Superimposed Sequence Components for Microgrid Protection: A Review

Opoku, Kwasi and Pokharel, Subash and Dimitrovski, Aleksandar (2021): Superimposed Sequence Components for Microgrid Protection: A Review.

Abstract

The new challenge to protective relaying in distribution networks (DNs), due to the integration of distributed generation (DG), has become a significant area of focus and research for power engineers. To achieve high penetration of DGs in the DNs, new methods of achieving desired sensitivity, selectivity, and security of fault detection and coordination must be adopted. Recent literature shows that superimposed sequence components offer great potential in fault detection and coordination in such DNs. This paper reviews different proposed solutions to fault detection and coordination in microgrids using superimposed sequence quantities. It also includes a discussion on their application methods, unique advantages, and limitations. This way, it contributes to existing reviews on microgrid protection by presenting the unique considerations necessary for the superimposed method, as well the way conventional protection schemes can be improved for microgrid protection using this method. Results from applying a new approach for detecting faults based on superimposed negative sequence admittance is presented to demonstrate the application of superimposed quantities in fault detection.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: Active distribution network, distributed generation (DG), microgrid protection, superimposed sequence component, low voltage ride-through (LVRT)
• Subjects: L - Industrial Organization > L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities > L94 - Electric Utilities; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q4 - Energy > Q40 - General; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q4 - Energy > Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources

References

[1] O. Dharmapandit, R. Patnaik, and P. Dash, “A fast time-frequency response based differential spectral energy protection of ac microgrids including fault location,” Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 30, 2017.

[2] H. J. Laaksonen, “Protection principles for future microgrids,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 2910–2918, 2010.

[3] H. Nikkhajoei and R. H. Lasseter, “Microgrid protection,” in 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2007, pp. 1–6.

[4] M. R. Miveh, M. Gandomkar, S. Mirsaeidi, and M. R. Gharibdoost, “A review on protection challenges in microgrids,” in 2012 Proceedings of 17th Conference on Electrical Power Distribution. IEEE, 2012, pp.1–5.

[5] Y. Bansal and R. Sodhi, “Microgrid fault detection methods: Reviews, issues and future trends,” in 2018 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-Asia (ISGT Asia). IEEE, 2018, pp. 401–406.

[6] “IEEE standard for interconnection and interoperability of distributed energy resources with associated electric power systems interfaces,” IEEE Std 1547-2018 (Revision of IEEE Std 1547-2003), pp. 1–138, 2018.

[7] M. E. Baran and I. El-Markaby, “Fault analysis on distribution feeders with distributed generators,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1757–1764, 2005.

[8] F. Zhang and L. Mu, “A fault detection method of microgrids with grid-connected inverter interfaced distributed generators based on the pq control strategy,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 4816–4826, 2019.

[9] S. Mirsaeidi, D. M. Said, M. W. Mustafa, and M. H. Habibuddin, “A protection strategy for micro-grids based on positive-sequence component,” IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 600–609, 2015.

[10] W. Huang, T. Nengling, X. Zheng, C. Fan, X. Yang, and B. J. Kirby, “An impedance protection scheme for feeders of active distribution networks,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 1591–1602, 2014.

[11] F. Zhang, L. Mu, and W. Guo, “An integrated wide-area protection scheme for active distribution networks based on fault components principle,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 392– 402, 2019.

[12] X. Li, A. Dy´sko, and G. M. Burt, “Traveling wave-based protection scheme for inverter-dominated microgrid using mathematical morphology,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 2211–2218, 2014.

[13] S. M. Brahma and A. A. Girgis, “Development of adaptive protection scheme for distribution systems with high penetration of distributed generation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 19, no. 1, pp.56–63, 2004.

[14] S. I. Gkavanoudis, D. Tampakis, K. N. D. Malamaki, G. C. Kryonidis, E. O. Kontis, K. O. Oureilidis, J. M. Maza-Ortega, and C. S. Demoulias, “Protection philosophy in low short-circuit capacity distribution grids with high penetration of converter-interfaced distributed renewable energy sources,” IET Generation, Transmission Distribution, vol. 14, no. 22, pp. 4978–4988, 2020.

[15] K. Liu and Y. Li, “Study on solutions for active distribution grid protection,” in Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 34, no. 16, 2014, pp.2584–2590.

[16] A. Ukil, B. Deck, and V. H. Shah, “Current-only directional overcurrent relay,” IEEE sensors journal, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 1403–1404, 2010.

[17] A. Ukil, B. Deck, and V. H. Shah, “Current-only directional overcurrent protection for distribution automation: Challenges and solutions,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1687–1694, 2012.

[18] N. Rezaei and M.-R. Haghifam, “Protection scheme for a distribution system with distributed generation using neural networks,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 235–241, 2008.

[19] M. El Khatib, J. Hernandez-Alvidrez, and A. Ellis, “Fault analysis and detection in microgrids with high pv penetration,” Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States), 2017.

[20] G. D. Rockefeller, C. L. Wagner, J. R. Linders, K. L. Hicks, and D. T. Rizy, “Adaptive transmission relaying concepts for improved performance,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 3, no. 4, pp.1446–1458, 1988.

[21] H. Muda and P. Jena, “Real time simulation of new adaptive overcurrent technique for microgrid protection,” in 2016 National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), 2016, pp. 1–6.

[22] H. Muda and P. Jena, “Superimposed adaptive sequence current based microgrid protection: a new technique,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 757–767, 2016.

[23] D. Sampath Kumar, D. Srinivasan, A. Sharma, and T. Reindl, “Adaptive directional overcurrent relaying scheme for meshed distribution networks,” IET Generation, Transmission Distribution, vol. 12, no. 13, pp.3212–3220, 2018.

[24] M. Xu, T. Meng, G. Zou, J. Zhang, X. Lin, and J. Yang, “A centralized protection and control scheme for microgrid,” in 2015 IEEE PES Asia- Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), 2015, pp. 1–5.

[25] D. Yuan, X. Dong, S. Chen, Z. Q. Bo, B. R. J. Caunce, and A. Klimek, “An new directional comparison scheme for distribution line protection,” in Proceedings of the 41st International Universities Power Engineering Conference, vol. 3, 2006, pp. 881–885.

[26] H. Gao and P. A. Crossley, “Directional relay for ehv transmission lines using positive sequence fault components,” in 2005 IEEE Russia Power Tech. IEEE, 2005, pp. 1–5.

[27] G. Benmouyal and J. Roberts, “Superimposed quantities: Their true nature and application in relays,” in Proceedings of the 26th Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA, 1999.

[28] A. Sirisha and S. Bhide, “Incremental quantities based relays,” in 2014 International Conference on Power, Automation and Communication (INPAC). IEEE, 2014, pp. 27–32.

[29] H. Muda and P. Jena, “Sequence currents based adaptive protection approach for dns with distributed energy resources,” IET Generation, Transmission Distribution, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 154–165, 2017.

[30] SEL-221-16 Distance Relay/Fault Locator, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Pullman WA, USA. 2021. Available at https://selinc.com/.

[31] A. Hooshyar and R. Iravani, “A new directional element for microgrid protection,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 6862–6876, 2018.

[32] K. Jia, Z. Yang, Y. Fang, T. Bi, and M. Sumner, “Influence of inverter-interfacedrenewable energy generators on directional relay and animproved scheme,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 11 843–11 855, 2019.

[33] W. Huang, N. Tai, Ke Li, X. Zheng, and Shi Chen, “Protection scheme for active distribution networks using positive-sequence components,” in 2015 IEEE Power Energy Society General Meeting, 2015, pp. 1–5.

[34] C. Zhou, G. Zou, J. Yang, and X. Lu, “Principle of pilot protection based on positive sequence fault component in distribution networks with inverter-interfaced distributed generators,” in 2019 IEEE PES GTD Grand International Conference and Exposition Asia (GTD Asia), 2019, pp. 998–1003.

[35] L. Che, M. E. Khodayar, and M. Shahidehpour, “Adaptive protection system for microgrids: Protection practices of a functional microgrid system.” IEEE Electrification Magazine, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 66–80, 2014.

[36] P. Mahat, Z. Chen, B. Bak-Jensen, and C. L. Bak, “A simple adaptive overcurrent protection of distribution systems with distributed generation,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 428–437, 2011.

[37] S. Tian, Y. Liu, and G. Mei, “New theory of directional current protection for the distribution network containing dg based on fault component,” in 2011 International Conference on Advanced Power System Automation and Protection, vol. 1, 2011, pp. 558–563.

[38] H. Gao, J. Li, and B. Xu, “Principle and implementation of current differential protection in distribution networks with high penetration of dgs,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 565–574, 2017.

[39] G. Yang, W. Liu, D. Li, B. Liang, and Y. Liu, “Microgrid protection based on positive sequence fault component current,” in 2019 4th International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy (ICPRE), 2019, pp. 1–6.

[40] G. Chen, Y. Liu, and Q. Yang, “Impedance differential protection for active distribution network,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 25–36, 2020.

[41] Z. Dai, C. Li, and X. Chen, “Fault model of iidg considering lvrt and its application in fault analysis of active distribution networks,” in 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON), 2016, pp. 3831–3834.

[42] Z. Yang, K. Jia, Z. Li, H. Zhao, Y. Fang, T. Feng, and B. Liu, “Adaptability analysis of the directional relay for the system with inverter-interfaced renewable energy generators,” in 2019 IEEE 8th International Conference on Advanced Power System Automation and Protection (APAP), 2019, pp. 1611–1616.

[43] Y. Li, G. Zou, J. Yang, and H. Sui, “Faulty section location scheme for distribution grid with inverter interfaced distributed generation,” in 2017 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe), 2017, pp. 1–6.

[44] J. Yang, C. Zhou, and G. Zou, “A protection scheme based on positive sequence fault component for active distribution networks,” in 2018 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2), 2018, pp. 1–5.

[45] K. Opoku, S. Pokharel, and A. Dimitrovski, “A negative sequence element for fault detection in inverter-interfaced microgrid,” Submitted for publication, 2021.

[46] J. L. Blackburn and T. J. Domin, Protective relaying: principles and applications. CRC press, 2006.

[47] Z. Shuai, C. Shen, X. Yin, X. Liu, and Z. J. Shen, “Fault analysis of inverter-interfaced distributed generators with different control schemes,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 1223–1235, 2018.

[48] T. Smith and B. Graves, “Detection of loss of voltage phase,” in Conference Record of 2013 Annual IEEE Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (PPIC), 2013, pp. 165–169.

[49] Z. Wu, G. Wang, H. Li, G. Pan, and X. Gao, “Analysis on the distribution network with distributed generators under phase-to-phase short-circuit faults,” in Zhongguo Dianji Gongcheng Xuebao(Proceedings of the Chinese Society of Electrical Engineering), vol. 33, no. 1. Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering, 2013, pp. 130–136.

[50] M. Xu, G. Zou, C. Xu, W. Sun, and S. Mu, “Positive sequence differential impedance protection for distribution network with ibdgs,” in 2016 IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON), 2016, pp. 1–5.