From Conventional to Knowledge Based Geographical Information Systems

Fischer, Manfred M. (1994): From Conventional to Knowledge Based Geographical Information Systems. Published in: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems , Vol. 18, No. 4 (1994): pp. 233-242.

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (Al) has received an explosion of interest during the last five years in various fields. There is no longer any question that expert systems and neural networks will be of central importance for developing the next generation of more intelligent geographic information systems. Such knowledge based geographic information systems will especially play a key role in spatial decision and policy analysis related to issues such as environmental monitoring and management, land use planning, motor vehicle navigation and distribution logistics. This paper sketches briefly the major characteristics of conventional geographic information systems, and then looks at some of the potentials of Al principles and techniques in a GIS environment where emphasis is laid on expert systems and artificial neural networks technologies and techniques.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: n.a.
• Subjects: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods > C5 - Econometric Modeling > C54 - Quantitative Policy Modeling

References

Brooks, R.A. (1983), Model-based three-dimensional interpretation of two-dimensional images, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-5, pp. 140-150.

Burrough, P.A. (1991), Intelligent geographic information systems: A case for formalizing what we already know, Workshop on European Research in Geographical Information Systems (GIS), 24-26 January 1991, Davos, Switzerland.

Fischer, M.M. (1993), Expert systems and artificial neural networks for spatial analysis and modelling: Essential components for knowledge-based geographical information systems, Geographical Systems, 1 (in press).

Fischer, M.M. and Gopal, S. (1992), Neural networks: General principles with an application to modelling telephone communication, Paper prepared for the Symposium of the IGUCommission on Mathematical Modelling, Princeton, August 1992.

Fischer, M.M. and Gopal, S. (1993), Neurocomputing - a new paradigm for geographic information processing, Environment and Planning A (in press).

Fischer, M:M. and Nijkamp, P. (eds.) (1992a), Geographic Information Systems, Spatial Modelling and Policy Evaluation. Springer: Berlin et al.

Fischer, M.M. and Nijkamp, P. (1992b), Geographic information systems and spatial analysis, The Annals of Regional Science, 26, pp. 3-17.

Fischer, M.M. and Nijkamp, P. (1992c), Design and use of geographic information systems and spatial models. In M.M. Fischer and P. Nijkamp (eds.), Geographic Information Systems, Spatial Modelling and Policy Evaluation, pp. 3-13. Springer: Berlin et al.

Fischer, M.M. and Nijkamp, P. (1992d), Geographic information systems and spatial modelling: Potentials and bottlenecks. In J. Harts, H. Ottens and H. Scholten (eds.), EGIS'92. Conference Proceedings, pp. 214-225. GIS-Foundation: Utrecht.

Franklin, W.R. and Wu, P.Y.F. (1987), A polygon overlay system in PROLOG, Proceedings of AUTOCARTO 8, pp. 97-106. ASPRS/ACSM: Falls Church, Virginia.

Goldberg, M., Alvo, M. and Karam, G. (1984), The analysis of LANDSAT imagery using an expert system: Forestry applications, Proceedings of AUTOCARTO 6, pp. 493-503. ASPRS/ ACSM: Falls Church, Virginia.

Goodchild, M.F. (1991), Progress on the GIS research agenda. In: J. Harts, H.F.L. Ottens and H.J. Scholten (eds.), EGIS'91. Proceedings, Second European Conference on Geographical Information Systems, Volume 1, pp. 342-350. EGIS Foundation: Utrecht.

Gopal, S. and Fischer, M.M. (1993), Neural net based interregional telephone traffic models, Paper to be presented at the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks IJCNN'93, Nagoya, Japan, October 25-29, 1993.

Han, S.-Y. and Kim, T.J. (1990), Intelligent urban information systems. In: T.J. Kim, L.L. Wiggins and J.R. Wright (eds.), Expert Systems: Applications to Urban Planning, pp. 241-264. Springer: New York et al.

Hecht-Nielsen, R. (1990), Neurocomputing. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Laurema, M., Jaakkola, 0., Tapani, S. and Schylberg, L. (1991), Formalization of cartographic knowledge using an expert system shell. Reports of the Finnish Geodetic Institute, 91/3. Helsinki.

Leung, Y. (1992), Towards the development of an intelligent decision support system. In: M.M. Fischer and P. Nijkamp (eds.), Geographic Information Systems, Spatial Modelling and Policy Evaluation, pp. 131-145. Springer: Berlin et al.

Nickerson, B.G. (1988), Automated cartographic generalization of linear features, Cartographica, 25(3), pp. 15-26.

Openshaw, S. (1990), A spatial analysis research strategy for the Regional Research Laboratory Initiative, Regional Research Laboratory Initiative Discussion Paper No. 3.

Openshaw, S. (1992a), Some suggestions concerning· the development of artificial intelligence tools for spatial modelling and analysis in GIS. In: M.M. Fischer and P. Nijkamp (eds.), Geographic Information Systems, Spatial Modelling and Policy Evaluation, pp. 17-33. Springer: Berlin et al.

Openshaw, S. (l 992b ), Modelling spatial interactions using a neural net. In: M.M. Fischer and P. Nijkamp (eds.), Geographic /nfonnation Systems, Spatial Modelling and Policy Evaluation, pp. 147-164. Springer: Berlin et al.

Pearson, E.J., Wadge, G. and Wislocki, A.P. (1992), An integrated expert system/GIS approach to modelling and mapping natural hazards. In: J. Harts, H.F.L. Ottens and H.J. Scholten (eds.), EGIS'92. Proceedings, Third European Conference on Geographical Information Systems, Volume 1, pp. 762-771. EGIS Foundation: Utrecht.

Robinson, G.J. and Zaltash, A. (1989), Application of expert systems to topographic map generalisation, Proceedings of the Association for Geographic Infonnation Conference (AG/ 89), A3 1-A3 6.

Robinson, V.B., Frank, A.U. and Karimi, H.A. (1987), Expert systems for geographic information systems in resource management, AI Applications in Natural Resource Management, 1, pp. 47-57.

Smith, T.R. and Yiang, J. (1991), Knowledge-based approaches in GIS. In: D. Maguire, M. Goodchild and D. Rhind (eds.), Geographical Information Systems. Volume 1: Principles, pp. 413-425. Longman: London.

Smith, T.R, Menon, S., Star, J.L. and Estes, J.E. (1987a), Requirements and principles for the implementation and construction of large-scale geographic information systems, International Journal of Geographic lnfonnation Systems, 1, pp. 13-31.

Smith, T.R., Peuquet, D.J., Menon, S. and Agarwal, P. (1987b), KBGIS-II: A knowledgebased geographical information system, International Journal of Geographic Infonnation Systems, 1, pp. 149-172.

Star, J. and Estes, J. (1990), Geographic Information Systems. An Introduction. Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, N.Y.

Tanic, E. (1986), Urban planning and artificial intelligence: The URBYS System, Computer Environment and Urban Systems, 10, pp.135-146.

Webster, C.J. (1989), Point-in-polygon processing in PROLOG, Technical Reports in Geolnfonnation Systems, 17. Wales and South West RRL, University of Wales, College of Cardiff.

Weibel, R. (1991), Amplified intelligence and rule-based systems. In: B.P. Buttenfield and R.B. McMaster (eds.), Map Generalization: Making Rules for Knowledge Representation, pp. 172-186. Longman: Harlow, Essex.

Wilson, G.V. and Pawley, G.S. (1988), On the stability of the traveling salesman problem algorithm of Hopfield and Tank, Biological Cybernetics, 58, pp. 63-70.