Does CSR contribute to the development of rural young people in cultural tourism of sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from the Niger Delta in Nigeria

Uduji, Joseph and Okolo-Obasi, Elda and Asongu, Simplice (2018): Does CSR contribute to the development of rural young people in cultural tourism of sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from the Niger Delta in Nigeria. Forthcoming in: Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change

Abstract

Handicrafts are key cultural products consumed in the Nigeria’s tourism industry. Owing to low entry barriers, as handicrafts require a low level of capital investment, there is potential to develop viable linkages between tourism and local handicrafts sectors that create economic opportunities for local artisans. Thus, we assess the impact of a new corporate social responsibility (CSR) model of multinational oil companies on the development of rural young people (RYP) in cultural tourism in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Six hundred RYP were sampled across the rural Niger Delta region. Using the logit model, results indicate that RYP have remained widely excluded from the General Memorandum of Understandings (GMoUs) interventions in cultural tourism projects due to the traditional beliefs that cultural affairs are prerogatives of elders, a caveat to the youths. This implies that if the traditions of the communities continue to hinder direct participation of the RYP from the GMoUs cultural tourism project interventions, achieving equality and cultural change would be limited in the region. The findings suggest that since handicrafts are key cultural products consumed in the tourism industry, GMoUs can play a role in helping to create an appropriate intervention structure that will be targeted towards youth empowerment in the area of traditional handicraft. This can be achieved if the Cluster Development Boards (CDBs) would focus on integrating rural young artisans into local tourism value chains and ensuring that they benefit economically from the sector. The CDBs should aim at creating space for the views of rural young indigenous people’s handicrafts; emphasizing the value of indigenous knowledge, particularly on arts and crafts for tourists and expatriate in multinational corporations in Nigeria.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: Inequality, cultural tourism, handicrafts, corporate social responsibility, multinational oil companies, rural young people, sub-Saharan Africa
• Subjects: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O1 - Economic Development; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O5 - Economywide Country Studies > O55 - Africa; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q0 - General > Q00 - General

References

Adeniran, A.J. &Akinlabi, F.J. (2011). Perceptions on cultural significance and heritage conservation: a case study of Sussan Wenger’s building, Osogbo, Nigeria. African Journal of History and Culture, 3(5), 73-88.

Africa Competitiveness Report.(2017). Addressing Africa’s Demographic Divided.Geneva: World Economic Forum.

African Development Bank. (2011). Enhancing Capacity for Youth Employment in Africa.Tunis:Africa Capacity Development Brief.

African Development Report.(2012). Towards Green Growth in Africa.Tunis-Belvedere: African Development Bank.

African Development Report. (2015). Growth, Poverty and Inequality Nexus: Overcoming Barriers to Sustainable Development. Abidjan: African Development Bank.

African Economic Outlook (2017).Entrepreneurship and Industrialization.Abidjan: African Development Bank/Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development/United Nations Development Programme.

Agba, A.M., Ikoh, M. U., Bassey, A.O. and Ushie, E.M. (2010).Tourism industry impact on Efik’s culture, Nigeria.International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(4), 355-365.

Akama, J.S. &Kieti, D.M. (2003).Measuring tourist satisfaction with Kenya’s wildlife safari: a case study of Tsavo west national park.Tourism Management, 24, 73-81.

Akande, A.F. (2014). An assessment of the impact of culture and tourism on international public relations practice: a study of Nigerian tourism development corporation (NTDC). Journal of Culture, Society and Development, 4, 11-18.

Alfred, C. (2013). Global memorandum of understanding: an analysis of Shell Petroleum Development Company’s current community development model in the Niger Delta. International Journal of Innovative Social Science and Humanities Research, 2(1), 1-14.

Alivizatou, M. (2008).Contextualizing cultural heritage in heritage studies and musueology.International Journal of Intangible Heritage, 3, 44-54.

Alzahrani, D.A. (2013). The adoption of a standard definition of cultural heritage.International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 3(1), 9-12.

Alegre, I. &Garau, J. (2010).Tourist satisfaction and dissatisfaction.Anal of Tourism Research, 37(1), 52-73.

Axelsen, M & Swan, T. (2010). Designing festival experiences to influence visitor perceptions: the case of a wine and food festival. Journal of Travel Research, 49(4), 436-450.

Akande, T. (2014). Youth unemployment in Nigeria: a situation analysis. Broking Institute, Africa in Focus, September 23, 2014.

Akpan, W. (2006). Between responsibility and rhetoric: some consequences of CSR practice in Nigeria’s oil province. Development Southern African, 23(2), 223-240.

Amaeshi, K., Adi, B., Ogbechie, C. &Amao, O. (2006). Corporate social responsibility in Nigeria: Western mimicry or indigenous influences? Journal of Corporate citizenship, 24, 83-99.

Amare, T. (2014). Africa’s high youth unemployment: is population to be blame? The Guardian, July 11, 2014.

Antimova, R. Nawiji, J. & Peters, P. (2012). The awareness/attitude-gap in sustainable tourism: a theoretical perspective. Tourism Review, 67(3), 7-16.

Anyanwu, J.C., Erhijakpor, A.E.O. & Obi, E. (2016).Empirical analysis of the key drivers of income inequality in West Africa.African Development Review, 28(1), 18-38.

Asongu, S. A., (2013). How would population growth affect investment in the future? asymmetric panel causality evidence for Africa. African Development Review, 25(1), 14-29.

Asongu, S. A., &Nwachukwu, J. C., (2016).Transfer mispricing as an argument forcorporate social responsibility. African Governance and Development Institute, 16/031, Yaoundé.

Asongu, S. A., &Nwachukwu, J. C., (2018).Openness, ICT and entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa. Information Technology & People, 31(1), 278-303.

Asongu, S A., Nwachukwu, J. C., &Orim, S.M. I., (2018). Mobile phones, institutional quality and entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 131(C), 183-203.

Benson, E.I. (2014). Cultural tourism and sustainability in Nigeria.Mediterranean Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 3(14), 649-655.

Bertrand, M. &Crepon, B. (2014). Micro-economic perspectives, in Hino, H. and Ranis, G. (Eds.) Youth and Employment in sub-Saharan Africa: Working but poor. Oxford and New York: Routledge.

Bloom, D.E. (2012).Youth in the balance.Finance & Development, 49(1), 6-11.

Bochenek, M. (2013).Festival tourism of folk group dancers from selected countries of the world. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 20(2), 95-99.

Butcher, J. (2009).Ecotourism as life politics.Journal of sustainable Tourism, 16(3), 315-326.

Burton, B.K., Farh, J. L. and Hegarty, W. H. (2000). A cross-cultural comparison of corporate social responsibility orientation: Hong Kong vs. United States students. Teaching Business Ethics, 4(2), 151-167.

Carroll, A.B. (1991). The Pyramid of corporate social responsibility: towards the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34, 39-48.

Crane, A. &Matten, D. (2007). Business Ethics.Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Chalermpat, P., Rene, D. & Karin, P. (2016). Floating markets in Thailand: same, but different. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 10.1080/14766-825.2016.1253704.

Chevron.(2014). Corporate Responsibility Report of Chevron in Nigeria.Lagos: policy, Government & Public Affairs (PGPA) Department.

Economic Development in Africa Report.(2017). Tourism for Transformative and Inclusive Growth.New York/Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.

Edoho, F. M. (2008). Oil transnational corporations: corporate social responsibility and environmental sustainability. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 15(4), 210-222.

Ekhator, E.O. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and Chinese oil multinationals in the oil and gas industry of Nigeria: an appraisal. Cadern De EsthudosAfricanos, 28, 119-140.

Eweje, G. (2006). Environmental costs and responsibilities resulting from oil exploration in developing countries: the case of the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Journal of Business Ethics, 69(1), 27-56.

FAO. (2010). Rural Youth Employment in Developing Countries: A Global view. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.

Filmer, D. & Fox, I. (2014).Youth employment in sub-Saharan Africa.Africa Development Series, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Frynas, J. (2009). Beyond Corporate Social Responsibility: Oil Multinationals and Social Challenges, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Godden, L. (2002). Indigenous heritage and environment.Environmental and Planning Law Journal, 19(4), 260.

Herrington, M. & Kelly, D. (2012).AfricanEnterpreneurship: sub-Saharan African Regional Report 2012. Global Enterpreneurship Monitor (GEM), Cape Town: Cape Town University.

ICOMOS.(2002). Principles and guidelines for managing tourism at places of cultural and heritage significance.Icomos International Cultural Tourism Committee/Charter.

Idemudia, U. (2014). Corporate-community engagement strategies in the Niger Delta: some critical reflections. The Extractive Industries and Society, 1(2), 154-162.

Idemudia, U. (2008). Conceptualizing the CSR and development debate: bridging existing analytical gaps.Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 29, 91-110.

Idemudia, U. &Osayande, N. (2016).Assessing the effect of corporate social responsibility on community development in the Niger Delta: a corporate perspective.Community Development Journal Advance Access published June 30, 2016.

IFAD. (2011a). Feeding Future Generations: Young Rural People Today- Prosperous, Productive Farmers Tomorrow. Proceedings of IFAD’s Governing Council High-Level Panel and Side Events, 2011.

IFAD. (2011b). Rural Poverty Report 2011 -New Realities, New Challenges: New Opportunities for Tomorrow’s Generation. Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).

IFAD. (2010). Investing in the future: Creating Opportunities for Young Rural People. Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development.

IFAD/ILO. (2012). Promoting Decent and Productive Employment of Young People in Rural Areas: A Review of Strategies and Programmes. Workshop Report.

ILO. (2010). Global Employment Trends for Youths: Special Issue on the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Youth. Geneva: International Labour Organization.

ILO. (2012). Investing in Youth for Rural Transformation: Rural Policy Briefs. Geneva: International Labour Organization.

Ite, U. E. (227). Changing times and strategies: Shell’s contribution to sustainable community development in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Sustainable Development, 15(1), 1-14.

Ite, U.E. (2005). Poverty reduction in resource rich developing countries: what have multinational corporations got to do with it? Journal of International Development, 17(7), 913-939.

Juan, G.B., Marta M. & Manuela, P. (2016). Understanding museum visitor’s experience: a comparative study. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and sustainable Development, 6(1), 47-71.

Keitumetse, S. (2006). UNESCO 2003 convention on intangible heritage: practical implications for heritage management approach in Africa. The Southern African Archeological Bulletin, 61(184), 166-171.

Kurin, R. (2004). Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage in the 2003 UNESCO convention: a critical appraisal.Museum International, 56(1&2), 66-76.

Kuruk, P. (2004). Cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and indigenous rights-an analysis of the convention for safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage.Macquarice Journal of International and Comparative Environmental Law, 1(1), 111-134.

Kuutma, K. (2009). Cultural heritage: an introduction to entanglements of knowledge, politics and property. Journal of Ethnology and Folklorostics, 3(2), 5-12.

Lompo, K. &Trani, J.F. (2013). Does corporate social responsibility contribute to human development in developing countries? Evidence from Nigeria.Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 14(2), 241-265.

Macintyre, M., Mee, W. & Solomon F. (2008). Evaluating social performance in the context of an ‘audit culture’: a pilot social review of a global mine in Papua New Guinea. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 15(2), 100-110.

Muthuri, J. N. (2012). Corporate Social Responsibility in Africa: Definitions, Issues and Processes. Royal Hallowing University of London, School of Management Research Seminar.

Muthuri, J.N. and Gilbert, V. (2011).An institutional analysis of corporate social responsibility in Kenya.Journal of Business Ethics, 98, 467-483.

National Population Commission (2007).Report of Nigeria’s national population commission on the 2006 census.Population and Development Review, 33(1), 206-210.

Nwaolikpe, C. J. (2013). Culture and Nigerian identity in the print media.Arabic Journal of Business and Management Review, 3(3), 63-71.

Onuoha, F.C. (2014). Why do youth join Boko Haram? United States Institute of Peace: Special Report 348, June, 2014.

Onyima, B.N. (2016). Nigerian cultural heritage: preservation, challenges and prospects. OGIRISI: a new Journal of African Studies, 12, 273-292.

Philips, F. (2006).Corporate social responsibility in an African context.Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 24, 23-27.

PIND.(2011). Niger Delta Youth Assessment.Abuja: Foundation for Partnership Initiatives in the Niger Delta.

Population Reference Bureau. (2007). Africa’s Youthful Population: Risk or Opportunity? Washington, D.C: PRB.

Renouard, C. &Lado, H. (2012).CSR and inequality in the Niger Delta (Nigeria).Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 12(4), 472-484.

Scott, A.C., Girish, P. & Miguel, M. (2014). Consumer behavior in tourism: concepts, influences and opportunities. Current issues in Tourism, 17(10), 872-909.

SPDC. (2013). Shell in Nigeria: Global Memorandum of Understanding. Port Harcourt: Shell Petroleum Development Corporation (SPDC) in Nigeria.

Tuodolo, F. (2009). Corporate social responsibility: between civil society and oil industry in the developing world. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 8(3), 530-541.

Uduji, J.I. &Okolo-Obasi, E.N. (2017). Multinational oil firms’ CSR initiatives in Nigeria: the need of rural farmers in host communities. Journal of International Development, 29(3), 308-329.

Uduji, J.I. &Okolo-Obasi, E.N. (2018a).Adoption of improved crop varieties by involving farmers in the e-wallet programme in Nigeria.Journal of Crop Improvement https.//doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2018.1496216

Uduji, J.I. &Okolo-Obasi, E.N. (2018b).Young rural women’s participation in the e-wallet programme and usage intensity of modern agricultural inputs in Nigeria.Gender, Technology and Development, 22(1), 59-81. doi:10.1080/097185.24.2018.1445894

UNCDF. (2011). Listening to Youth: Market Research to Design Financial and Non-Financial Services for Youth in sub- Saharan Africa. New York: United Nations Capital Development Fund.

UNECA. (2011). Africa Youth Report 2011: Addressing the Youth Education and Employment NEXUS in the New Global Economy. Addis Ababa: ECA Publications and Conference Management.

UNWTO/Casa Africa IPDT-Institute of Tourism (2015).Tourism in Africa: A Tool for Development – Affiliate members Regional Reports. Volume 4, Madrid: UNWTO.

UNWTO (2013).Sustainable Tourism for Development Guidebook.Madrid: UNWTO.

UNESCO (2004).Programme: Tourism, Culture and Development in West Africa. UNESCO, September

Visser, W. (2006). Revisiting Carroll’s CSR Pyramid: An African Perspective, in E.R. Pederson & M. Huniche (eds), Corporate Citizenship in Developing Countries, Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press, 29-56.

Watts, M. (2004).Resource curse?Governmentality, oil and power in the Niger Delta.Geopolitics, 9(1), 50-58.

Weisheng, C., Shiheng, Z. & Philip C. (2016).The influence of destination image and tourist satisfaction on tourist loyalty in Korea.International Journal of Culture Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(2), 223-234.

World Bank. (2012). Youth EmploymentProgrammes: An Evaluation of World Bank and IFC Support. Washington D.C.: World Bank Independent Evaluation Group.

World Travel and Tourism Council (2015).Global Talent Trends and Issues for the Travel and Tourism Sector.London:WTTC.

World Travel and Tourism Council (2016).Travel and Tourism: Economic Impact 201- Africa. London: WTTC.