry, J. L. (1981). An Empirical Assessment of Organizational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 1, 1-14.

Aselage J. and Eisenberger, R. (2003). Perceived organizational support and psychological contracts: a theoretical integration. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 24, 490-505.

Aube, C., Rousseau, V. and Morin, M.E. (2007), “Perceived organizational support and organizational commitment: The moderating effect of locus of control and work autonomy”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 5, 479-495.

Bartlett, K. R., & Kang, D. S. (2004). Training in organizational commitment in response to industry and organizational change in New Zealand and the United States. Human Resource Development International, 7, 4, 423-440.

Bateman, T. & Strasser, S. (1984). “A longitudinal analysis of the antecedents of organizational commitment”. Academy of Management Journal, 21, 95-96.

Boehman, R. (2006), “Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment among Student Affairs Professionals”, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.

Bolon, D.S. (1993). “Organizational Citizenship Behaviour Among Hospital Employees: A Multidimensional Analysis Involving job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment”. Hospital & Health Services Administration, 42, 2, 221-241.

Brown, R. B, 2006, Doing Your Dissertation in Business and Management: The Reality of Research and Writing, Sage Publications.

Buchanan, B.II. (1974), “Building organizational commitment: The socialization of managers in work organizations”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 19, 4, 533-546.

Canipe, (2006), “Relationships among Trust, Organizational Commitment, Perceived Organizational Support, and Turnover Intentions”, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation.

Chen, Y.J. (2007), “Relationship among service orientation, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment in the international tourist hotel industry”, Journal of American Academy of Business, 11, 2, 71-82.

Creswell, J.W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among Ive approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Colakglu, U., and Culha, O. (2010). The Effects of Perceived Organisational Support on Employees' Affective Outcomes: Evidence from hotel Industry. Tourism and Hospitality Management. 16, 2, 125-150.

Currivan, D.B. (1999), “The causal order of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in models of employee turnover”, Human Resource Management Review, 9, 4, 495-524.

Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 1–32). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C. Sucharski, I.L. and Rhoades, L. (2001), “Perceived supervisor support: Contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 3, 565-573.

Eisenberger, R. Cummings, J. Armeli, S. and Lynch, P. (1997), “Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment, and job satisfaction”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 5, 800-825.

Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S. and Sowa, D. (1986), “Perceived organizational support”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 3, 05.

Eriksson, P., and Kovalainen, A. (2008). Qualitative Methods in Business Research. SAGE Publications, 30 Mar 2008 - Business & Economics.

Etzioni, A., and Gross, E. (1985). Organizations in society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Frederick J. S., Orife, J. N., and Anderson, F. P., (2010). "Effects of Commitment to Corporate Vision on Employee Satisfaction with Their Organization: An Empirical Study in the United States," International Journal of Management, 27, 3.

Fuller, J.B., Barnett, T., Hester, K. and Relyea, C. (2003), “A social identity perspective on the relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational commitment”, The Journal of Social Psychology, 143, 6, 789-791.

Gaertner, S. (1999), “Structural determinants of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in turnover models”, Human Resource Management Review, 9, 4, 479-493.

Gokul. A (2012). “The study on work engagement, perceived organizational support and affective commitment among employees of a petrochemical industry”. Unplublished MBA project dissertation, University of Madras.

Greenberg, J. (2005). Managing Behaviour in Organizations 4th ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood.

Gu, Z. and Siu, R.C.S. (2009), “Drivers of job satisfaction as related to work performance in Macao casino hotels: An investigation based on employee survey”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21, 5, 561-578.

Gunlu, E., Aksaraylı, M. and Perçin, N.S. (2010), “Job satisfaction and organizational commitment of hotel managers in Turkey”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22, 5, 693-717.

Hair, J. F., Babin, B., Money, A. H. and Samouel, P. (2007), Research Methods for Business, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

Halepota, J. A., and Irani, Z. (2010). The Impact of Organisational Antecedents on Employee Job Satisfaction. An empirical Evaluation of Public Sector Employees in Pakistan. European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2010 (EMCIS2010).

Hassan, S., Hassan, M.U., and Shoaib. M. (2014). Measuring the Impact of Perceived Organization Support, Psychological Empowerment and Rewards on Employees’ Satisfaction: Testing the Mediating Impact of Employee Engagement. World Applied Sciences Journal 30, 5, 652-660.

Hassan, M.U., Bano. T., Shaukat, S., and Nawaz, M. S. (2013). Antecedents of Organizational Commitment: A Case of Banking Sector of Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 24, 12, 1621-1628.

Hatch, M. J. and Cunliffe, A. L. (2006), Organization Theory, 2nd ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Hazer, J. T., and Williams, L. J. (1986). Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and commitment in turnover models: a re-analysis using talent variable structural equation methods, Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 1, 215-235.

Hemdi, M. A. (2009). "Investigating Hotel Employees' Organisational Commitment: The Influence of Human Resource Management Practices and PErceived Organizational Support". Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts, 1, 3, 1-20.

Hunt, J., and Morgan, P. (1994), “Organizational Commitment: One of Many Commitments or Key Mediating Construct”, The Academy of Management Journal, 37, 6, 1568-1587.

Islam, T., Khan, S.R., Alia, G., Ahmed, I., and Bowrad, Z. A. (2014) Turnover Intentions: The Influence of Perceived Organizational Support and Organizational Commitment. 103, 26, 1238–1242.

Ivancevich, J. M., and Matteson, M. T. (2002). Organizational Behavior and Management. 6th Ed. New York. McGraw-Hill Companies. 20-75.

Jang News, (2013). Rapid increase in I.T sector's growth. November, press release.

Janis, N. A. (1989). Organizational commitment, career factors and career/life stage. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10, 247-266.

Judeh, M. (2014). Mediating Effects of Organisational commitment on the relationship between perceived organisational support and job satisfaction. Presented in Business-Related-Scientific-Research Conference Press.

Kanter, R.M. (1968), “Commitment and social organizations: A study of commitment mechanisms in Utopian communities”, American Sociological Review, 33, 4, 499-517.

Karatepe, M.O. and Uludag, O. (2007), “Conflict, exhaustion, and motivation: A study of frontline employees in Northern Cyprus hotels”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26, 3, 645-665.

Karrasch, R. (2003), “Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Commitment”, Military Psychology, 15, 3, 225-36.

Khan, M., Mahmood, H. Z., Akhtar, S., and Muhmood, K. (2014). Understanding Employment Situation of Women: A District Level Analysis. International Journal of Gender and Women's Studies, 2, 2, 167-175.

Kralj A. L., and Solnet, D. J. (2011). The influence of perceived organizational support on engagement: a cross-generational investigation in the hospitality industry. 2011 ICHRIE Conference.

LaMastro, V. (2008), Commitment and perceived organizational support, National Forum, 19, 1, 03-04.

Lam, T. and Zhang, H.Q. (2003), “Job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the Hong Kong fast food industry”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 15, 4, 214-220.

Lio, K. (1995). Professional orientation and organizational commitment among public employees: an empirical study of detention workers. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 5, 240-241.

Locke, E.A. (1977), “The nature and causes of job satisfaction”, In Dunnette, M.D. (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1297-1349.

Lok, P. and Crawford, J. (2001), “Antecedents of organizational commitment and the mediating role of job satisfaction”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16, 8, 594-613.

Madi M., and Dr. Jarad, I. S.(2012). Employees’ Perception and Organizational Commitment: A Study on the Banking Sector in Gaza, Palestine. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3, 16 [Special Issue – August 2012].

Malik, M. E., Dr. Nawab, S., Naeem, B., and Danish, R. Q. (2010). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment of University Teachers in Public Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 5, 6, 25-33.

Martins, N., & Coetzee, M. (2007). Organisational culture, employee satisfaction, perceived leader emotional competency and personality type: An exploratory study of a South African engineering company. SA Journal for Human Resource Management/SA Tydskrif vir Menslikehulpbronbestuur, 5, 2, 20–32.

Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M., (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108,2, 171-194.

Maxwell, G, and Steele, G. (2003). “Organisational commitment: a study of managers in hotels”. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 15,7, 362 -369.

Meyer, J.P. and Allen, N.J. (1997), Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research and Application, Sage Publishes, London.

Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., and Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organisation: A Meta-analysis of Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences.

Miarkolaei, H & Miarkolaei, H. (2014). An investigation on relationship between employees’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Management Science Letters, 4, 4, 669-678.

Mishra, D., Kapse, S., and Bavad, D. (2013). Employee Engagement at Banks in Kutch. International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM). 2, 7, 09-13.

Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., and Porter, L. W. (1982), “Employee-Organizational Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Turnover, and Absenteeism”, New York: Academic Press.

Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M. and Porter, L. W. (1979), “The measurement of organizational commitment”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224-247.

Nijhof, W.J., De Jong, M.J., & Beukhof, G. (1998). Employee commitment in changing organizations: an exploration. Journal of European Industrial Training, 22, 243-248.

Perry, J. (1997). “Antecedents of Public Service Motivation”. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 7, 2, 181-197.

Porter, L. W., Steers, M. R., Mowday, T. R. and Boulian, V. P. (1974), “Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 5, 603-609.

Randall, M.L., Cropanzano, R., Bormann, C.A., Birjulin, A. (1999), “Organizational politics and organizational support as predictors of work attitudes, job performance, and organizational citizenship behavior”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 2, 159-174.

Reed, S.A., Kratchman, S.H. and Strawser, R.H. (1994), “Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions of United States accountants: The impact of locus of control and gender”, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 7, 1, 31-58.

Reichers, A. (1985). “A review and reconceptialitzion of organizational commitment”. The Academy of Management Review¸10, 3, 465-476.

Reyes, P., and Pounder, D. G. (1993). Organizational orientation in public and private elementary schools. The Journal of Educational Research, 87, 86-93.

Rhoades, L. and Eisenberger, R. (2003), “Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 4, 698-714.

Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R. and Armeli, S. (2002), “Affective commitment to the organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 5, 825-836.

Riggle, R.J., Edmondson, D.R. and Hansen, J.D. (2009), “A meta-analysis of the relationship between perceived organizational support and job outcomes: 20 years of research”, Journal of Business Research, 62, 10, 1027-1030.

Robins, S.P. and Judge, T.A. (2009), Organizational Behavior, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 64-65.

Robbins P., and Coulter, M. R. (2003), “Management”, 7th ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Robson, C. 1993, Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioners-Researchers, Blackwell, Oxford.

Rutherford, B., Boles, J. S., Hamwi, G. A., and Rutherford, L. G. (2010). Perceived organizational support and the seven facets of salesperson job satisfaction. Journal of Selling & Major Account Management. Winter Edition.

Saari, L. M., and Judge, T. A. (2004). Employee Attitudes and Job Satisfaction. Human Resource Management, Winter 2004, 43, 4, 395–407.

Samuels, T. (2004). Qualitative methods in social researches. SAGE Publication.

Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2009), Research Methods for Business Students, 6th ed, Prentice Hall Financial Times, Harlow.

Schwepker, C.H. (2001), “Ethical climate’s relationship to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention in the salesforce”, Journal of Business Research, 54, 39-52.

Seidu, P. A., and Boache-Mansah, F. O., (2012). Employees’ Perception of Performance Appraisal System: A Case Study: Educational Sector. International Journal of Business and Management, 7, 2, 31-39.

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (5th ed.). West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Sempane, M. E., Rieger, H. S. & Roodt, G. (2002). Job satisfaction in relation to organisational culture. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 28, 2, 23–30.

Shaukat, M. Z., Dr. Senin, A. A., and Ahmed, I. (2012). An exchange perspective of job satisfaction: A study of banking sector of Pakistan. Business Management Dynamics. 1, 2, 59-65.

Sheldon, M. (1971). Investments and involvements as mechanisms producing commitment to the organization. Administrative Science Quarterly. 16; 143-150.

Silva, P. (2006), “Effects of disposition on hospitality employee job satisfaction and commitment”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18, 4, 317-328.

Stamper, C. L. and Johlke, M. C. (2003), “The impact of perceived organizational support on the relationship between boundary spanner role stress and work outcomes”, Journal of Management, 29, 4, 569-588.

Steers, R.M. (1977), “Antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 1, 46-56.

Suleiman W. (2013) A Study of Causes of Poor Attitude to Work among workers of both Public and Private Sectors Organizations. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. 3, 7, 05-11.

Susskind, A.M., Borchgrevink, C.P., Kacmar, K.M. and Brymer, R.A. (2000), “Customer service employees’ behavioral intentions and attitudes: An examination of construct validity and a path model”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 19, 1, 53-77.

Tan, S. L.C., and Lau, C. M. (2012). The Impact of Performance Measures on Employee Fairness Perceptions, Job Satisfaction and Organisational Commitment. 10, 2. JMAR.

Tansky, W.J. and Cohen, J.D. (2001), “The relationship between organizational support, employee development, and organizational commitment: An empirical study”, Human Resource Development Quarterly, 12, 3, 285-300.

Tashakori, A., and Teddlie, C. (2003). Handbook of mixed-methods in social and behavioural research (pp. ix-xv). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Turner and Chelladurai, 2005; Turner, Chelladurai, (2005), “Organizational and Occupational Commitment, Intention to Leave, and Perceived Performance of Intercollegiate Coaches”, Journal of Sport Management, 19, 193-211.

Ucar, D., and Utken, A.B. (2010). Perceived Organizational Support and Organizational Commitment: The Mediating Role of Organization Based Self-Esteem. 25, 2, 21-28.

Uchenna, O. C., Tolulope, A, Ayeerun, O. T., (2013) Perceived Organizational Support and Some Demographic Variables Predicting Organizational Commitment of Non-Teaching Employees in a State-Owned Nigerian, 21, 1.

Walliman, N. (2001). Your Research Project: a step-by-step guide for the first-time researcher. London. SAGE. P. 194.

Waqas, M., Qureshi, T. M., Anwar, F., and Haroon, S. (2012). Job Satisfaction of Educationists: An important Antecedent for Enhancing Service Quality in Education Sector of Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (OMAN Chapter) 2, 2.

Weiner, Y. (1982). "Commitment in Organization: A Normative View". Academy of Management Review, 7, 418-428.

Wickramasinghe, D., and Wickramasinghe, V. (2012). "Effects of perceived organisational support on participation in decision making, affective commitment and job satisfaction in lean production in Sri Lanka", Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 23, 2,157 - 177.

Yanez, B. C., Figueroa, A. J. (2011). Psychological well-being, perceived organizational support and job satisfaction amongst Chilean prison employees. 13, 91-99.

Yang, J. T. (2010), “Antecedents and consequences of job satisfaction in the hotel industry”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 4, 609-619.

Yoon, J. and Thye, S. R. (2002), “A dual process model of organizational commitment: Job satisfaction and organizational support”, Work and Occupations, 29, 1, 97-124.