Social Security in India: The Long Lane Treaded and the Longer Road Ahead Towards Universalization

K P, Kannan and Pillai N., Vijayamohanan (2007): Social Security in India: The Long Lane Treaded and the Longer Road Ahead Towards Universalization.

Abstract

This paper is part of a large study on the Social Protection in Rural India and China. In this paper, we attempt at a critical appraisal of the historical development and experience of social security initiatives at the all India level. Based on the findings of the review, we visualize a road map to a more comprehensive and participatory initiatives in provision of social security by the state, while stressing the role of the civil society, non-governmental organizations and mass organizations. It is also attempted to categorize the on-going social security schemes according to the definitional framework of our study, that is, in terms of the definitional division of social security into basic and contingent social security.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: Social security; India; poverty; development; contingency
• Subjects: I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty > I30 - General; H - Public Economics > H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies > H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions; D - Microeconomics > D6 - Welfare Economics > D60 - General

References

Appasamy, Paul, Guhan S., Hema, R., Manabi Majumdar and Vaidyanathan A. (1996) Social Exclusion from a Welfare Rights Perspective in India, International Labour Organization, Geneva.

Bhatia, B.M. (1985) Famines in India: A study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India with Special Reference to Food Problem, Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

Bhattacharya, Vivek Ranjan (1970) Some Aspects of Social Security Measures in India, Metropolitan Book Co. Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.

Chambers, Robert (1992), ‘Poverty in India: Concepts, Research and Reality in Barbara Harris, S.Guhan and R.H.Cassen (ed.) Poverty in India, Research and Policy, Oxford University Press.

Chelliah RJ and Sudarshan R (1999) Income Poverty and Beyond: Human development In India, Social Science Press, New Delhi.

Cook, Sarah, Naila Kabeer and Gary Suwannarat (2003), Social Protection in Asia, Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Corbridge, Stuart and John Harris (2000), Reinventing India, Liberalisation, Hindu Nationalism and Popular Democracy, Oxford, New Delhi.

Datt, Gaurav (1999) ‘Has Poverty Declined since Economic Reforms? Statistical Data Analysis EPW December 11-17:

Deaton, Angus and Jean Dreaze (2002), ‘Poverty and Inequality in India: A Re-examination’, Economic and political weekly, 7 September.

Dev, Mahendra S. and Jos Mooij (2005), ‘ Patterns in Social Sector Expenditure: Pre- and post-reform Periods’ in India Development Report, 2004-05, (ed.) by Kirit. S. Parikh and R.Radhakrishna, Oxford University Press.

Dev, S. Mahendra (2002), ‘Poverty in India: Trends, Macro-Policies and Direct Programmes’ in M.Govinda Rao (ed.) Development, Poverty and Fiscal Policy-Decentralisation of Institutions, Oxford University Press.

Dev, S. Mahendra, Antony, Piush, Gayathri, V., and Mamgain, RP. (2001) (ed.) Social and Economic Security in India, Institute of Human Development, New Delhi.

Diwan, Paras and Rajput, Pam (1979), Constitution of India, Sterling, New Delhi.

Dreze, Jean and Sen, Amartya (1989), Hunger and Public Action, Oxford: Claredon Press.

Dreze, Jean and Goyal, Aparajitha (2003) ‘Future of Mid-day Meals’, Economic and Political Weekly, November 1: 4673-4683.

Franke, Richard and Chasin, Barbara (1991), ‘Kerala: Development Through Radical Reform’, Monthly Review, New York, January.

Gandhi, Jagadish P. (ed.) (2005), Dr. Kalam’s PURA model and Social Transformation, Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi.(www.vedambooks.com)

Government of India (1984) Against Undeserved Want: Report of the Working Group on Social Security, New Delhi.

Government of India (1992) The Indian Labour Yearbook 1991, Labour Bureau, Ministry of Labour: Simla.

Government of India (1994) Report of the Committee on Reforms in the Insuarance Sector, Ministry of Finance, New Delhi.

Government of India (2000), National Population Policy.

Government of India (2002), Tenth Five Year Plan Document, Planning Commission, New Delhi.

Government of India (2002), Report of the Second Labour Conmmission.

Government of India (2007) Economic Survey 2006-2007

Government of Kerala (2006) The Economic Review 2005, The State Planning Board, Thiruvananthapuram.

Guhan, S. (1992), ‘Social Security in India: Looking One Step Ahead’ in Barbara Harris, S.Guhan and R.H. Cassen (ed.) Poverty in India, Research and Policy, Oxford University Press.

Guhan, S. (1994), ‘Social Security Options for Developing Countries’, International Labour Review, Vol. 133, No.1, Pp.36-53.

Harris-White, Barbara (1999), ‘State, Market, Collective and Household Sector in India’s Social Sector’ in Barbara Harris-white and S.Subramanian (ed.) Illfare in India- Essays on India’s social sector in honour of S.Guhan, Sage Publications, New Delhi.

Hirway, Indira (1987): ‘Housing for the Rural Poor’, Economic and Political Weekly, August 22, pp 1455-60.

Jain, Shashi (1999) ‘Basic Social Security in India’ in Ginneken, Wouter van (ed.) Social Security for the Excluded Majority: Case Studies of Developing Countries, International Labour Office, Geneva.

Kannan, K.P. (1996), ‘Public Intervention and Poverty Alleviation’, Development and Change, Vol. 26, No.4.

Kannan, K.P. and Shaji K. Francis (2001) ‘State Assisted Social Security for Poverty Alleviation and Human Development: Kerala’s record and its Lessons’ in Mahendra

Kannan, K.P (2004), ‘Social Security, Poverty reduction and Development: Arguments for enlarging the concept and coverage of social security in a globalising world, Draft discussion paper presented in conference on Social Protection in Asia: A Regional Research Initiative, June 3-5, 2004.

Kannan, K.P. and Vijayamohanan Pillai N. (2004), ‘Development as a right to Freedom: An interpretation of ‘Kerala Model’ Working Paper Series No.361, Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvannathapuram.

Kannan, K.P. and Vijayamohanan Pillai N. (2005), ‘Public action as Participatory Development: Kerala Experience Reinterpreted’, in Arjun K. Sengupta, et al., (eds.) Reflections on the Right to Development, Centre for Development and Human Rights, Sage Publications, New Delhi. Pp. 208-42.

Kannan, K.P. and Vijayamohanan Pillai N. (2007), ‘Conceptualizing Social Security in a Human Development and Rights Perspective’, Indian Journal of Human Development Vol. 1, No. 1; January 2007; pp. 31 – 51.

Khan, Arup (1998): ‘Household Savings and Micro Finance: The Task Ahead’, Shelter, January-April, pp 15-20.

Marx, Karl (1853), ‘The Future Results of the British Rule in India’ in New York Daily Tribune, 22 July.

Mooij, Jose (1999), ‘ Food Policy and the Indian state: The public Distribution System in South India’ Oxford University Press.

Nayyar, Gaurav (2005), ‘Growth and Poverty in Rural India: An Analysis of Inter-State Differences’, Economic and Political Weekly, April 16.

Osmani, S.R. (1988), ‘Social Security in South Asia’, WIDER Working Papers No. 49, December, World Institute for Development Economics Research, United Nations University, Helsinki.

Pillai, N. Vijayamohanan (2003) ‘Development as a ‘Norms-Rights Transition Process’ Through Public Action’, Processed. Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram.

Pinaki Chakraborty, (2007) ‘Implementation of Employment Guarantee: A Preliminary Appraisal’, EPW February 17: 548-551.

Punekar, S.D., Deodhar and Sankaran (1978), Labour Welfare, trade Unionism and Industrial Relations, Himalaya Publications, Bombay.

Radhakrishna, R. and C.Ravi (2004), ‘Malnutrition in India: Trends and Determinants’, Economic and Political Weekly, February 14.

Radhakrishna R (2005) “Food and Nutrition Security of the Poor: Emerging Perspectives and Policy Issues”, Economic and Political Weekly April 30: 1817 -

Radhakrishna R., Indrakant S., and Ravi C. (1998), India’s Integrated Child Development Services Program: Assessment and Options for Reform Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad.

Radhakrishna, R. and Ray, Shovan (2005), ‘Poverty in India; Dimensions and Character’ in India Development Report, 2004-05, (ed.) by Kirit.S.Parikh and R.Radhakrishna, Oxford University Press.

Rangarajan, L. N. (1987), The Arthasastra, edited and translated, Penguin, New Delhi. Rao, V.M. (2002), ‘Eradicating Poverty: Some Missing Dimensions’, in M.Govinda Rao (ed.) Development, Poverty and Fiscal Policy-Decentralisation of Institutions, Oxford University Press.

Saith, Aswani (2005), ‘Poverty and Anti-Poverty: Troubling Tendencies and Quarrelsome Questions’, Sixth Joan Robinson Memorial Lecture delivered in Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, April 12.

Sen, A. K. (1982) Poverty and Famines : An Essay on Entitlements and Deprivation, Oxford, Clarendon Press

Sen, Sukomal (1977), Working class in India, History of Emergence and Movement 1830-1970, K.P. Bagchi, Calcutta.

Srivastava, H.C. (1968), The History of Indian Famines from 1858-1918, Sri Ram Mehra and Co., Agra.

Thaplyal, Kiran Kumar (2001). ‘Guilds in Ancient India (Antiquity and Various Stages in the Development of Guilds up to AD 300)’ in Life Thoughts and Culture in India (Ed. G. C. Pande). Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Pp: 995-1006.

United Nations/ Centre for Development Studies (1975) [2000] Poverty, Unemployment and Development Policy: A Case Study of Selected Issues with Reference to Kerala, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN.

United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (1991): Evaluation of Experience with Initiating Enabling Shelter Strategies, UNCHS, Nairobi.

UNDP (2006) Human Development Report

Vaidyanathan, A. (2005), ‘Employment Guarantee and Decentralisation’, Economic and Political Weekly, April 16-22.