IJspeert, Ruth and Hernandez-Maskivker, Gilda (2020): Active sport tourists: Millennials vs baby boomers. Published in: Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing , Vol. 6, No. 1 (30 May 2020): pp. 12-20.
Preview |
PDF
MPRA_paper_100674.pdf Download (524kB) | Preview |
Abstract
Purpose: Active sport tourism is one of the fastest rising leisure segments. Considering the extensive growth of both the millennial and baby boomers generation in this sector, there are large-scale economic potentials for tourism practitioners. The aim of this study is to explore the characterics of baby boomers and millennial active sport tourists and to differentiate them by relevant factors. Methods: Applying a qualitative research design numerical data is collected by using online surveys about the characteristics, needs and motivations of baby boomer and millennial active sport tourists. Results: Significant differences were found between the groups regarding social-economic characteristics (gender, education level, marital status and income) and motivations. For millennials, ‘Escaping from daily routine’’, ‘Thrill & sensation’, ‘Overcoming challenges’ and ‘Adrenalin’ appeared as relevant motivations. For baby boomers, ‘Health’ highlights as a principal motivation. Recommendations for professionals in the sector are suggested. Implications: Current study was considered to be important due to an extensive growth seen for both the millennial and baby boomers generation in the active sport tourism market and considering the fact that limited understanding of the characteristics, needs and motives was contradicting this enormous growth in the market. Differences were found between the millennial and the baby boomer active sport tourists.
Item Type: | MPRA Paper |
---|---|
Original Title: | Active sport tourists: Millennials vs baby boomers |
Language: | English |
Keywords: | sport tourism, millennials, baby boomers, consumer behavior, leisure tourism |
Subjects: | L - Industrial Organization > L8 - Industry Studies: Services L - Industrial Organization > L8 - Industry Studies: Services > L83 - Sports ; Gambling ; Restaurants ; Recreation ; Tourism Z - Other Special Topics > Z0 - General |
Item ID: | 100674 |
Depositing User: | Prof Evangelos Christou |
Date Deposited: | 26 May 2020 13:44 |
Last Modified: | 27 May 2020 12:47 |
References: | ATTA (Adventure travel trade association) and the George Washington University (2013) Adventure Tourism Market Study. Seattle: ATTA. Available from: https://www.adventuretravel.biz/research/adventure-tourism-market-study-2013 Barton, C., Haywood, J., Jhunjhunwala, J. & Bhatia V. (2013). Traveling with Millennials. BCG Perspectives, Categories: Transportation, travel & tourism, marketing, sales, & procing, Available from: https://www.bcg.com/documents/file129974.pdf Berlyne, D. E. (1960). Conflict, Arousal, and Curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill. Blumberg, B, Cooper, D. R. & Schindler, P. S. (2003). Business Research Methods. London: Mcgraw-Hill Education. Boon, T. van den & Hendrickx, R. (2015). Groot woordenboek van de Nederlandse taal (15e herziene ed.). Utrecht: Van Dale. Buckley, R. (2012). Rush as a key motivation in skilled adventure tourism: Resolving the risk recreation paradox. Tourism Management, 33(4), 961-970. Cain, R. (2016). Demographic Destiny: The Generational Divide. Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally, 14. Catlett, S. (2015) The future company; millennials & the future of tourism. Annual international TTRA conference, Portland, USA. Chatzigeorgiou, C. & Christou, E. (2016). Destination branding and visitor brand loyalty: Evidence from mature tourism destinations in Greece. Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 11(5), 102-123. Chatzigeorgiou, C. and Christou, E. (2019). Social media in tourism marketing: Travellers’ attitudes and encounters. Published in: TOURMAN 2019 Conference Proceedings, Thessaloniki: Greece (27 October 2019): pp. 164-173. Chatzigeorgiou, C., Christou, E., Kassianidis, P. & Sigala, M. (2009). Customer Satisfaction in Agrotourism services: How do we turn a satisfied customer into a repeated one? Proceedings of the 4th International Scientific Conference, Planning for the future learning from the past: Contemporary developments in Tourism, Travel & Hospitality, Rhodes, 3-5 April, 2009. Chen, J. S. (2003). Market segmentation by tourist’s sentiments. Annals of Tourism Research, 30, 178–193. Chiang, C. Y. & Jogaratnam, G. (2006). Why do women travel solo for purposes of leisure? Journal of Vacation Marketing, 12(1), 59-70. Christou, E. (2002). Examining the impact of tourism destination image and reputation on visitor loyalty likelihood. Tourism Today, 2(1), 34-46. Christou, E. (2006). A qualitative analysis of consumer attitudes on adoption of online travel services. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 54(4), 323-332. Christou, E. & Kassianidis, P. (2002). Examining the Adoption of E-shopping for Travel Services: Determinants of Consumers’ Perceptions. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2002. A. Wober, A. Frew, and M. Hitz., (eds.), Springer-Verlag, Wien. Collins, B. (1999). Pairing relationship value and marketing. Australasian Marketing Journal, 7(1), 63–71. Conceição, S. C. & Skibba, K. A. (2008). Experiential learning activities for leisure and enrichment travel education: A situative perspective. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 7(4), 17-35. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. San Francisco: Sage Publications. Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6, 408–424. Deal, J. J., Altman, D. G. & Rogelberg, S. G. (2010). Millennials at work: What we know and what we need to do (if anything). Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 191-199. Eaton, J. & Christou, E. (1997) Hospitality management competencies for graduate trainees: employers' views. Journal of European Business Education, 7(1), 60-68. Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (3rd edition). London: Sage. Fotiadis, A., Vassiliadis, C. & Soteriades, M. D. (2016). The preferences of participants in small-scale sport events: A conjoint analysis case study from Taiwan. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 64(2), 175-187. doi:http://hrcak.srce.hr/160524 Fotiadis, A. & Williams, R. (2018). “TiCoSa” a 3d matrix conceptual model to investigate visitors’ perceptions in an athletic event. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 4(2), 32-36. Gammon, S. & Robinson, T. (1997). Sport and tourism: A conceptual framework. Journal of Sport Tourism, 4(3), 11-18. Gibson, H. J. (1998a). Sport tourism: a critical analysis of research. Sport Management Review, 1(1), 45-76. Gibson, H. J. (1998b). Active sport tourism: who participates? Leisure Studies,17(2), 155-170. Gibson, H. J. (2004). Moving beyond the “what is and who” of sport tourism to understanding “why”. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 9(3), 247-265. Gibson, H. & Fairley, S. (2011). Sport tourism. In P. Pedersen, J. Parks, J. Quarterman, & L.Thibault (Eds.), Contemporary Sport Management (4th ed., pp. 226-246). Giddy, J. K. & Webb, N. L. (2016). The influence of the environment on motivations to participate in adventure tourism: the case of the Tsitsikamma. South African Geographical Journal, 98(2), 351-366. Glass, A. (2007). Understanding generational differences for competitive success. Industrial and Commercial Training, 39(2), 98-103. Godelnik, R. (2017). Millennials and the sharing economy: Lessons from a ‘buy nothing new, share everything month’ project. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 22, 1-94. Goodnow, J. (2005). The hard adventure group traveller versus the soft adventure group traveller. Available from: <http://www.ntfonline.com/researchResources/Adventure- Group-Traveler.php> Harwood, A. (2007). Lifelong Learning: The Integration of Experiential Learning, Quality of Life Work in Communities, and Higher Education. Ann Arbor: ProQuest. Hinch, T. D. & Higham, J. E. (2001). Sport tourism: A framework for research. The International Journal of Tourism Research, 3(1), 45-52. Holt, D. & McCole, P. (2012). Consuming the Environment–A Study of Those Utilising the Natural Environment for Recreational Activities. 1-25 Horner, S., & Swarbrooke, J. (2016). Consumer Βehaviour in Τourism. London: Routledge. Huggins, M. (2013). Sport, tourism and history: current historiography and future prospects. Journal of Tourism History, 5(2), 107-130. Hungenberg, E., Gray, D., Gould, J. & Stotlar, D. (2016). An examination of motives underlying active sport tourist behaviour: a market segmentation approach. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 6(1), 1-21. Jönsson, C. & Devonish, D. (2008). Does nationality, gender, and age affect travel motivation? A case of visitors to the Caribbean Island of Barbados. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 25(3/4), 398-408. Kaplanidou, K. & Gibson, H. J. (2010). Predicting behavioral intentions of active event sport tourists: The case of a small-scale recurring sports event. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 15(2), 163-179. Kurtzman, J. & Zauhar, J. (1993). Sport as a touristic endeavour. Journal of Sport Tourism, 1(1), 30-50. Kurtzman, J. & Zauhar, J. (2005). Sports tourism consumer motivation. Journal of Sport Tourism, 10(1), 21-31. Kyratsis, P., Chatzigeorgiou, C., Tsagkaris, A. & Dinopoulou, V. (2010). Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) implementation in conference tourism services. The Cyprus Journal of Sciences; Nicosia Vol. 8: 119-131. Ma, E.J., Duan, B., Shu, L.M. & Arcodia, C. (2017). Chinese visitors at Australia wineries: Preferences, motivations, and barriers. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 3(1), 3–8. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.401062 Mahika, E. C. (2011). Current trends in tourist motivation. Cactus Tourism Journal, 2(2), 15-24. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370. Machado, A. (2014) How millennials are changing travel. The Atlantic. Available from:<http://www.theatlantic.com/global/archive/2014/06/how-millennials-are-changing-travel/373007/ Mavragani, E., Nikolaidou, P. & Theodoraki, E. (2019). Traveler segmentation through Social Media for intercultural marketing purposes: The case of Halkidiki. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 5(1), 15–23. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2641011. Mazilu, M. & Mitroi, S. (2010). Demographic, social, economic and geographic features-shaping factors of the tourist market. Romanian Economic and Business Review, 5(1), 159-167. MDG Advertising (2015). How Millennials killed travel marketing as we know it. Millennial Traveller Ebook MDG Advertising. Available from: http://www.mdgadvertising.com/e-books/How-Millennials-Killed-Travel-Marketing/Millennial-Traveler Ebook.pdf?_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_sUdUI6VCxuVS35bWXzWZ7TF3k9mCqeZhuy8XU5CE5b5L9UVgiGaG5VWclRXLrWneW1WV2gCe2zywBfqJWPCQix1nv1uYMyY2QPbDYJE9K31kF05g&_hsmi=17513837 Midland, A. & Kingston, J. (2013). Sport tourism presentation: Developing a sport tourism strategy. Available from: <https://canadiansporttourism.com/sites/default/files/docs/developing_a_sport_tourism_strategy.pdf> Muller, T. E. & Cleaver, M. (2000). Targeting the CANZUS baby boomer explorer and adventurer segments. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 6(2), 154-169. Naidoo, P., Ramseook-Munhurrun, P., Seebaluck, N. V. & Janvier, S. (2015). Investigating the motivation of baby boomers for adventure tourism. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 175, 244-251. Nella, A. & Christou, E. (2014). Linking service quality at the cellar door with brand equity building. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 23(7), 699-721, DOI: 10.1080/19368623.2014.891959 O'Connell, M. (2010). The effects of age, gender and level of experience on motivation to sea kayak, Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 10(1), 51-66, Osterwalder A. & Peigner, Y. (2010). Business Model Generation: A Handbook for Visionaries, Game Changers and Challengers. London: Wiley Publishers. Park, D. B. & Yoon, Y. S. (2009). Segmentation by motivation in rural tourism: A Korean case study. Tourism Management, 30(1), 99–108. Patterson, I. (2012). Baby boomer travel market is on the increase. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, 1(5), 232-243. Patterson, I., Balderas-Cejudo, A. & Rivera-Hernaez, O. (2017). Changing trends in the baby boomer travel market: Importance of memorable experiences. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 26(2), 1-14. Patterson, I., & Pan, R. (2007). The motivations of baby boomers to participate in adventure tourism and the implications for adventure tour providers. Annals of Leisure Research, 10(1), 26-53. Pendergast, D. (2010). Getting to know the Y generation. In P. Benckendorff, G. Moscardo, & D. Pendergast, Tourism and Y Generation (pp. 1- 15). CAB International: Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. Pizam, A. & Mansfeld, Y. (1999). Consumer Behavior in Travel and Tourism. New York: Psychology Press. Pizam, A., Jeong, G. H., Reichel, A., van Boemmel, H., Lusson, J. M., Steynberg, L. & Montmany, N. (2004). The relationship between risk-taking, sensation-seeking, and the tourist behavior of young adults: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Travel Research, 42(3), 251-260. Pomfret, G. & Bramwell, B. (2016). The characteristics and motivational decisions of outdoor adventure tourists: a review and analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(14), 1447-1478. Robinson, T. & Gammon, S. (2004). A question of primary and secondary motives: revisiting and applying the sport tourism framework. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 9(3), 221-233. Ross, D. (2001). Developing Sports Tourism. An eGuide for Destination Marketers and Sports Events Planners. University of Illinois: National Laboratory for Tourism and eCommerce. Schreiber, R. (1976). Sports interest: a travel definition. In The Travel Research Association 7th Annual Conference Proceedings (pp. 85-87). Sigala, M. & Christou, E. (2007). Exploiting Web 2.0 in open and distance education: Developing personalised and collaborative learning environments. In A. Lionarakis (ed.), Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Open and Distance Learning-ICODL 2007 (pp.181-195). Athens: Propombos. Strauss, W. & Howe, N. (1991). Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069. New York: Morrow. Swartz, L. (2016). What You Need to Know About Millennial Travelers. Millennial marketing. Available from: <http://www.millennialmarketing.com/2016/05/what-you-need-to-know-about-millennial-travelers/ UNWTO Statista (2016). Available from: <https://www.statista.com/ UNWTO (2019). International Tourism Highlights - 2019 Edition. Available from: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152 Valachis, I., Christou, E., Maroudas, L., & Sigala, M. (2008). Assessment of training quality in hospitality industry: an exploratory model. In 26th EUROCHRIE Congress “Building a Legacy, Living the Dream”. Volgger, M., Pechlaner, H. & Pichler, S. (2017). The practice of destination governance: A comparative analysis of key dimensions and underlying concepts. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 3(1), 18–24. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.401371. Walle, A. H. (1997). Quantitative versus qualitative tourism research. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 524-536. Weed, M. (2014). After 20 years, what are the Big Questions for sports tourism research. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 19(1), 1-4. Wilkie, W. L. (1994). Consumer Behavior (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley. Wong, M., Gardiner, E., Lang, W. & Coulon, L. (2008). Generational differences in personality and motivation: Do they exist and what are the implications for the workplace? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19(3), 217-226. World Tourism Organization (2001). Tourism 2020 vision: Global forecasts and profiles of market segments. (Vol. 7). Madrid: Spain. Available from: http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284404667 |
URI: | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/100674 |