Livlihood Diversification and Opinion Polls’ Analysis: Evidence From Tharparkar-Sindh (Pakistan)

Herani, Gobind M. (2008): Livlihood Diversification and Opinion Polls’ Analysis: Evidence From Tharparkar-Sindh (Pakistan).

Abstract

In this paper attempt has been made: (i) to analyse the opinion poll of Thareies about livilihood and its diversifaction, (ii) to identify the livlihood available resources and attitute of Thareis to these resoures. Answers of the poll questions are analysed accordingly and coclusions are drawn from this analysis. Study reveals that Tharis like agriclture and main source of it is the livestock. It is the sustanable source of income. Agriculture is fail due to shortage of rain fall. Goats and sheep are the main much growing vareites of livestock. Every body want to rear it with intrest because, it is easily saleable and cashable. Attitude of Tharis shows that some people are ready to divert from conventional agriculture and adopt the other opportunity. Therefore awareness of new opportunity is needed .

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: Livlihood Diversification, Tharparkar, Agriculture, Livstock, Sustainable Source
• Subjects: D - Microeconomics > D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics > D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation; D - Microeconomics > D3 - Distribution > D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions; I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty > I31 - General Welfare, Well-Being; D - Microeconomics > D3 - Distribution > D33 - Factor Income Distribution; J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor > J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity

References

Abdulai, A. and A. Crole Rees (2001), Determinants of Income Diversification amongst Rural Households in Southern Mali, Food Policy, 26: 437-452

Ashley (2000), Applying Livelihood Approaches to Natural Resources Management Initiatives: Experiences in Namibia and Kenya. Working Paper 134; Overseas Development Institute, U.K

Bryceson, D. (2000), Rural Africa at the Crossroads: Livelihood Practices and Policies, ODI Natural Resource Perspectives, No.52.

Bryceson, D.F. and V. Jamal (Eds) (1997), Farewell to Farms: Deagrarianisation and Employment in Africa, Research Series No. 1997/10, Leiden, Netherlands: African Studies Centre

Bryceson, D.F. and L. Bank (2001), End of an Era: Africa’s Development Policy Parallax, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1: 5-23

Bryceson, D.F. (2002), The Scramble in Africa: Reorienting Rural Livelihoods, World Development, Vol. 30, No. 5, May

Center for Economic and Social Studies (2003), Andhra Pradesh District Poverty Initiatives Project (APDPIP): Baseline Survey Report in Sustainable Livelihood Framework

D’Silva E, Wani S.P and Naganath B. (2004), The Making of New Powerguda Community Empowerment and New Technologies Transform a Problem Village in Andhra Pradesh.

Dercon. S. and P. Krishnan (1996), Income Portfolios in Rural Ethiopia and Tanzania: Choices and Constraints, Journal of Development Studies, 32 (6): 850-875.

District Census Report of Tharparkar 1998, (Islamabad: population census organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. September 1999).

Ellis, Frank (1998), Household Strategies and Rural Livelihood Diversification, The Journal of Development Studies, (35) 1: 1-38

Ellis, Frank (1999), Rural Livelihood Diversity in Developing Countries: Evidence and Policy Implications, Natural Resource Perspectives Number 40, ODI. http://www.odi.org.uk/nrp/40.html

Ellis, Frank (2000), Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ellis, F. and H.A. Freeman (2004), Rural Livelihoods and Poverty Reduction Strategies in Four African Countries, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 40, No. 4, April

Ellis, F. and N. Mdoe, (2003), Livelihoods and Rural Poverty Reduction in Tanzania, World Development, Vol. 31, No. 8:1367-1384

Economic Survey (2005-06), Economic Survey, State Bank of Pakistan, Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan

Floyd, C., Harding, A-H., Paudel, K.C., Rasali, D.P., Subedi, K and Subedi, P.P. (2002), Household Adoption and The Associated Impact of Multiple Agricultural Technologies in the Western Hills of Nepal, Agricultural Systems Vol. 76: 715-738.

Francis, E. (2000), Making a Living: Changing Livelihoods in Rural Africa. Routledge: London

Gwynne, R.N. and T. Klak, and D.J.B. Shaw (2003), Alternative Capitalism: Geographies of Emerging regions, London: Arnold.

Grant, R. and J. Nijman (2004), The Re-Scaling of Uneven Development in Ghana and India, Tijdschrift voor Economche en Sociale Geografie 95(5):467-481

Garforth, C.J., Y.B. Malla, R. p. Neopane, and B.H. Pandit, (1999), Socioeconomic Factors and Agro-Forestry Improvements in the Hills of Nepal, Mountain Research and Development Vol. 19, No. 3: 273-278.

Hussein, Karim and John Nelson (1999), Sustainable Livelihoods and Diversification, IDS Working Paper 69, London: Institute of Development Studies.

Hassan, Arif and Fiona A. Hardy.1993. Tharparkar rural Development Project (TRDP) Evaluation 1993, (Government of Sindh, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Save the Children Fund (SCF)-U.K)

Herani, Gobind M. (2002), A Comparative Study of Agro-based industry of Tharparkar with Canal Barrage Area Sindh (1988-2000) Suggested Techniques Leading to an Industrial Economy. Sindh: PhD Theses, Department of Economics, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, April: 253

Herani, Gobind M., Allah Wasayo Rajar and Muhammad Ali Khaskheli (2007), Reforming Farmland and Rangeland at Tharparkar: Suggested Implementations for Income Generation. Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1: 16-36 (Spring)

Herani, Gobind M., Allah Wasayo Rajar, Noor Zaman and Adnan Alam (2007), Knowledge Transformation and Economic Development: The Role of Digital Technology-An Analysis, Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1: 37-50 (Spring)

Herani, Gobind M., Allah Wasayo Rajar and Ali Akbar Dhakan (2007), Demographic, Social and Economic Changes and Future Prospects of Tharparkar District (188-2006), Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 2:107-128 (Fall)

Herani, Gobind M., Allah Wasayo Rajar and Ali Akbar Dhakan (2007), Self-Reliance Micro-Finance in Tharparkar-Sindh: Suggested Techniques, Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 2:147-166 (Fall)

Herani, Gobind. M (1007), Farming Management in Pakistan: Suggested Factors and Techniques, International Journal of Management Research and Technology (July-December) Accepted

Hanson, K.T. (2003), Creative Allocation of Space as a Response to Economics Crisis, In: Critical Perspectives on Politics and Socio-Economic Development in Ghana, Eds. W.J. Tetty, K.P. Puplamu, B.J. Berman. Leiden: Brill Academic Publications: 201-222

Mkandawire, T. and Soludo, C. (2003), African Voices on Structural Adjustment, Trenton, NJ: African World Press.

Mandel, J.L. (2006), Creating Profitable Livelihoods: Mobility as a ‘Practical’ and ‘Strategic’ Gender Need in Porto Novo, Benin, Tijdschrift voor Economche en Sociale Geografie 97(4):343-363

Oberhauser, A. M., J.L. Mandel, and H.M. Hapke (2004), Gendered Livelihoods in Diverse Global Contexts: An Introduction, Gender Place and Culture, 11(2):205-208

Oberhauser, A. M. and Kobena Hanson (2007), R-scaling House Hold Strategies: Globalization and Livelihoods in Accra, Ghana, Working paper, USA: Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University

Oberhauser, A. M. and A. Pratt (2004), Women’s Collective Economic Strategies and Transformation in Rural South Africa, Gender, Place and Culture, 11(2): 209-228

Pollin, R., G. Epstein, J. Heinz, and L. Ndikumana (2006), An Employment Targeted Economic Programme for South Africa. New York: UNDP

Rena, Ravinder (2007), Global Economic Imbalances - A Focus on African Economy, Bharatiya Samajik Chintan, Vol.6. No.1: 15-20 (April-June), New Delhi: (A Quarterly Journal of Indian Academy of Social Sciences).

Reardon, T. et al (1997), Using Evidence of Household Income Diversification to Study of Rural Non-farm Labour Market in Africa, World Development, 25 (5): 735-747.

Reddy, Ratna V., and Soussan John (2001), Assessing the Impacts of Watershed Development Programmes: A Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Framework

Rakodi, C. (2002), Livelihood Approach-Conceptual Issues and Definitions, In: Urban Livelihood, Eds, C. Rakodi, and T. Lloyd-Jones. London: Earth-scan : 2-23

Reardon, T., J. Berdegue and G. Escobar (2001), Rural Nonfarm Employment and Incomes in Latin America: Overview and Policy Implications, World Development, Vol. 29, No. 3: 395-409

Sreedevi TK., B. Shiferaw and S.P. Wani (2004), Adarsha Watershed in Kothapally Understanding the Drivers of Higher Impact. Global Theme on Agro ecosystems Report no.10:24. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

Sudan, Falendra. K (2007), Livelihood Diversification and Women Empowerment Through Self-Help Micro Credit Programme: Evidence from Jammu and Kashmir, Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 2:90-106 (Fall 2007)

Slater, R. (2002), Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Contested Livelihood in Qwaqwa National Park, South Africa, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 168 (2):116-129

Springate-Baginsky, O., Dev, O.P., Yadav, N.P. and Soussan, J., (2003), Community forest management in the middle hills of Nepal: the changing context, Journal of Forest and Livelihood Vol. 3, No. 1: 5-20.

Turner, B.L., Hyden, G. and Kates, R.W. (eds.) (1993), Population Growth and Agricultural Change in Africa, Gainsville: University Press of Florida.

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and African Union (2007), Economic Report on Africa 2007: Accelerating Africa’s Development through Diversification, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa

Wasim, Mohammad Pervez (2007a), Contribution of High-Yield Varieties Seeds to Major Food Crops Production, Yield and Area in Punjab  Pakistan, Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1: 51-57 (Spring)

Wasim, Mohammad Pervez (2007b), Trends and Growth in Livestock Population in Sindh: A Comparison of Different Censuses, Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1: 58-75 (Spring)

Wani, S.P., P. Pathak, H.M. Tam, A. Ramakrishna, P. Singh and T.K. Sreedevi (2002), Integrated Watershed Management for Minimizing Land Degradation and Sustaining Productivity in Asia. In Integrated Land Management in Dry Areas. Pages 123-147 in Proceedings of a Joint UNU-CAS International Workshop (Zafar Adeel, ed.), Beijing, China. 8-13 September 2001.

Whitehead, A. (2002), Tracking Livelihood Change: Theoretical, Methodological and Empirical Perspectives from Northeastern Ghana, Journal of Southern African Studies, 28(3):575-598

Wong, M. (2006), The Gender Politics of Remittance in Ghanaian Transnational Families, Economic Geography, 82(4):355-382

Thar. 2000. Thar Drought Presentation (1997 - 1998, 1998 - 1999, 1999 - 2000, 2000-2001).http://www.un.org.pk/drought/Sindhmission.htm(4-12 June 2000)

Thar. 2001. Schemes launched in Thar, 23rd May, Karachi. (Internet source) Dawn. Local, 19, ctomber.2000.http://www.dawn.com/2000/10/19 DAWNS - Local, 01 November 2000. Oct 31: Various schemes of water, roads, electricity and health care were being undertaken in the desert area of Tharparkar to solve basic problems http://www.dawn.com/2000/11/01/local.htm (HYDERABAD, Oct 31 :)

DAWN-Letters 09 July 2000 in the drought- http://www.dawn.com/2000/07/09/letted.htm www partnership partnerships and Collaborations. Welfare Help build this site If http:///www.doleta gov/ /www.partnerships/default.asp