Roncalli, Thierry (2024): Handbook of Sustainable Finance.
This is the latest version of this item.
PDF
MPRA_paper_122683.pdf Download (32MB) |
Abstract
This handbook in Sustainable Finance corresponds to the lecture notes of the course given at University Paris-Saclay, ENSAE, Sorbonne University and Paris Cité University. It covers the following chapters: 1. Introduction, 2. ESG Scoring, 3. Financial Performance of ESG Investing, 4. Sustainable Financial Products, 5. Impact Investing, 6. Voting Policy & Engagement, 7. Extra-financial Accounting, 8. Economic Modeling of Climate Change, 9. Climate Risk Measures, 10. Transition Risk Modeling, 11. Portfolio Optimization, 12. Physical Risk Modeling, 13. Climate Stress Testing, 14. Conclusion, 15. Appendix A Technical Appendix, 16. Appendix B Solutions to the Tutorial Exercises.
Item Type: | MPRA Paper |
---|---|
Original Title: | Handbook of Sustainable Finance |
Language: | English |
Keywords: | Sustainable finance, ESG investing, climate risk |
Subjects: | G - Financial Economics > G1 - General Financial Markets Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q5 - Environmental Economics |
Item ID: | 122683 |
Depositing User: | Thierry Roncalli |
Date Deposited: | 14 Nov 2024 14:41 |
Last Modified: | 14 Nov 2024 14:41 |
References: | Aboumahboub T, Auer C, Bauer N, ..., and Ueckerdt F (2020). REMIND --- REgional Model of INvestments and Development. Technical Documentation, Version 2.1.0. Admati, A. R., and Pfleiderer, P. (2009). The \textquotedblleft Wall Street Walk\textquotedblright\ and Shareholder Activism: Exit as a Form of Voice. Review of Financial Studies, 22(7), pp. 2645-2685. Agrawal, A., and Hockerts, K. (2021). Impact Investing: Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 33(2), pp. 153-181. Aizen, M. A., Aguiar, S., Biesmeijer, J. C., ..., and Seymour, C. L. (2019). Global Agricultural Productivity is Threatened by Increasing Pollinator Dependence without a Parallel Increase in Crop Diversification. Global change biology, 25(10), pp. 3516-3527. Aizen, M. A., Garibaldi, L. A., Cunningham, S. A., and Klein, A. M. (2009). How Much Does Agriculture Depend on Pollinators? Lessons from Long-term Trends in Crop Production. Annals of Botany, 103(9), pp. 1579-1588. Akerman, M. (2003). What Does \textquoteleft Natural Capital\textquoteright\ Do? The Role of Metaphor in Economic Understanding of the Environment. Environmental Values, 12(4), pp. 431-448. Albuquerque, R., Koskinen, Y., and Zhang, C. (2019). Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Risk: Theory and Empirical Evidence. Management Science, 65(10), pp. 4451-4469. Alesina, A., Ozler, S., Roubini, N., and Swagel, P. (1996). Political Instability and Economic Growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 1, pp. 189-211. Alessi, L., and Battiston, S. (2022). Two Sides of the Same Coin: Green Taxonomy Alignment versus Transition Risk in Financial Portfolios. International Review of Financial Analysis, 102319. Algeo, T. J., and Shen, J. (2024). Theory and Classification of Mass Extinction Causation. National Science Review, 11, nwad237, 21 pages. Allen, M., Axelsson, K., Caldecott, B., Hale, T., Hepburn, C., Hickey, C., Mitchell-Larson, E., Malhi, Y., Otto, F., Seddon, N., and Smith, S. (2020). The Oxford Principles for Net Zero Aligned Carbon Offsetting. Report, September, 13 pages. Alley, R. B., Anandakrishnan, S., Christianson, K., Horgan, H. J., Muto, A., Parizek, B. R., Pollard, D., and Walker, R. T. (2015). Oceanic Forcing of Ice-Sheet Retreat: West Antarctica and More. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 43, pp. 207-231. Almond, R. E. A., Grooten, M., Juffe Bignoli, D., and Petersen, T. (Eds) (2022). Living Planet Report 2022 --- Building a Nature-positive Society. Report, WWF. Altman, E. I. (1968). Financial Ratios, Discriminant Analysis and the Prediction of Corporate Bankruptcy. Journal of Finance, 23(4), pp. 589-609. Andersson, M., Bolton, P., and Samama, F. (2016). Hedging Climate Risk. Financial Analysts Journal, 72(3), pp. 13-32. Anthoff, D., and Tol, R. S. J. (2014). The Climate Framework for Uncertainty, Negotiation and Distribution (Fund). Technical Description, Version 3.9. Antras, P., Chor, D., Fally, T., and Hillberry, R. (2012). Measuring the Upstreamness of Production and Trade Flows. American Economic Review, 102(3), pp. 412-416. Apergis, N., Poufinas, T., and Antonopoulos, A. (2022). ESG Scores and Cost of Debt. Energy Economics, 112, 106186. Appel, I. R., Gormley, T. A., and Keim, D. B. (2016). Passive Investors, Not Passive Owners. Journal of Financial Economics, 121(1), pp. 111-141. Archer, D., and Pierrehumbert, R. (Eds) (2011). The Warming Papers: The Scientific Foundation for the Climate Change Forecast. John Wiley & Sons. Armstrong McKay, D. I., Staal, A., Abrams, J. F., ..., and Lenton, T. M. (2022). Exceeding $\degC{1.5}$ Global Warming Could Trigger Multiple Climate Tipping Points. Science, 377(6611), eabn7950, 11 pages. Arrhenius, S. (1896). On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 41(251), pp. 237-276. Arrhenius, S. (1908). Worlds in the Making: The Evolution of the Universe. Harper. Attig, N., El Ghoul, S., Guedhami, O., and Suh, J. (2013). Corporate Social Responsibility and Credit Ratings. Journal of Business Ethics, 117, pp. 679-694. Attridge, S., and Engen, L. (2019). Blended Finance in the Poorest Countries: The Need for a Better Approach. ODI Report, Overseas Development Institute, April, 76 pages. Atz, U., Van Holt, T., Liu, Z. Z., and Bruno, C. C. (2022). Does Sustainability Generate Better Financial Performance? Review, Meta-analysis, and Propositions. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 13(1), pp. 802-825. Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution (2021). A First Assessment of Financial Risks Stemming from Climate Change: The Main Results of the 2020 Climate Pilot Exercise. Analyses et synthèses, 122-2021, 4 May 2021. Avramov, D., Cheng, S., Lioui, A., and Tarelli, A. (2022). Sustainable Investing with ESG Rating Uncertainty. Journal of Financial Economics, 145(2), pp. 642-664. Azar, J., Duro, M., Kadach, I., and Ormazabal, G. (2021). The Big Three and Corporate Carbon Emissions around the World. Journal of Financial Economics, 142(2), pp. 674-696. Baker, M., Bergstresser, D., Serafeim, G., and Wurgler, J. (2022). The Pricing and Ownership of US Green Bonds, Annual Review of Financial Economics, 14, pp. 415-437. Balitzky, S., and Mosson, N. (2024). Impact Investing --- Do SDG Funds Fulfil their Promises?. ESMA TRV Risk Analysis, February, 17 pages. Bambach, R. K. (2006). Phanerozoic Biodiversity Mass Extinctions. Annual Review of Earth Planetary Sciences, 34(1), pp. 127-155. Bandeira, B., Jamet, J.-L., Jamet, D., and Ginoux, J.-M. (2013). Mathematical Convergences of Biodiversity Indices. Ecological Indicators, 29, pp. 522-528. Bank of England (2022). Results of the 2021 Climate Biennial Exploratory Scenario (CBES). Report, 24 May 2022. Barahhou, I., Ben Slimane, M., Oulid Azouz, N., and Roncalli, T. (2022). Net Zero Investment Portfolios --- Part 1. The Comprehensive Integrated Approach. SSRN, 4283998. Barahhou, I., Ferreira, P., and Maalej, Y. (2023). A Framework to Align Sovereign Bond Portfolios with Net Zero Trajectories. SSRN, 4515462. Barber, B. M., Morse, A., and Yasuda, A. (2021). Impact Investing. Journal of Financial Economics, 139(1), pp. 162-185. Barko, T., Cremers, M., and Renneboog, L. (2022). Shareholder Engagement on Environmental, Social, and Governance Performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 180(2), pp. 777-812. Barnett, M. L., and Salomon, R. M. (2006). Beyond Dichotomy: The Curvilinear Relationship between Social Responsibility and Financial Performance. Strategic Management Journal, 27(11), pp. 1101-1122. Barnosky, A. D., Matzke, N., Tomiya, S., ..., and Ferrer, E. A. (2011). Has the Earth's Sixth Mass Extinction Already Arrived?. Nature, 471, pp. 51-57. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2022). Principles for the Effective Management and Supervision of Climate-related Financial Risks. Guidelines, 15 June 2022, 15 pages. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2023). Disclosure of Climate-related Financial Risks. Consultative Document, 29 November 2023, 38 pages. Bathiany, S., Notz, D., Mauritsen, T., Raedel, G., and Brovkin, V. (2016). On the Potential for Abrupt Arctic Winter Sea Ice Loss. Journal of Climate, 29(7), pp. 2703-2719. Batista, M., and Karawia, A. (2009). The Use of the Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury Formula to Solve Cyclic Block Tri-diagonal and Cyclic Block Penta-diagonal Linear Systems of Equations. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 210(2), pp. 558-563. Bauer, R., and Hann, D. (2010). Corporate Environmental Management and Credit Risk. SSRN, 1660470. Bauer, R., Koedijk, K., and Otten, R. (2005). International Evidence on Ethical Mutual Fund Performance and Investment Style. Journal of Banking & Finance, 29(7), pp. 1751-1767. BCG (2023a). The Voluntary Carbon Market: 2022 Insights and Trends. Report, January, 21 pages. BCG (2023b). Sustainability in Private Equity, 2023. Report, October, 32 pages. Beabout, G. R., and Schmiesing, K. E. (2003). Socially Responsible Investing: An Application of Catholic Social Thought. Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture, 6(1), pp. 63-99. Bebchuk, L. A., and Hirst, S. (2019). The Specter of the Giant Three. NBER, 25914. Becker, M. G., Martin, F., and Walter, A. (2022). The Power of ESG Transparency: The Effect of the New SFDR Sustainability Labels on Mutual Funds and Individual Investors. Finance Research Letters, 47 (Part B), 102708. Bekjarovski, F., and Bri\`{e}re, M. (2018). Shareholder Activism: Why Should Investors Care?. Amundi Discussion Paper, 30. Ben Dor, A., Guan, J., Kelleher, A., Lauretig, A., Preclaw, R., and Zeng, X. (2022). ESG and Alternative Data: Capturing Corporates' Sustainability-Related Activities with Job Postings. Journal of Financial Data Science, 4(1), pp. 130-144. Ben Slimane, M. (2021). Bond Index Tracking with Genetic Algorithms. ResearchGate, 350756323. Ben Slimane, M., Brard, E., Le Guenedal, T., Roncalli, T., and Sekine, T. (2019a). ESG Investing in Fixed Income: It's Time to Cross the Rubicon. SSRN, 3683477. Ben Slimane, M., Da Fonseca, D., and Mahtani, V. (2020). Facts and Fantasies about the Green Bond Premium. ResearchGate, 348650560. Ben Slimane, M., and De Jong, M. (2017). Bond Liquidity Scores. Journal of Fixed Income, 27(1), pp. 77-82. Ben Slimane, M., Le Guenedal, T., Roncalli, T., and Sekine, T. (2019b). ESG Investing in Corporate Bonds: Mind the Gap. SSRN, 3683472. Ben Slimane, M., Lucius, D., Roncalli, T., and Xu, J. (2023b). Net Zero Investment Portfolios --- Part 2. The Core-Satellite Approach. SSRN, 4611418. Ben Slimane, M., Roncalli, T., and Semet, R. (2023a). Green vs. Social Bond Premium. SSRN, 4448651. Ben Slimane, M., and Menchaoui, G. (2023). Bond Portfolio Optimisation and Mixed Integer Programming. ResearchGate, 376687891. Bennani, L., Le Guenedal, T., Lepetit, F., Ly, L., Mortier, V., Roncalli, T., and Sekine, T. (2018). How ESG Investing Has Impacted the Asset Pricing in the Equity Market. SSRN, 3316862. Benton, M. J. (1995). Diversification and extinction in the history of life. Science, 268(5207), pp. 52-58. Benton, M. J. (2015). When Life Nearly Died: The Greatest Mass Extinction of All Time. Thames & Hudson, 336 pages. Berg, F., Kôlbel, J. F., and Rigobon, R. (2022). Aggregate Confusion: The Divergence of ESG Ratings. Review of Finance, 26(6), pp. 1315-1344. Berk, J., and Van Binsbergen, J. H. (2024). The Impact of Impact Investing. Journal of Financial Economics, forthcoming. Bernard, J., Boiral, O., Guillaumie, L., and Brotherton, M. C. (2023). Does Proxy Voting Really Promote Corporate Sustainability?. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 31(3), pp. 445-463. Berrada, T., Engelhardt, L., Gibson, R., and Krueger, P. (2022). The Economics of Sustainability Linked Bonds. Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper, 22-26. Billio, M., Costola, M., Hristova, I., Latino, C., and Pelizzon, L. (2021). Inside the ESG Ratings: (Dis)agreement and Performance. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 28(5), pp. 1426-1445. Bingler, J. A., Kraus, M., Leippold, M., and Webersinke, N. (2022). Cheap Talk and Cherry-Picking: What ClimateBert has to Say on Corporate Climate Risk Disclosures. Finance Research Letters, 47(B), 102776, June. Black, F. (1972). Capital Market Equilibrium with Restricted Borrowing. Journal of Business, 45(3), pp. 444-455. Black, F. and Litterman, R. B. (1991). Asset Allocation: Combining Investor Views with Market Equilibrium. Journal of Fixed Income, 1(2), pp. 7-18. Black, F. and Litterman, R. B. (1992). Global Portfolio Optimization. Financial Analysts Journal, 48(5), pp. 28-43. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2011). Supervisory Guidance of Model Risk Management. Joint Publication with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Supervision and Regulation Letters, SR 11-7, April. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2021). Interagency Statement on Model Risk Management for Bank Systems Supporting Bank Secrecy Act/Anti-Money Laundering Compliance. Joint Publication with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation andthe Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Interagency Statement, April. Boffo, R., and Patalano, R. (2020). ESG Investing: Practices, Progress and Challenges. Report, OECD Paris. Bôhringer, C. (2003). The Kyoto Protocol: A Review and Perspectives. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 19(3), pp. 451-466. Bolin, B., and Eriksson, E. (1958). Changes in the Carbon Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere and Sea due to Fossil Fuel Combustion. In Bolin, B. (Ed.), The Atmosphere and the Sea in Motion: Scientific Contributions to the Rossby Memorial Volume, Rockefeller Institute Press, pp. 130-142. Bolton, P., and Kacperczyk, M. (2021). Do Investors Care about Carbon Risk?. Journal of Financial Economics, 142(2), pp. 517-549. Bolton, P., Kacperczyk, M., and Samama, F. (2022). Net-zero Carbon Portfolio Alignment. Financial Analysts Journal, 78(2), pp. 19-33. Bolton, P., Musca, X., and Samama, F. (2020). Global Public-Private Investment Partnerships: A Financing Innovation with Positive Social Impact. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 32(2), pp. 31-41. Bosetti, V., Carraro, C., Galeotti, M., Massetti, E., and Tavoni, M. (2006). A World Induced Technical Change Hybrid Model. Energy Journal, 27, Special Issue \#2, pp. 13-37. Bosmans, P., and de Mariz, F. (2023). The Blue Bond Market: A Catalyst for Ocean and Water Financing. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 16(3), 184, 48 pages. Bouyé, E., and Menville, D. (2021). The Convergence of Sovereign Environmental, Social and Governance Ratings. Policy Research Working Paper, World Bank, 9583. Bowen, H. R. (1953). Social Responsibilities of the Businessman. Harper & Row. Bowker, G. C. (2000). Biodiversity Datadiversity. Social Studies of Science, 30(5), pp. 643-683. Boyd, S., Parikh, N., Chu, E., Peleato, B., and Eckstein, J. (2010). Distributed Optimization and Statistical Learning via the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers. Foundations and Trends\textregistered\ in Machine learning, 3(1), pp. 1-122. Brander, M., Ascui, F., Scott, V., and Tett, S. (2021). Carbon Accounting for Negative Emissions Technologies. Climate Policy, 21(5), pp. 699-717. Breidert, C. (2006). Estimation of Willingness-to-pay: Theory, Measurement, Application. Springer. Brière, M., Keip, M., and Le Berthe, T. (2022). Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Finance: Why it may Help. Amundi Institute Research Paper, October 2022. Bri\`{e}re, M., Pouget, S., and Ureche-Rangau, L. (2020). BlackRock vs Norway Fund at Shareholder Meetings: Institutional Investors' Votes on Corporate Externalities. In Bank for International Settlements (Ed.), Evolving Practices in Public Investment Management, Proceedings of the Seventh Public Investors Conference, pp. 81-108. Brière, M., and Ramelli, S. (2021). Green Sentiment, Stock Returns, and Corporate Behavior. SSRN, 3850923. Brito-Ramos, S., Cortez, M. C., and Silva, F. (2024a). Do Sustainability Signals Diverge? An Analysis of Labeling Schemes for Socially Responsible Investments. Business & Society, forthcoming. Brito-Ramos, S., Cortez, M. C., Covachev, S., and Silva, F. (2024b). In Labels we Trust? The Influence of Sustainability Labels in Mutual Fund Flows. SSRN, 4748816. Broccardo, E., Hart, O. D., and Zingales, L. (2022). Exit versus Voice. Journal of Political Economy, 130(12), pp. 3101-3145. Broecker, W. S. (1975). Climatic Change: Are we on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?. Science, 189(4201), pp. 460-463. Brummitt, C. D., Barnett, G., and D'Souza, R. M. (2015). Coupled Catastrophes: Sudden Shifts Cascade and Hop among Interdependent Systems. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 12(112), 20150712, 12 pages. Budyko, M. I. (1969). The Effect of Solar Radiation Variations on the Climate of the Earth. Tellus, 21(5), pp. 611-619. Bugg-Levine, A., and Emerson, J. (2011). Impact Investing: Transforming How We Make Money While Making a Difference. John Wiley & Sons, 310 pages. Burke, M., Driscoll, A., Lobell, D. B., and Ermon, S. (2021). Using Satellite Imagery to Understand and Promote Sustainable Development. Science, 371(6535), March. Busch, T., Bruce}-Clark, P., Derwall, J., Eccles, R., Hebb, T., Hoepner, A., Klein, C., Krueger, P., Paetzold, F., Scholtens, B. and Weber, O. (2021). Impact Investments: A Call for (Re)Orientation. SN Business & Economics, 1, pp. 1-13. Busch, T., Pruessner, E., Oulton, W., Palinska, A., and Garrault, P. (2024). Methodology for Eurosif Market Studies on Sustainability-related Investments. Eurosif Report, February, 30 pages. Butchart, S. H. M., Resit Ak\c{c}akaya, H., Chanson, J., ..., and Hilton-Taylor, C. (2007). Improvements to the Red List Index. PloS One, 2(1), e140. Calel, R., and Stainforth, D. A. (2017a). On the Physics of Three Integrated Assessment Models. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 98(6), pp. 1199-1216. Calel, R., and Stainforth, D. A. (2017b). On the Physics of Three Integrated Assessment Models: Supplement. Internet Supplementary Materials, \url{https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0034.1}. Callendar, G. S. (1938). The Artificial Production of Carbon Dioxide and its Influence on Temperature. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 64(275), pp. 223-240. Calvin, K., Patel, P., Clarke, L., ..., and Wise, M. (2019). GCAM v5.1: Representing the Linkages between Energy, Water, Land, Climate, and Economic Systems. Geoscientific Model Development, 12, 677-698. Capelle-Blancard, G., Crifo, P., Diaye, M. A., Scholtens, B., and Oueghlissi, R. (2019). Sovereign Bond Yield Spreads and Sustainability: An Empirical Analysis of OECD Countries. Journal of Banking & Finance, 98, pp. 156-169. Capelle-Blancard, G., and Monjon, S. (2014). The Performance of Socially Responsible Funds: Does the Screening Process Matter?. European Financial Management, 20(3), pp. 494-520. Carbone, L., Nergadze, S. G., Magnani, E., ..., and Giulotto, E. (2006). Evolutionary Movement of Centromeres in Horse, Donkey, and Zebra. Genomics, 87(6), pp. 777-782. Cardinale, B. J., Duffy, J. E., Gonzalez, A., ..., and Naeem, S. (2012). Biodiversity Loss and its Impact on Humanity. Nature, 486(7401), pp. 59-67. Carey, M. (2010). In the Shadow of Melting Glaciers: Climate Change and Andean Society. Oxford University Press. Carney, M. (2015). Breaking the Tragedy of the Horizon --- Climate Change and Financial Stability. Speech given at Lloyd's of London, 29 September 2015. Carney, M. (2019). Fifty Shades of Green. Finance and Development, 56(4), pp. 12-15. Carroll, A. B. (1999). Corporate Social Responsibility: Evolution of a Definitional Construct. Business & Society, 38(3), pp. 268-295. Carroll, A. B., and Shabana, K. M. (2010). The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review of Concepts, Research and Practice. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(1), pp. 85-105. Catling, D. C., and Zahnle, K. J. (2020). The Archean Atmosphere. Science Advances, 6(9):eaax1420, pp. 1-16. CDP (2022). Accounting of Scope 2 Emissions --- CDP Climate Change Questionnaire. Technical Note, Version 9.0, March. Ceballos, G., Ehrlich, P. R., Barnosky, A. D., Garcia, A., Pringle, R. M., and Palmer, T. M. (2015). Accelerated Modern Human-induced Species Losses: Entering the Sixth Mass Extinction. Science Advances, 1(5), e1400253, 5 pages. Ceballos, G., Ehrlich, P. R., and Dirzo, R. (2017). Biological Annihilation via the Ongoing Sixth Mass Extinction Signaled by Vertebrate Population Losses and Declines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(30), pp. E6089-E6096. Chafik, L., Holliday, N. P., Bacon, S., and Rossby, T. (2022). Irminger Sea is the Center of Action for Subpolar AMOC Variability. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(17), e2022GL099133, 11 pages. Chambers, D., Dimson, E., and Quigley, E. (2020). To Divest or to Engage? A Case Study of Investor Responses to Climate Activism. Journal of Investing, 29(2), pp. 10-20. Charnay, B., Wolf, E. T., Marty, B., and Forget, F. (2020). Is the Faint Young Sun Problem for Earth Solved?. Space Science Reviews, 216(90), pp. 1-29. Charney, J. G., Arakawa, A., Baker, D. J., Bolin, B., Dickinson, R. E., Goody, R. M., Leith, C. E., Stommel, H. M., and Wunsch, C. I. (1979). Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Scientific Assessment. US National Academy of Sciences, 22 pages. Charney, J. G., Fj\"{o}rtoft, R., and von Neumann, J. (1950). Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation. Tellus, 2(4), pp. 237-254. Chiappini, H., Marinelli, N., Jalal, R. N., and Birindelli, G. (2023). Past, Present and Future of Impact Investing and Closely Related Financial Vehicles: A Literature Review. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 14(7), pp. 232-257. Chatterji, A. K., Durand, R., Levine, D. I., and Touboul, S. (2016). Do Ratings of Firms Converge? Implications for Managers, Investors and Strategy Researchers. Strategic Management Journal, 37(8), pp. 1597-1614. Chen, T., Dong, H., and Lin, C. (2020). Institutional Shareholders and Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Financial Economics, 135(2), pp. 483-504. Chen, Z., Van Khoa, L. D., Teoh, E. N., Nazir, A., Karuppiah, E. K., and Lam, K. S. (2018). Machine Learning Techniques for Anti-money Laundering (AML) Solutions in Suspicious Transaction Detection: A Review. Knowledge and Information Systems, 57(2), pp. 245-285. Chertow, M. R. (2000). The IPAT Equation and its Variants. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 4(4), pp. 13-29. Chin, L., Cojoianu, T., Hoepner, A., Moreno, D., Patil, R., and Vu, A. (2023). NZAOA Evidence on the Paris Alignment of Members' Disclosure, Proxy Voting, and Fossil Fuel Bond Investing. Climate Votes Report, January, 114 pages. Chiquier, S., Patrizio, P., Bui, M., Sunny, N., and Mac Dowell, N. (2022). A Comparative Analysis of the Efficiency, Timing, and Permanence of \COtwo\ Removal Pathways. Energy & Environmental Science, 15(10), pp. 4389-4403. Chowdhry, B., Davies, S. W., and Waters, B. (2019). Investing For Impact. Review of Financial Studies, 32(3), pp. 864-904. Claus, J., and Thomas, J. (2001). Equity Premia as Low as Three Percent? Evidence from Analysts' Earnings Forecasts for Domestic and International Stock Markets. Journal of Finance, 56(5), pp. 1629-1666. Climate Bonds Initiative (2019). Climate Bonds Standard Version 3.0. Guidelines, December, 34 pages. Climate Bonds Initiative (2022). Sustainable Debt --- Global State of the Market 2021. Report, April, 38 pages. Climate Bonds Initiative (2023). Sustainable Debt --- Global State of the Market 2022. Report, April, 32 pages. Climate Bonds Initiative (2024b). Climate Bonds Standard Version 4.1. Guidelines, February, 71 pages. Climate Bonds Initiative (2024b). Sustainability-Linked Bonds: Building a High-Quality Market. Report, March, 36 pages. Climate Bonds Initiative (2024c). Sustainable Debt --- Global State of the Market 2023. Report, May, 30 pages. Climate Disclosure Standards Board (2021a). Application Guidance for Water-related Disclosures. CDSB Framework, August 2021. Climate Disclosure Standards Board (2021b). Application Guidance for Biodiversity-related Disclosures. CDSB Framework, November 2021. Climate Disclosure Standards Board (2021c). TCFD Good Practice Handbook. Report, November 2021. Cline, W. R. (1992). The Economics of Global Warming. Institute for International Economics. Cohen, A. J., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., ..., and Forouzanfar, M. H. (2017). Estimates and 25-year Trends of the Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Ambient Air Pollution: An Analysis of Data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015. The Lancet, 389(10082), pp. 1907-1918. Cointe, B., and Guillemot, H. (2023). A History of the $\degC{1.5}$ Target. WIREs Climate Change, 14(3), e824, 11 pages. Cojoianu, T., Hoepner, A., Lin, Y., Van der Merve, K., and Vu, A. (2021). NZAOA Climate Voting Transparency and Benchmarking Report. Climate Votes Report, December, 75 pages. Colman, R., and Soden, B. J. (2021). Water Vapor and Lapse Rate Feedbacks in the Climate System. Reviews of Modern Physics, 93(4), 045002, 90 pages. Commissariat Général au Développement Durable (2020). L'empreinte carbone des Fran\c{c}ais reste stable. Report, 4 pages, January. Convergence (2024). State of Blended Finance 2024. Report, April, 93 pages. Cooper, E. W., and Uzun, H. (2015). Corporate Social Responsibility and the Cost of Debt. Journal of Accounting & Finance, 15(8), pp. 11-29. Coqueret, G. (2022). Perspectives in Sustainable Equity Investing. CRC Press. Cortez, M. C., Silva, F., and Areal, N. (2009). The Performance of European Socially Responsible Funds. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(4), pp. 573-588. Costanza, R., D'Arge, R., De Groot, R., ..., and Van den Belt, M. (1997). The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital. Nature, 387(6630), pp. 253-260. Costanza, R., and Daly, H. E. (1992). Natural Capital and Sustainable Development. Conservation Biology, 6(1), pp. 37-46. Costanza, R., De Groot, R., Sutton, P., ..., and Turner, R. K. (2014). Changes in the Global Value of Ecosystem Services. Global Environmental Change, 26, pp. 152-158. Cowie, R. H., Bouchet, P., and Fontaine, B. (2022). The Sixth Mass Extinction: Fact, Fiction or Speculation?. Biological Reviews, 97(2), pp. 640-663. Cox, G. M., Halverson, G. P., Stevenson, R. K., ..., and Macdonald, F. A. (2016). Continental Flood Basalt Weathering as a Trigger for Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 446, pp. 89-99. Craig, H. (1961). Isotopic Variations in Meteoric Waters. Science, 133(3465), pp. 1702-1703. Crifo, P., Diaye, M. A., and Oueghlissi, R. (2015). Measuring the Effect of Government ESG Performance on Sovereign Borrowing Cost. Quarterly Review of Economics & Finance, 66, pp. 13-20. Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Pagani, F., ..., and Vignati, E. (2023). GHG Emissions of All World Countries. Publications Office of the European Union, JRC134504, 268 pages. Crowther, D., and Aras, G. (2008). Corporate Social Responsibility. Bookboon. Crutzen, P. J. and Stoermer, E. F. (2000). The Anthropocene. IGBP Global Change News, 41, pp. 17-18. Daily, G. C. (1997). Introduction: What Are Ecosystem Services. In Daily, G. C. (Ed.), Nature's Services: Societal Dependence On Natural Ecosystems, Island Press, Chapter 1, pp. 1-10. Daly, H. E. (1968). On Economics as a Life Science. Journal of Political Economy, 76(3), pp. 392-406. Daniel, K. D., Litterman, R. B., and Wagner, G. (2016). Applying Asset Pricing Theory to Calibrate the Price of Climate Risk. NBER, 22795. Daniel, K. D., Litterman, R. B., and Wagner, G. (2019). Declining \COtwo\ Price Paths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(42), pp. 20886-20891. Dansgaard, W. (1964). Stable Isotopes in Precipitation. Tellus, 16(4), pp. 436-468. Dasgupta, P. (2021). The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review. London: HM Treasury, February, 610 pages. Daubanes, J. X., Mitali, S. F., and Rochet, J-C. (2021). Why Do Firms Issue Green Bonds?. Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper, 21-97. Davies, S. W., and Van Wesep, E. D. (2018). The Unintended Consequences of Divestment. Journal of Financial Economics, 128(3), pp. 558-575. Davis, S. J., and Caldeira, K. (2010). Consumption-based Accounting of \COtwo\ Emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(12), pp. 5687-5692. Davis, A. P., Chadburn, H., Moat, J., O'Sullivan, R., Hargreaves, S., and Lughadha, E. N. (2019). High Extinction Risk for Wild Coffee Species and Implications for Coffee Sector Sustainability. Science Advances, 5(1), eaav3473, 9 pages. Davis, G. F., and Kim, E. H. (2007). Business Ties and Proxy Voting by Mutual Funds. Journal of Financial Economics, 85(2), pp. 552-570. De Groot, R., Brander, L., Van Der Ploeg, S., ..., and Van Beukering, P. (2012). Global Estimates of the Value of Ecosystems and Their Services in Monetary Units. Ecosystem Services, 1(1), pp. 50-61. De Queiroz, K. (2007). Species Concepts and Species Delimitation. Systematic biology, 56(6), pp. 879-886. De Vos, J. M., Joppa, L. N., Gittleman, J. L., Stephens, P. R., and Pimm, S. L. (2015). Estimating the Normal Background Rate of Species Extinction. Conservation Biology, 29(2), pp. 452-462. Del Monte-Luna, P., Nakamura, M., Vicente, A., ..., and Lluch-Cota, S. E. (2023). A Review of Recent and Future Marine Extinctions. Cambridge Prisms: Extinction, 1, e13, 9 pages. Delmas, R. J., Ascencio, J. M., and Legrand, M. (1980). Polar Ice Evidence that Atmospheric \COtwo\ 20,000 yr BP was 50\% of Present. Nature, 284(5752), pp. 155-157. Delmas, M. A., and Burbano, V. C. (2011). The Drivers of Greenwashing. California Management Review, 54(1), pp. 64-87. Demartini, A. (2020). Provision of Non-financial Data: Mapping of Stakeholders, Products and Services. AMF Risks and Trend Mapping, December. Dennig, F., Budolfson, M. B., Fleurbaey, M., Siebert, A., and Socolow, R. H. (2015). Inequality, Climate Impacts on the Future Poor, and Carbon Prices. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(52), pp. 15827-15832. Derwall, J., and Koedijk, K. (2009). Socially Responsible Fixed-income Funds. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 36(1-2), pp. 210-229. Derwall, J., and Verwijmeren, P. (2007). Corporate Governance and the Cost of Equity Capital: Evidence from GMI's Governance Rating. European Centre for Corporate Engagement Research Note, 6(1), 11 pages. Descombes, P., Wisz, M. S., Leprieur, F., ..., and Pellissier, L. (2015). Forecasted Coral Reef Decline in Marine Biodiversity Hotspots under Climate Change. Global Change Biology, 21(7), pp. 2479-2487. Desnos, B., Le Guenedal, T., Morais, P., and Roncalli, T. (2023). From Climate Stress Testing to Climate Value-at-Risk: A Stochastic Approach. SSRN, 4497124. Diaz, D. B., and Moore, F. C. (2017a). Quantifying the Economic Risks of Climate Change. Nature Climate Change, 7(11), pp. 774-782. Diaz, D. B., and Moore, F. C. (2017b). Quantifying the Economic Risks of Climate Change: Supplementary Information. Available at \url{www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3411}. Dicks, L. V., Breeze, T. D., Ngo, H. T., ..., and Potts, S. G. (2021). A Global-scale Expert Assessment of Drivers and Risks Associated With Pollinator Decline. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 5(10), pp. 1453-1461. Dietrich, J. P., Bodirsky, B. L., Humpen\"{o}der, F., ..., and Popp, A. (2019). MAgPIE 4 --- A Modular Open-source Framework for Modeling Global Land Systems. Geoscientific Model Development, 12(4), pp. 1299-1317. Dietzenbacher, E., Los, B., Stehrer, R., Timmer, M. P., and De Vries, G. (2013). The Construction of World Input-Output Tables in the WIOD Project. Economic Systems Research, 25(1), pp. 71-98. Dimson, E., Karaka\c{s}, O., and Li, X. (2015). Active Ownership. Review of Financial Studies, 28(12), pp. 3225-3268. Dimson, E., Karaka\c{s}, O., and Li, X. (2021). Coordinated Engagements. SSRN, 3209072. Dimson, E., Kreutzer, I., Lake, R., Sjo, H., and Starks, L. T. (2013). Responsible Investment and the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global. Strategy Council 2013, Report, 34 pages, 11 November 2013. Dinerstein, E., Olson, D. M., Joshi, A., ..., and Saleem, M. (2017). An Ecoregion-based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm. BioScience, 67(6), pp. 534-545. Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., and Collen, B. (2014). Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science, 345(6195), pp. 401-406. Disley, E., Giacomantonio, C., Kruithof, K., and Sim, M. (2016). The Payment by Results Social Impact Bond Pilot at HMP Peterborough: Final Process Evaluation Report. RAND Europe Research Series, February, 73 pages. Disley, E., Rubin, J., Scraggs, E., Burrowes, N., and Culley, D. (2011). Lessons Learned from the Planning and Early Implementation of the Social Impact Bond at HMP Peterborough. RAND Europe Research series, May, 86 pages. Dommenget, D. (2022). An Introduction to Climate Dynamics. Lectures Notes for the Undergraduate Course in Climate Dynamics, 408 pages. Drei, A., Le Guenedal, T., Lepetit, F., Mortier, V., Roncalli, T. and Sekine, T. (2019). ESG Investing in Recent Years: New Insights from Old Challenges. SSRN, 3683469. Drucker, P. F. (1954). The Practice of Management. Harper & Row. Drucker, P. F. (1984). The New Meaning of Corporate Social Responsibility. California Management Review, 26(2), pp. 53-63. Ducoulombier, F. (2021). Understanding the Importance of Scope 3 Emissions and the Implications of Data Limitations. Journal of Impact and ESG Investing, 1(4), pp. 63-71. Dud\'{a}s, F., and Naffa, H. (2020). The Predictive Role of Country-Level ESG Indicators. Economy and Finance, 7(4), pp. 441-453. Easton, P. D. (2004). PE Ratios, PEG Ratios, and Estimating the Implied Expected Rate of Return on Equity Capital. Accounting Review, 79(1), pp. 73-95. Eccles, R. G., Lee, L. E., and Stroehle, J. C. (2020). The Social Origins of ESG: An Analysis of Innovest and KLD. Organization & Environment, 33(4), pp. 575-596. Eccles, R. G., Shandal, V., Young, D., and Montgomery, B. (2023). Private Equity Should Take the Lead in Sustainability. In Young, D., and Reeves, M (Eds), Sustainable Business Model Innovation, De Gruyter, Chapter 21, pp. 203-214. Eccles, R. G., and Stroehle, J. C. (2018). Exploring Social Origins in the Construction of Environmental, Social and Governance Measures. SSRN, 3212685. Ecosystem Marketplace (2023a). All in on Climate: The Role of Carbon Credits in Corporate Climate Strategies. Report, October, 36 pages. Ecosystem Marketplace (2023b). State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2023. Insights Report, November, 28 pages. Edmans, A. (2009). Blockholder Trading, Market Efficiency, and Managerial Myopia. Journal of Finance, 64(6), pp. 2481-2513. Edmans, A. (2011). Does the Stock Market fully Value Intangibles? Employee Satisfaction and Equity Prices. Journal of Financial Economics, 101(3), pp. 621-640. Edmans, A. (2014). Blockholders and Corporate Governance. Annual Review of Financial Economics, 6, pp. 23-50. Edmans, A., Levit, D., and Schneemeier, J. (2022). Socially Responsible Divestment. European Corporate Governance Institute, Finance Working Paper, 823, April. Ehlers, T., and Packer, F. (2017). Green Bond Finance and Certification. BIS Quarterly Review, September, pp. 89-104. Eilers, E. J., Kremen, C., Smith Greenleaf, S., Garber, A. K., and Klein, A. M. (2011). Contribution of Pollinator-mediated Crops to Nutrients in the Human Food Supply. PLoS One, 6(6), e21363, 6 pages. El Ghoul, S., Guedhami, O., Kwok, C. C., and Mishra, D. R. (2011). Does Corporate Social Responsibility Affect the Cost of Capital?. Journal of Banking & Finance, 35(9), pp. 2388-2406. Eliwa, Y., Aboud, A., and Saleh, A. (2021). ESG Practices and the Cost of Debt: Evidence from EU Countries. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 79, 102097, 21 pages. Emerson, J. (2003). The Blended Value Proposition: Integrating Social and Financial Returns. California Management Review, 45(4), pp. 35-51. ENCORE (2024). ENCORE: Exploring Natural Capital Opportunities, Risks and Exposure. \url{www.encorenature.org}. EPICA community members (2004). Eight Glacial Cycles from an Antarctic Ice Core. Nature, 429(6992), pp. 623-628. European Banking Authority (2014). Regulatory Technical Standards on the Conditions for Assessing the Materiality of Extensions and Changes of Internal Approaches for Credit, Market and Operational Risk. Technical Standards, Guidelines & Recommendations, July. European Banking Authority (2023). EBA Progress Report on Greenwashing Monitoring and Supervision. Report, 2023/16, 74 pages. European Central Bank (2022). 2022 Climate Risk Stress Test. Report, July 2022. European Commission (2022a). Targeted Consultation on the Functioning of the ESG Ratings Market in the European Union and on the Consideration of ESG Factors in Credit Ratings. Consultation Document, April 2022. European Commission (2022b). Targeted Consultation on the Functioning of the ESG Ratings Market in the European Union and on the Consideration of ESG Factors in Credit Ratings. Summary Report, August 2022. European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (2022). Draft European Sustainability Reporting Standards (Appendix II --- CSRD Requirements for the Development of sustainability Reporting Standards and their Coverage by the draft ESRS). Draft, November, 20 pages. European Fund and Asset Management Association (2023a). Fact Book 2023. Trends in European Investment Funds, 21st Edition, June, 326 pages. European Fund and Asset Management Association (2023b). The SFDR Fund Market --- State of Play. Market Insights, 12, June, 8 pages. European Investment Bank (2021). Measuring the EIB Group's Impact --- Methods and Studies. Report, October, 46 pages. European Securities and Markets Authority (2022). ESMA's Technical Advice to the European Commission on Integrating Sustainability Risks and Factors in MiFID II. Final Report, September 2022. European Securities and Markets Authority (2023). Final Report on Draft RTS on the Review of PAI and Financial Product Disclosures in the SFDR Delegated Regulation. Report, JC-2023-55, 4 December 2023, 221 pages. European Securities and Markets Authority (2024). EU Alternative Investment Funds 2023. Market Report, ESMA50-524821-3095, 30 January 2024, 53 pages. 2018 European SRI Study. November. \textit{2021 Eurosif Report: Fostering Investor Impact --- Placing it at the Heart of Sustainable Finance}. October, 45 pages. Fabozzi, F. J., Ma, K. C., and Oliphant, B. J. (2008). Sin Stock Returns. Journal of Portfolio Management, 35(1), pp. 82-94. Fama E. F., and French, K. R. (1993). Common Risk Factors in the Returns on Stocks and Bonds. Journal of Financial Economics, 33(1), pp. 3-56. Fatica, S., Panzica, R., and Rancan, M. (2021). The Pricing of Green Bonds: Are Financial Institutions Special?. Journal of Financial Stability, 54, 100873. Faulwasser, T. , Kellett, C. M., and Weller, S. R. (2018). MPC-DICE: Model Predictive Control --- Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and Economy. Code source available at \url{https://github.com/cmkellett/MPC-DICE}. Fawcett, T. (2006). An Introduction to ROC Analysis. Pattern Recognition Letters, 27(8), pp. 861-874. Feenstra, R. C., Inklaar, R., and Timmer, M. P. (2015). The Next Generation of the Penn World Table. American Economic Review, 105(10), pp. 3150-3182. Fender, I., McMorrow, M., Sahakyan, V., and Zulaica, O. (2019). Green Bonds: The Reserve Management Perspective. BIS Quarterly Review, September, pp. 49-53. Feulner, G. (2012). The Faint Young Sun Problem. Reviews of Geophysics, 50(2), RG2006, 29 pages. Fichtner, J., Heemskerk, E. M., and Garcia-Bernardo, J. (2017). Hidden Power of the Big Three? Passive Index Funds, Re-concentration of Corporate Ownership, and New Financial Risk. Business and Politics, 19(2), pp. 298-326. Figueiredo, L., Krauss, J., Steffan-Dewenter, I., and Sarmento Cabral, J. (2019). Understanding Extinction Debts: Spatio-temporal Scales, Mechanisms and A Roadmap for Future Research. Ecography, 42(12), pp. 1973-1990. Financial Reforms --- Progress on the Work Plan for the Antalya Summit. Chair's Letter to G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors. Finster, M., Wood, M., and Raja, S. N. (2005). The Apgar Score has Survived the Test of Time. Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 102(4), pp. 855-857. Flammer, C. (2021). Corporate Green Bonds. Journal of Financial Economics, 142(2), pp. 499-516. Flammer, C., Giroux, T., and Heal, G. (2024). Blended Finance. NBER, 32287. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2019). The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, prepared by Bélanger J., and Pilling D. (Eds), February, 572 pages. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2023). World Food and Agriculture --- Statistical Yearbook 2023. November, 384 pages. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2024). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024 -- Financing to End Hunger, Food Insecurity and Malnutrition in all its Forms. September, 316 pages. Foster, G. L., Royer, D. L., and Lunt, D. J. (2017). Future Climate Forcing Potentially without Precedent in the last 420 Million Years. Nature Communications, 8, 14845, 8 pages. Fourier, J. (1824). Remarques générales sur les températures du globe terrestre et des espaces planétaires. Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 27, pp. 136-167. France Invest & Forum pour l'investissement responsable (2021). Impact Investing: A Demanding Definition For Listed and Non-listed Products. Guidelines, March, 19 pages. Frankignoul, C., and Hasselmann, K. (1977). Stochastic Climate Models, Part II Application to Sea-surface Temperature Anomalies and Thermocline Variability. Tellus, 29(4), pp. 289-305. Frazzini, A., and Pedersen, L. H. (2014). Betting Against Beta. Journal of Financial Economics, 111(1), pp. 1-25. Freeman, R. E. (2004). Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Pitman. Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer (2005). A Legal Framework for the Integration of Environmental, Social and Governance Issues into Institutional Investment. UNEP Report, October. Friede, G., Busch, T., and Bassen, A. (2015). ESG and Financial Performance: Aggregated Evidence from more than 2000 Empirical Studies. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 5(4), pp. 210-233. Friederich, D., Kaack, L. H., Luccioni, A., and Steffen, B. (2021). Automated Identification of Climate Risk Disclosures in Annual Corporate Reports. arXiv, 2108.01415. Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., ..., and Zheng, B. (2022). Global Carbon Budget 2022. Earth System Science Data, 14(11), pp. 4811-4900. Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and Freedom. University of Chicago Press. The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits. New York Times Magazine, September 13, Section SM, pp. 17 (reproduced in Zimmerli, W. Ch., Holzinger, M., and Richter, K. (Eds). (2007), Corporate Ethics and Corporate Governance, Springer, pp. 173-178). Friedrich, O., Norris, R. D., and Erbacher, J. (2012). Evolution of Middle to Late Cretaceous Oceans --- A 55 my Record of Earth's Temperature and Carbon Cycle. Geology, 40(2), pp. 107-110. Fujimori, S., Hasegawa, T., and Masui, T. (2017). AIM/CGE V2.0: Basic Feature of the Model. In Fujimori, S., Kainuma, M., and Masui, T. (Eds), Post-2020 Climate Action: Global and Asian Perspectives, Springer, pp. 305-328. Fuss, S., Lamb, W. F., Callaghan, ..., and Minx, J. C. (2018). Negative Emissions --- Part 2: Costs, Potentials and Side Effects. Environmental Research Letters, 13(6), 063002, 47 pages. Gabay, D., and Mercier, B. (1976). A Dual Algorithm for the Solution of Nonlinear Variational Problems via Finite Element Approximation. Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 2(1), pp. 17-40. Gambhir, A., Butnar, I., Li, P. H., Smith, P., and Strachan, N. (2019). A Review of Criticisms of Integrated Assessment Models and Proposed Approaches to Address These, Through the Lens of BECCS. Energies, 12(9), 1747. Gantchev, N. (2013). The Costs of Shareholder Activism: Evidence from a Sequential Decision Model. Journal of Financial Economics, 107(3), pp. 610-631. Gantchev, N., Gredil, O. R., and Jotikasthira, C. (2019). Governance under the Gun: Spillover Effects of Hedge Fund Activism. Review of Finance, 23(6), pp. 1031-1068. Garibaldi, L. A., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Winfree, R., ..., and Klein, A. M. (2013). Wild Pollinators Enhance Fruit Set of Crops Regardless of Honey Bee Abundance. Science, 339(6127), pp. 1608-1611. Gaston, K. J. (2010). Biodiversity. In Sodhi, N. S., and Ehrlich, P. R. (Eds), Conservation Biology for All, Oxford University Press, Chapter 2, pp. 27-44. Gaston, K. J., and Spicer, J. I. (2004). Biodiversity: An Introduction. Second Edition, Wiley-Blackwell, 208 pages. Gatti, L. V., Basso, L. S., Miller, J. B., ..., and Neves, R. A. (2021). Amazonia as a Carbon Source Linked to Deforestation and Climate Change. Nature, 595(7867), pp. 388-393. Gebhardt, W. R., Lee, C. M., and Swaminathan, B. (2001). Toward an Implied Cost of Capital. Journal of Accounting Research, 39(1), pp. 135-176. Geczy, C., Jeffers, J. S., Musto, D. K., and Tucker, A. M. (2021). Contracts with (Social) Benefits: The Implementation of Impact Investing. Journal of Financial Economics, 142(2), pp. 697-718. Gemechu, E. D., Butnar, I., Llop, M., and Castells, F. (2014). Economic and Environmental effects of \COtwo\ Taxation: An Input-output Analysis for Spain. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 57(5), pp. 751-768. Genest, C., and MacKay, J. (1986a). Copules Archim\'{e}diennes et Familles de Lois Bidimensionnelles dont les Marges sont données. Canadian Journal of Statistics, 14(2), pp. 145-159. Genest, C., and MacKay, J. (1986b), The Joy of Copulas: Bivariate Distributions with Uniform Marginals, \textit{American Statistician, 40(4), pp. 280-283. Gerard, B. (2019). ESG and Socially Responsible Investment: A Critical Review. Beta, 33(1), pp. 61-83. GHG Protocol (2004). The Greenhouse Gas Protocol: A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard. Standards. The Value Chain (Scope 3) Standard. Standards. Technical Guidance for Calculating Scope 3 Emissions: Supplement to the Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting & Reporting Standard. Standards. GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance: An Amendment to the GHG Protocol Corporate Standard. Standards. Gianfrate, G., and Peri, M. (2019). The Green Advantage: Exploring the Convenience of Issuing Green Bonds. Journal of Cleaner Production, 219, pp. 127-135. Gianoncelli, A., Gaggiotti, G., Boiardi, P., and Pic\'{o}n Martinez, A. (2019). 15 Years of Impact --- Taking Stock and Looking Ahead. EVPA Report, 112 pages. Gibbard, P., Walker, M., Bauer, A., ..., and Ruddiman, W. (2022). The Anthropocene as an Event, not an Epoch. Journal of Quaternary Science, 37(3), pp. 395-399. Giglio, S., Maggiori, M., Stroebel, J., Tan, Z., Utkus, S., and Xu, X. (2023). Four Facts about ESG Beliefs and Investor Portfolios. NBER, 31114 Gillan, S. L., and Starks, L. T. (2000). Corporate Governance Proposals and Shareholder Activism: The Role of Institutional Investors. Journal of Financial Economics, 57(2), pp. 275-305. Gillingham, K., and Stock, J. H. (2018). The Cost of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32(4), pp. 53-72. Gini, C. (1921). Measurement of Inequality of Incomes. Economic Journal, 31(121), pp. 124-126. Girona, M. M., Morin, H., Gauthier, S., and Bergeron, Y. (Eds) (2023). Boreal Forests in the Face of Climate Change: Sustainable Management. Springer Nature, Advances in Global Change Research, 14, 837 pages. Global Development Network (2021). Measuring Impacts --- The Experience of the EIB-GDN Programme. Report, 114 pages. Global Impact Investing Network (2021). Impact Investing: A Guide to this Dynamic Market. January, 20 pages. Global Sustainable Investment Alliance (2013). 2012 Global Sustainable Investment Review. January, 46 pages. Global Sustainable Investment Alliance (2015). 2014 Global Sustainable Investment Review. February, 36 pages. Global Sustainable Investment Alliance (2017). 2016 Global Sustainable Investment Review. March, 31 pages. Global Sustainable Investment Alliance (2019). 2018 Global Sustainable Investment Review. April, 29 pages. Global Sustainable Investment Alliance (2021). 2020 Global Sustainable Investment Review. July, 32 pages. Global Sustainable Investment Alliance (2023). 2022 Global Sustainable Investment Review. November, 47 pages. Gode, D., and Mohanram, P. (2003). Inferring the Cost of Capital using the Ohlson-Juettner Model. Review of Accounting Studies, 8, pp. 399-431. Goldreyer, E. F., Ahmed, P., and Diltz, J. D. (1999). The Performance of Socially Responsible Mutual Funds: Incorporating Sociopolitical Information in Portfolio Selection. Managerial Finance, 25(1), pp. 23-36. Gollier, C. (2010). Ecological Discounting. Journal of Economic Theory, 145(2), pp. 812-829. Gollier, C. (2013). Pricing the Planet's Future: The Economics of Discounting in an Uncertain World. Princeton University Press. Gollier, C., and Pouget, S. (2022). Investment Strategies and Corporate Behaviour with Socially Responsible Investors: A Theory of Active Ownership. Economica, 89(356), pp. 997-1023. Golub, G. H., and Van Loan, C. F. (2013). Matrix Computations. Fourth edition, Johns Hopkins University Press. Gompers, P., Ishii, J., and Metrick, A. (2003). Corporate Governance and Equity Prices. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), pp. 107-156. Gon\c{c}alves, T. C., Dias, J., and Barros, V. (2022). Sustainability Performance and the Cost of Capital. International Journal of Financial Studies, 10(3), 63, 32 pages. Goosse, H., Kay, J. E., Armour, K. C., ..., and Vancoppenolle, M. (2018). Quantifying Climate Feedbacks in Polar Regions. Nature Communications, 9(1), 1919, 13 pages. Gouri\'{e}roux, C. (1992). Courbes de Performance, de Sélection et de Discrimination. Annales d'\'Economie et de Statistique, 28(4), pp. 107-123. Gouri\'{e}roux, C., and Jasiak, J. (2007). The Econometrics of Individual Risk: Credit, Insurance, and Marketing. Princeton University Press. Gratcheva, E. M., Emery, T., and Wang, D. (2020). Demystifying Sovereign ESG. Report, World Bank, Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions Insight, December. Gray, A. (2019). The Ecology of Plant Extinction: Rates, Traits and Island Comparisons. Oryx, 53(3), pp. 424-428. Gregory, A., Tharyan, R., and Whittaker, J. (2014). Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Value: Disaggregating the Effects on Cash Flow, Risk and Growth. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(4), pp. 633-657. Grewal, J., Serafeim, G., and Yoon, A. (2016). Shareholder Activism on Sustainability Issues. SSRN, 2805512. Grossman, B. R., and Sharpe, W. F. (1986). Financial Implications of South African Divestment. Financial Analysts Journal, 42(4), pp. 15-29. Grubb, M., Wieners, C., and Yang, P. (2021). Modeling Myths: On DICE and Dynamic Realism in Integrated Assessment Models of Climate Change Mitigation. WIREs Climate Change, 12(3), e698. Gupta, J., and Vegelin, C. (2016). Sustainable Development Goals and Inclusive Development. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 16, pp. 433-448. Gupta, K. (2018). Environmental Sustainability and Implied Cost of Equity: International Evidence. Journal of Business Ethics, 147(2), pp. 343-365. Gutierrez, M. S. (2008). Economic Activity and Atmospheric Pollution in Spain: An Input-output Approach. PhD Thesis, Universitat de Barcelona. Halley, J. M., Monokrousos, N., Mazaris, A. D., Newmark, W. D., and Vokou, D. (2016a). Dynamics of Extinction Debt Across Five Taxonomic Groups. Nature Communications, 7(1), 12283, 6 pages. Halley, J. M., Monokrousos, N., Mazaris, A. D., Newmark, W. D., and Vokou, D. (2016b). Supplementary Information. Nature Communications, 7(1), 12283, 34 pages. Hallmann, C. A., Sorg, M., Jongejans, E., ..., and De Kroon, H. (2017). More than 75 Percent Decline over 27 Years in Total Flying Insect Biomass in Protected Areas. PloS One, 12(10), e0185809, 21 pages. Hand, D., Sunderji, S., Nova, N. and De, I. (2021). Impact Investing Decision-making: Insights on Financial Performance. GIIN Report, January, 55 pages. Hand, D., Ringel, B., and Danel, A. (2022). Sizing the Impact Investing Market: 2022. GIIN Report, October, 17 pages. Hanemann, W. M. (2008). What is the Economic Cost of Climate Change?. Working Paper, University of California, Berkeley, 1071. H\"ansel, M. C., Drupp, M. A., Johansson, D. J., ..., and Sterner, T. (2020). Climate Economics Support for the UN Climate Targets. Nature Climate Change, 10(8), pp. 781-789. Hansen, J., Lacis, A., Rind, D., Russell, G., Stone, P., Fung, I., Ruedy, R., and Lerner, J. (1984). Climate Sensitivity: Analysis of Feedback Mechanisms. In Hansen, J. E. and Takahashi, T. (Eds), Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity, 29, pp. 130-163. Hansen, J., Sato, M., Russell, G., and Kharecha, P. (2013). Climate Sensitivity, Sea Level and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 371(2001), 20120294, 31 pages. Hanski, I., and Ovaskainen, O. (2002). Extinction Debt at Extinction Threshold. Conservation Biology, 16(3), pp. 666-673. Hanski, I., and Ovaskainen, O. (2003). Metapopulation Theory for Fragmented Landscapes. Theoretical Population Biology, 64(1), pp. 119-127. Hasselmann, K. (1976). Stochastic Climate Models, Part I. Theory. Tellus, 28(6), pp. 473-485. Hartigan Jr, J. (2017). Care of the Species: Races of Corn and the Science of Plant Biodiversity. University of Minnesota Press, 376 pages. Hartmann, D. L. (2016). Global Physical Climatology. Second edition, Elsevier Science. Harvey, A. C. (1990). Forecasting, Structural Time Series Models and the Kalman Filter. Cambridge University Press. Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., and Friedman, J.H. (2009). The Elements of Statistical Learning. Second edition, Springer. Havl\`{\i}k, P., Valin, H., Mosnier, A., ..., and Hasegawa, T. (2018). GLOBIOM Documentation. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., and Shackleton, N. J. (1976). Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages. Science, 194(4270), pp. 1121-1132. Heeb, F., Kôlbel, J. F., Paetzold, F., and Zeisberger, S. (2023). Do Investors Care About Impact?. Review of Financial Studies, 36(5), pp. 1737-1787. Hein, L., Bagstad, K. J., Obst, C., ..., and Caparr\'os, A. (2020). Progress in Natural Capital Accounting for Ecosystems. Science, 367(6477), pp. 514-515. Held, I. M., and Soden, B. J. (2006). Robust Responses of the Hydrological Cycle to Global Warming. Journal of Climate, 19(21), pp. 5686-5699. Henry, P. B., and Miller, C. (2009). Institutions Versus Policies: A Tale of Two Islands. American Economic Review, 99(2), pp. 261-267. Heras-Saizarbitoria, I., Urbieta, L., and Boiral, O. (2022). Organizations' Engagement with Sustainable Development Goals: From Cherry-picking to SDG-washing?. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 29(2), pp. 316-328. Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., ..., and Thépaut, J. N. (2020). The ERA5 Global Reanalysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146(730), pp. 1999-2049. Heywood, V. H. (1995). The Global Biodiversity Assessment. UNEP & Cambridge University Press, 1140 pages. High-Level Expert Group on Sustainable Finance (2018). Financing a Sustainable European Economy. Final Report, January. Hinkley, D. V. (1969). On the Ratio of Two Correlated Normal Random Variables. Biometrika, 56(3), pp. 635-639. Hirschman, A. O. (1970). Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Harvard University Press. Hjort, J., Streletskiy, D., Doré, G., Wu, Q., Bjella, K., and Luoto, M. (2022). Impacts of Permafrost Degradation on Infrastructure. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 3(1), pp. 24-38. Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Beal, D., Chaudhry, T., ..., and Smits, M. (2015). Reviving the Ocean Economy: The Case for Action. WWF Report, April, 60 pages. Hoffman, P. F., Kaufman, A. J., Halverson, G. P., and Schrag, D. P. (1998). A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth. Science, 281(5381), pp. 1342-1346. Hoffman, P. F., and Schrag, D. P. (2002). The Snowball Earth Hypothesis: Testing the Limits of Global Change. Terra Nova, 14(3), pp. 129-155. Hong, H., and Kacperczyk, M. (2009). The Price of Sin: The Effects of Social Norms on Markets. Journal of Financial Economics, 93(1), pp. 15-36. Hope, C. (2011). The PAGE09 Integrated Assessment Model: A Technical Description. Cambridge Judge Business School Working Paper, 4. H\"{o}chst\"{a}dter, A. K., and Scheck, B. (2015). What's in a Name: An Analysis of Impact Investing Understandings by Academics and Practitioners. Journal of Business Ethics, 132, pp. 449-475. Howard, P. H., and Sterner, T. (2017). Few and not so Far Between: A Meta-analysis of Climate Damage Estimates. Environmental and Resource Economics, 68(1), pp. 197-225. Hübel, B. (2022). Do Markets Value ESG Risks in Sovereign Credit Curves?. Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 85, pp. 134-148. Humphrey, J. E., Lee, D. D., and Shen, Y. (2012). Does it Cost to be Sustainable?. Journal of Corporate Finance, 18(3), pp. 626-639. Huppmann, D., Gidden, M., Fricko, ..., and Krey, V. (2019). The MESSAGEix Integrated Assessment Model and the ix Modeling Platform (ixmp): An Open Framework for Integrated and Cross-cutting Analysis of Energy, Climate, the Environment, and Sustainable Development. Environmental Modelling & Software, pp. 112, 143-156. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) (2022). Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Database Version 7.7. Source: \url{https://pub.iges.or.jp/pub/iges-ndc-database}. Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases (2021). Technical Support Document: Social Cost of Carbon, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide, Interim Estimates under Executive Order 13990. United States Government, 2021. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1999). Procedures for the Preparation, Review, Acceptance, Adoption, Approval and Publication of IPCC Reports. Appendix A to the Principles Governing IPCC Work, 29 pages. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H. S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (Eds). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis --- Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis --- Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014a). Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change --- Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014b). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report --- Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Report, 151 pages. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2018). Global Warming of $\degC{1.5}$. Special Report, 616 pages. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2019). 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Prepared by Calvo Buendia, E., Tanabe, K., Kranjc, A., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M., Ngarize, S., Osako, A., Pyrozhenko, Y., Shermanau, P. and Federici, S. (Eds). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis --- Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2022). Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change --- Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Report. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (2016). The Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on Pollinators, Pollination and Food Production. IPBES secretariat, prepared by Potts, S.G., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L., and Ngo H. T. (Eds), 552 pages. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (2019). Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. IPBES secretariat, prepared by Brondizio, E. S., Settele, J., Diaz, S., and Ngo, H. T. (Eds), 1144 pages. International Association of Insurance Supervisors (2021). Supervision of Climate-related Risks in the Insurance Sector. Application Paper, May, 37 pages. International Association of Insurance Supervisors (2023). Public Consultation on Climate Risk Supervisory Guidance --- Part One. Consultation Document, March, 12 pages. International Capital Market Association (2021a). Green Bond Principles --- Voluntary Process Guidelines for Issuing Green Bonds. Guidelines, June. International Capital Market Association (2021b). Social Bond Principles --- Voluntary Process Guidelines for Issuing Social Bonds. Guidelines, June. International Capital Market Association (2022). Green, Social and Sustainability Bonds: A High-Level Mapping to the Sustainable Development Goals. Report, June. International Capital Market Association (2023). Bonds to Finance the Sustainable Blue Economy. Report, September, 33 pages. International Energy Agency (2017). Energy Technology Perspectives 2017: Catalysing Energy Technology Transformations. Flagship Report, June. International Energy Agency (2021). Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. Report, July. International Energy Agency (2022). Direct Air Capture: A Key Technology for Net Zero. Report, April, 76 pages. International Finance Corporation (2020). Green Bond Handbook: A Step-by-step Guide to Issuing a Green Bond. Guidelines. International Finance Corporation (2022). Blue Finance --- Guidance for Financing the Blue Economy, Building on the Green Bond Principles and the Green Loan Principles. Guidelines, January. International Organization of Securities Commissions (2021). Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Ratings and Data Products Providers. Report, 23 November 2021, 56 pages. International Organization of Securities Commissions (2023). Supervisory Practices to Address Greenwashing. Report, 4 December 2023, 94 pages. International Sustainability Standards Board (2022a). IFRS S1 General Requirements for Disclosure of Sustainability-related Financial Information. Exposure Draft, March. International Sustainability Standards Board (2022b). IFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures. Exposure Draft, March. Israel, R.B., Rosenthal, J.S., and Wei, J.Z. (2001). Finding Generators for Markov Chains via Empirical Transition Matrices, with Applications to Credit Ratings. Mathematical Finance, 11(2), pp. 245-265. ISS Governance (2022). Climate & Voting: 2021 Review and Global Trends. Insights Report, May. IUCN (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1, second edition, 32 pages. IUCN (2022). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1, \url{www.iucnredlist.org}. IUCN (2024a). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2024-1, \url{www.iucnredlist.org}. IUCN (2024b). Summary Statistics. Version 2024-1, \url{www.iucnredlist.org}. Izzo, M. F., and Magnanelli, B. S. (2012). Does it Pay or Does Firm Pay? The relation Between CSR Performance and the Cost of Debt. SSRN, 1986131. Jackson, E. T. (2013). Interrogating the Theory of Change: Evaluating Impact Investing where It Matters Most. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 3(2), pp. 95-110. Jahnke, P. (2019). Ownership Concentration and Institutional Investors' Governance through Voice and Exit. Business and Politics, 21(3), pp. 327-350. Jarrow, R.A., Lando, D., and Turnbull, S.M. (1997). A Markov Model for the Term Structure of Credit Risk Spreads. Review of Financial Studies, 10(2), pp. 481-523. Jaulin, T., Le Berthe, T., Deixonne, F., and De Vecchi, V. (2022). EU Sustainable Finance Action Plan: State of Play. Amundi ESG Thema, 11, 13 pages. Jeevanjee, N. (2023). Climate Sensitivity from Radiative-Convective Equilibrium: A Chalkboard Approach. American Journal of Physics, 91(9), pp. 731-745. Jensen, M. C. (1968). The Performance of Mutual Funds in the Period 1945--1964. Journal of Finance, 23(2), pp. 389-416. Jensen, M. C. (1993). The Modern Industrial Revolution, Exit, and the Failure of Internal Control Systems. Journal of Finance, 48(3), pp. 831-880. Jensen, M. C., and Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), pp. 305-360. Jewell, J., and Cherp, A. (2020). On the Political Feasibility of Climate Change Mitigation Pathways: Is it Too Late to Keep Warming Below $\degC{1.5}$?. WIREs Climate Change, 11(1), e621, 12 pages. Jha, A., and Cox, J. (2015). Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Capital. Journal of Banking & Finance, 60, pp. 252-270. Joe, H. (1997). Multivariate Models and Dependence Concepts. Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability, 73, Chapman & Hall. Johansen, D. F., and Vestvik, R. A. (2020). The Cost of Saving our Ocean --- Estimating the Funding Gap of Sustainable Development Goal 14. Marine Policy, 112, 103783, 12 pages. Johnson, S. A., Moorman, T. C., and Sorescu, S. (2009). A Reexamination of Corporate Governance and Equity Prices. Review of Financial Studies, 22(11), pp. 4753-4786. Jondeau, E., Mojon, B., and Pereira da Silva, L. A. (2021). Building Benchmark Portfolios with Decreasing Carbon Footprints. Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper, 21-91. Jones, M. W., Peters, G. P., Gasser, T., ..., and Le Quéré, C. (2023). National Contributions to Climate Change due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide since 1850. Scientific Data, 10(1), 23 pages. Jones, T. M. (1980). Corporate Social Responsibility Revisited, Redefined. California Management Review, 22(3), pp. 59-67. Joos, F., Roth, R., Fuglestvedt, J. S., ..., and Weaver, A. J. (2013). Carbon Dioxide and Climate Impulse Response Functions for the Computation of Greenhouse Gas Metrics: A Multi-model Analysis. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13(5), pp. 2793-2825. Joppa, L., Luers, A., Willmott, E., Friedmann, S. J., Hamburg, S. P., and Broze, R. (2021). Microsoft's Million-Tonne \COtwo-Removal Purchase --- Lessons for Net Zero. Nature, 597(7878), pp. 629-632. Jorion, P. (2003). Portfolio Optimization with Tracking-Error Constraints. Financial Analysts Journal, 59(5), pp. 70-82. Jouzel, J. (2013). A Brief History of Ice Core Science over the last 50 yr. Climate of the Past, 9(6), pp. 2525-2547. Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Cattani, O., ..., and Wolff, E. W. (2007). Orbital and Millennial Antarctic Climate Variability over the Past 800,000 Years. Science, 317(5839), pp. 793-796. Kaplan, R. S., Ramanna, K., and Roston, M. (2023). Accounting for Carbon Offsets --- Establishing the Foundation for Carbon-trading Markets. Harvard Business School Working Paper, 23-050, 16 pages. Kapraun, J., Latino, C., Scheins, C., and Schlag, C. (2021). (In)-credibly Green: Which Bonds Trade at a Green Bond Premium?. SSRN, 3347337. Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., and Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 5430 (SSRN, 1682130). Kavvathas, D. (2001). Estimating Credit Rating Transition Probabilities for Corporate Bonds. SSRN, 248421. Kaya, Y., and Yokobori, K. (Eds) (1997). Environment, Energy, and Economy: Strategies for Sustainability. United Nations University Press, 393 pages. Keeling, C. D. (1960). The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere. Tellus, 12(2), pp. 200-203. Keeling, C. D., Bacastow, R. B., Bainbridge, A. E., Ekdahl Jr, C. A., Guenther, P. R., Waterman, L. S., and Chin, J. F. S. (1976). Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Variations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. Tellus, 28(6), pp. 538-551. Keeling, C. D. (1978). The Influence of Mauna Loa Observatory on the Development of Atmospheric \COtwo\ Research. In Miller, J (Ed.), Mauna Loa Observatory: A 20th Anniversary Report, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Special Report, pp. 36-54. Keeling, C. D., Piper, S. C., Bacastow, R. B., Wahlen, M., Whorf, T. P., Heimann, M., and Meijer, H. A. (2001). Exchanges of Atmospheric CO$_{2}$ and $^{13}$CO$_{2}$ with the Terrestrial Biosphere and Oceans from 1978 to 2000. I. Global aspects. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, SIO Reference Series, 01-06, 28 pages. Kellett, C. M., Faulwasser, T., and Weller, S. R. (2016). DICE-2013R-mc --- A Matlab/CasADi Implementation of Vanilla DICE-2013R. Code source available at \url{https://github.com/cmkellett/DICE2013R-mc}. Kellett, C. M., Weller, S. R., Faulwasser, T., Gr\"une, L., and Semmler, W. (2019). Feedback, Dynamics, and Optimal Control in Climate Economics. Annual Reviews in Control, 47, pp. 7-20. Kelly, D. L., and Kolstad, C. D. (1999). Integrated Assessment Models for Climate Change Control. In Folmer, H. and Tietenberg, T. (Eds), International Yearbook of Environmental and Resource Economics 1999/2000, Edward Elgar, pp. 171-197. Kemp, L., Xu, C., Depledge, J., ..., and Lenton, T. M. (2022). Climate Endgame: Exploring Catastrophic Climate Change Scenarios. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(34), e2108146119, 9 pages. Khaled, R., Ali, H., and Mohamed, E. K. (2021). The Sustainable Development Goals and Corporate Sustainability Performance: Mapping, Extent and Determinants. Journal of Cleaner Production, 311, 127599. Khanchel, I., and Lassoued, N. (2022). ESG Disclosure and the Cost of Capital: Is there a Ratcheting Effect over Time?. Sustainability, 14(15), 9237, 19 pages. Kiehl, J. T., and Trenberth, K. E. (1997). Earth's Annual Global Mean Energy Budget. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 78(2), pp. 197-208. Kitzes, J. (2013). An Introduction to Environmentally-extended Input-output Analysis. Resources, 2(4), pp. 489-503. Klein, A. M., Vaissière, B. E., Cane, J. H., ..., and Tscharntke, T. (2007). Importance of Pollinators in Changing Landscapes for World Crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274(1608), pp. 303-313. Kleinberg, R. L. (2020). The Global Warming Potential Misrepresents the Physics of Global Warming Thereby Misleading Policy Makers. EarthArXiv, November. Klose, A. K., Karle, V., Winkelmann, R., and Donges, J. F. (2020). Emergence of Cascading Dynamics in Interacting Tipping Elements of Ecology and Climate. Royal Society Open Science, 7(6), 200599, 18 pages. Kofoworola, O., Dodd, N., Boyano, A., Konstantas, A., Wolf, O., Alessi, L., and Ossola, E. (2019). Development of EU Ecolabel Criteria for Retail Financial Products --- Technical Report 2.0. Joint Research Centre Technical Report, December, 119 pages. Kôlbel, J. F., Leippold, M., Rillaerts, J., and Wang, Q. (2022). Ask BERT: How Regulatory Disclosure of Transition and Physical Climate Risks Affects the CDS Term Structure. Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper, 21-19. Kolbert, E. (2014). The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. Henry Holt and Company, 319 pages. Kôppl, A., and Schratzenstaller, M. (2023). Carbon Taxation: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Journal of Economic Surveys, 37(4), pp. 1353-1388. Kostant, P. C. (1999). Exit, Voice and Loyalty in the Course of Corporate Governance and Counsel's Changing Role. Journal of Socio-Economics, 28(3), pp. 203-246. Konstantas, A., Faraca, G. Dodd, N., Kofoworola, O., Boyano, A., Wolf, O., Alessi, L., and Ossola, E. (2019). Development of EU Ecolabel Criteria for Retail Financial Products --- Technical Report 4.0. Joint Research Centre Technical Report, March, 141 pages. Kremen, C. (2005). Managing Ecosystem Services: What Do We Need to Know about Their Ecology?. Ecology letters, 8(5), pp. 468-479. Krueger, P., Sautner, Z., and Starks, L. T. (2020). The Importance of Climate Risks for Institutional Investors. Review of Financial Studies, 33(3), pp. 1067-1111. Kurtz, L. (1999). Investment in Minority-Owned Media: A Social Investor's Perspective. Federal Communications Law Journal, 51(3), pp. 681-691. Kuussaari, M., Bommarco, R., Heikkinen, R. K., ..., and Steffan-Dewenter, I. (2009). Extinction Debt: A Challenge for Biodiversity Conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 24(10), pp. 564-571. Kvenvolden, K. A. (1988). Methane Hydrates and Global Climate. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2(3), pp. 221-229. Lafortune, G., Fuller, G., Moreno, J., Schmidt-Traub},G., and Kroll, C. (2018). SDG Index and Dashboards: Detailed Methodological Paper. Supplementary Materials, September, 56 pages. Lamb, W. F., Wiedmann, T., Pongratz, J., ..., and Minx, J. (2021). A Review of Trends and Drivers of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector from 1990 to 2018. Environmental Research Letters, 16(7), 073005. Langway, C. C. (2008). The History of Early Polar Ice Cores. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 52(2), pp. 101-117. Larcker, D. F., Tayan, B., and Copland, J. R. (2018). The Big Thumb on the Scale: An Overview of the Proxy Advisory Industry. Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance, 9 pages, 14 June 2018. Larcker, D. F., and Watts, E. M. (2020). Where's the Greenium?. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 69(2-3), 101312. Larsen, B. B., Miller, E. C., Rhodes, M. K., and Wiens, J. J. (2017). Inordinate Fondness Multiplied and Redistributed: The Number of Species on Earth and the New Pie of Life. Quarterly Review of Biology, 92(3), pp. 229-265. Le Guenedal, T. (2019). Economic Modeling of Climate Risks. SSRN, 3693661. Le Guenedal, T., Drobinski, P., and Tankov, P. (2021). Measuring and Pricing Cyclone-Related Physical Risk Under Changing Climate. SSRN, 3850673. Le Guenedal, T., Drobinski, P., and Tankov, P. (2022). Cyclone Generation Algorithm Including a Thermodynamic Module for Integrated National Damage Assessment (CATHERINA 1.0) Compatible with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) Climate Data. Geoscientific Model Development, 15(21), pp. 8001-8039. Le Guenedal, T., Lombard, F, Roncalli, T., and Sekine, T. (2022). Net Zero Carbon Metrics. SSRN, 4033686. Le Guenedal, T., and Roncalli, T. (2022). Portfolio Construction with Climate Risk Measures. In Jurczenko, E. (Ed.), Climate Investing: New Strategies and Implementation Challenges, Wiley, December 2022, pp. 49-86. Leakey, R. E., and Lewin, R. (1995). The Sixth Extinction: Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind. Doubleday, 271 pages. Legesse, F., Degefa, S., and Soromessa, T. (2022). Valuation Methods in Ecosystem Services: A Meta-analysis. World Journal of Forest Research, 1(1), pp. 1-12. Leite, P., and Cortez, M. C. (2016). The Performance of European Socially Responsible Fixed-Income Funds. SSRN, 2726094. Lemoine, D. (2020). DICE-2016R-Matlab. Code source available at \url{https://github.com/dlemoine1/DICE-2016R-Matlab}. Lenssen, N. J., Schmidt, G. A., Hansen, J. E., Menne, M. J., Persin, A., Ruedy, R., and Zyss, D. (2019). Improvements in the GISTEMP Uncertainty Model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(12), pp. 6307-6326. Lenton, T. M. (2011). Early Warning of Climate Tipping Points. Nature Climate Change, 1(4), pp. 201-209. Lenton, T. M., Held, H., Kriegler, E., Hall, J. W., Lucht, W., Rahmstorf, S., and Schellnhuber, H. J. (2008). Tipping Elements in the Earth's Climate System. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(6), pp. 1786-1793. Lenton, T. M., Rockstrôm, J., Gaffney, O., Rahmstorf, S., Richardson, K., Steffen, W., and Schellnhuber, H. J. (2019). Climate Tipping Points --- Too Risky to Bet Against. Nature, 575(7784), pp. 592-595. Leontief, W. W. (1936). Quantitative Input and Output Relations in the Economic Systems of the United States. Review of Economics and Statistics, 18(3), pp. 105-125. Leontief, W. W. (1941). Structure of American Economy, 1919--1929: An Empirical Application of Equilibrium Analysis. Harvard University Press. Leontief, W. (1970). Environmental Repercussions and the Economic Structure: An Input-output Approach. Review of Economics and Statistics, 52(3), pp. 262-271. Letts, C. W., Ryan, W., and Grossman, A. (1997). Virtuous Capital: What Foundations Can Learn from Venture Capitalists. Harvard Business Review, 75, pp. 36-50. Levit, D. (2019). Soft Shareholder Activism. Review of Financial Studies, 32(7), pp. 2775-2808. Levit, D., Malenko, N., and Maug, E. (2024). Trading and Shareholder Democracy. Journal of Finance, 79(1), pp. 257-304. Lewis, S. L., and Maslin, M. A. (2015). Defining the Anthropocene. Nature, 519(7542), pp. 171-180. Lezmi, E., Roncalli, T, and Xu, J. (2022). Multi-Period Portfolio Optimization. SSRN, 4078043. Lhotellier J., Less, E. Bossanne, E., and Pesnel, S. (2017). Modélisation et évaluation du poids carbone de produits de consommation et biens d'équipements. ADEME Report, September. Liang, S., Wang, D., He, T., and Yu, Y. (2019). Remote Sensing of Earth's Energy Budget: Synthesis and Review. International Journal of Digital Earth, 12(7), pp. 737-780. Lin, K., Kabel, A., Parker, S., and Joye, C. (2019). Are ESG Alpha and Beta Benefits in Corporate Bonds a Mirage?. SSRN, 3352950. Lisiecki, L. E., and Raymo, M. E. (2005). A Pliocene-Pleistocene Stack of 57 Globally Distributed benthic $\deltaOeighteen$ Records, Paleoceanography, 20(1), 17 pages. Liu, W., Xie, S. P., Liu, Z., and Zhu, J. (2017). Overlooked Possibility of a Collapsed Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in Warming Climate. Science Advances, 3(1), e1601666, 7 pages. Liu, P. R., and Raftery, A. E. (2021). Country-based Rate of Emissions Reductions Should Increase by $80\%$ Beyond Nationally Determined Contributions to Meet the $\degC{2}$ Target. Communications Earth & Environment, 2(1):29, 10 pages. Livingston, J. E., and Rummukainen, M. (2020). Taking Science by Surprise: The Knowledge Politics of the IPCC Special Report on 1.5 Degrees. Environmental Science & Policy, 112, pp. 10-16. Loehle, C., and Eschenbach, W. (2012). Historical Bird and Terrestrial Mammal Extinction Rates and Causes. Diversity and Distributions, 18(1), pp. 84-91. L\"{o}ffler, K. U., Petreski, A., and Stephan, A. (2021). Drivers of Green Bond Issuance and New Evidence on the \textquotedblleft Greenium\textquotedblright. Eurasian Economic Review, 11(1), pp. 1-24. Lorenz, M. O. (1905). Methods of Measuring the Concentration of Wealth. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 9(70), pp. 209-219. Lucas, R. E. (1993). Making A Miracle. Econometrica, 61(2), pp. 251-272. MacArthur, R. H., and Wilson, E. O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, 220 pages. Mace, G. (1998). Getting the Measure of Extinction. People Planet, 7(4):9, PMID: 12348876. Malenko, A., Malenko, N., and Spatt, C. S. (2021). Creating Controversy in Proxy Voting Advice. NBER, 29036. Maltais, A., and Nykvist, B. (2020). Understanding the Role of Green Bonds in Advancing Sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, pp. 1-20. Manabe, S., and Wetherald, R. T. (1967). Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 24(3), pp. 241-259. March, A., Failler, P., and Bennett, M. (2023). Challenges when Designing Blue Bond Financing for Small Island Developing States. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 80(8), pp. 2244-2251. Mardones, C., and Mena, C. (2020). Economic, Environmental and Distributive Analysis of the Taxes to Global and Local Air Pollutants in Chile. Journal of Cleaner Production, 259, 120893. Margolis, J. D., Elfenbein, H. A., and Walsh, J. P. (2009). Does it Pay to be Good... and does it Matter? A Meta-analysis of the Relationship between Corporate Social and Financial Performance. SSRN, 1866371. Markowitz H. M. (1952), Portfolio Selection. Journal of Finance, 7(1), pp. 77-91. Markowitz H. M. (1956). The Optimization of a Quadratic Function Subject to Linear Constraints. Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, 3(1-2), pp. 111-133. Martellini, L., and Vallée, L. S. (2021). Measuring and Managing ESG Risks in Sovereign Bond Portfolios and Implications for Sovereign Debt Investing. Journal of Portfolio Management, 47(9), pp. 198-223. Martin, M. (2013). Making Impact Investible. SSRN, 2272553. Matos, P. (2020). ESG and Responsible Institutional Investing around the World: A Critical Review. CFA Institute Research Foundation. Matsusaka, J. G., Ozbas, O., and Yi, I. (2021). Can Shareholder Proposals Hurt Shareholders? Evidence from Securities and Exchange Commission No-action-letter Decisions. Journal of Law and Economics, 64(1), pp. 107-152. Matsusaka, J. G., and Shu, C. (2024). Robo-Voting: Does Delegated Proxy Voting Pose a Challenge for Shareholder Democracy?. SSRN, 4564648. May, R. M. (1988). How Many Species are there on Earth?. Science, 241(4872), pp. 1441-1449. May, R. M. (2010). Tropical Arthropod Species, More or Less?. Science, 329(5987), pp. 41-42. McCahery, J. A., Sautner, Z., and Starks, L. T. (2016). Behind the Scenes: The Corporate Governance Preferences of Institutional Investors. Journal of Finance, 71(6), pp. 2905-2932. McKibbin, W. J., and Wilcoxen, P. J. (2002). The Role of Economics in Climate Change Policy. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(2), pp. 107-129. McKinsey (2022). The Net-zero Transition --- What it Would Cost, What it Could Bring. January 2022, 224 pages. McKinsey (2024). Private Markets: A Slower Era. Report, March, 66 pages. Medina, A., De La Cruz, A., and Tang, Y. (2022). Corporate Ownership and Concentration. OECD Corporate Governance Working Papers, 27, 50 pages. Megaeva, K., Engelen, P. J., and Van Liedekerke, L. (2021). A Comparative Study of European Sustainable Finance Labels. SSRN, 3790435. Megaeva, K., Engelen, P. J., and Van Liedekerke, L. (2023). New Trends in European Sustainable Finance Labels. SSRN, 4688587. Meinshausen, M., Lewis, J., McGlade, C., ..., Hackmann, B. (2022). Realization of Paris Agreement Pledges may limit Warming just below $\degC{2}$. Nature, 604(7905), pp. 304-309. Meinshausen, M., Raper, S. C. B., and Wigley, T. M. L. (2011). Emulating Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean and Carbon Cycle Models with a Simpler Model, MAGICC6 --- Part 1: Model Description and Calibration. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11(4), pp. 1417-1456. Menif, M., Redon, N., and Husson-Traore, A. C. (2023). Fonds durables labellisés en Europe au 31 juillet 2023. Novethic Publication, 4 pages. Menz, K. M. (2010). Corporate Social Responsibility: Is it Rewarded by the Corporate Bond Market? A Critical Note. Journal of Business Ethics, 96(1), pp. 117-134. Merlivat, L., and Jouzel, J. (1979). Global Climatic Interpretation of the Deuterium-Oxygen 18 Relationship for Precipitation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 84(C8), pp. 5029-5033. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Report, 155 pages, \url{www.millenniumassessment.org}. Miller, R. E., and Blair, P. D. (2009). Input-output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions. Second edition, Cambridge University Press. Mintzberg, H. (1983). The Case for Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Business Strategy, 4(2), pp. 3-13. Minx, J. C., Lamb, W. F., Callaghan, M. W., ..., and del Mar Zamora Dominguez, M. (2018). Negative Emissions --- Part 1: Research Landscape and Synthesis. Environmental Research Letters, 13(6), 063001, 29 pages. Minx, J. C., Wiedmann, T., Wood, R., ..., and Ackerman, F. (2009). Input-output Analysis and Carbon Footprinting: An Overview of Applications. Economic Systems Research, 21(3), pp. 187-216. Mio, C., Panfilo, S., and Blundo, B. (2020). Sustainable Development Goals and the Strategic Role of Business: A Systematic Literature Review. Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(8), pp. 3220-3245. Mishra, B. (2018). Social Impact Measurement and Investment: Methods, Limitations and Challenges. Transcience, 9(1), pp. 20-51. Missemer, A. (2018). Natural Capital as an Economic Concept, History and Contemporary Issues. Ecological Economics, 143, pp. 90-96. Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., and Wood, D. J. (1997). Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts. Academy of Management Review, 22(4), pp. 853-886. Mittermeier, R. A., Turner, W. R., Larsen, F. W., Brooks, T. M., and Gascon, C. (2011). Global Biodiversity Conservation: The Critical Role of Hotspots. In Zachos, F. E., and Habel, J. C. (Eds), Biodiversity Hotspots: Distribution and Protection of Conservation Priority Areas, Springer, Chapter 1, pp. 3-22. Moler, C., and Van Loan, C.F. (2003). Nineteen Dubious Ways to Compute the Exponential of a Matrix, Twenty-Five Years Later. SIAM Review, 45(1), pp. 3-49. Moody's (2022). Sovereign Default and Recovery Rates, 1983--2021. Report, April. Mooney, H. A., and Ehrlich, P. R. (1997). Ecosystem Services: A Fragmentary History. In Daily, G. C. (Ed.), Nature's Services: Societal Dependence On Natural Ecosystems, Island Press, Chapter 2, pp. 11-19. Moore, F. C., Rising, J., Lollo, N., ..., and Anthoff, D. (2018). Mimi-PAGE, An Open-source Implementation of the PAGE09 Integrated Assessment Model. Scientific Data, 5, 180187. Moore, G. W. K., V\aa ge, K., Renfrew, I. A., and Pickart, R. S. (2022). Sea-ice Retreat Suggests Re-organization of Water Mass Transformation in the Nordic and Barents Seas. Nature Communications, 13(67), 8 pages. Mora, C., Tittensor, D. P., Adl, S., Simpson, A. G., and Worm, B. (2011). How Many Species are there on Earth and in the Ocean?. PLoS biology, 9(8), e1001127, 8 pages. Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., ..., and Simpson, I. R. (2021). An Updated Assessment of Near-surface Temperature Change from 1850: The HadCRUT5 Data Set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126(3), e2019JD032361, 28 pages. Morningstar (2023). Investing in Times of Climate Change 2023?. Morningstar Manager Research Report, 54 pages, September 2023. Morningstar (2024a). Global Sustainable Fund Flows: Q4 2023 in Review. Morningstar Manager Research Report, 45 pages, January 2024. Morningstar (2024b). SFDR Article 8 and Article 9 Funds: Q4 2023 in Review. Morningstar Manager Research Report, 44 pages, January 2024. Moskowitz, M. (1972). Choosing Socially Responsible Stocks. Business and Society Review, 1(1), pp. 71-75. MSCI (2020). MSCI ESG Ratings Methodology. Methodology Document, April. MSCI (2022). MSCI ESG Ratings Methodology. Executive Summary, June. MSCI ESG Research (2024). MSCI SDG Alignment Methodology. Methodology Document, January, 51 pages. Murphy, K. J. (1985). Corporate Performance and Managerial Remuneration: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 7(1-3), pp. 11-42. Myers, N. (1988). Threatened Biotas: \textquotedblleft Hot Spots\textquotedblright\ in Tropical Forests. Environmentalist, 8, pp. 187-208. Myers, N. (1990). The Biodiversity Challenge: Expanded Hot-spots Analysis. Environmentalist, 10(4), pp. 243-256. Myers, N., Mittermeier, R., Mittermeier, C. G., Da Fonseca, G. A. B., and Kent, J. (2000). Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities. Nature, 403, pp. 853-858 Naiken, L. (2002). Keynote Paper: FAO Methodology for Estimating the Prevalence of Undernourishment. In Measurement and Assessment of Food Deprivation and Undernutrition, Proceedings of the International Scientific Symposium convened by the Agriculture and Economic Development Analysis Division, FAO, Rome, 26-28 June 2002. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2019). Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda. The National Academy Press, 510 pages. NBIM (2020). Shareholder Voting Process --- Asset Management Perspective. Report, March. Nelsen, R. B. (2006). An Introduction to Copulas. Second edition, Springer. Nemet, G. F., Callaghan, M. W., Creutzig, F., ..., and Smith, P. (2018). Negative Emissions --- Part 3: Innovation and Upscaling. Environmental Research Letters, 13(6), 063003, 31 pages. Newbold, S. C., and Marten, A. L. (2014). The Value of Information for Integrated Assessment Models of Climate Change. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 68(1), pp. 111-123. Ng, A. C., and Rezaee, Z. (2015). Business Sustainability Performance and Cost of Equity Capital. Journal of Corporate Finance, 34, pp. 128-149. NGFS (2022). NGFS Scenarios for Central Banks and Supervisors. Report, September. NGFS (2024). Nature-related Financial Risks: A Conceptual Framework to Guide Action by Central Banks and Supervisors. Report, July, 50 pages. Noss, R. F., Platt, W. J., Sorrie, B. A., ..., and Peet, R. K. (2015). How Global Biodiversity Hotspots May Go Unrecognized: Lessons from the North American Coastal Plain. Diversity and Distributions, 21(2), pp. 236-244. Nordhaus, W. D. (1977). Economic Growth and Climate: the Carbon Dioxide Problem. American Economic Review, 67(1), pp. 341-346. Nordhaus, W. D. (1992). An Optimal Transition Path for Controlling Greenhouse Gases. Science, 258(5086), pp. 1315-1319. Nordhaus, W. D. (2007). A Review of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change. Journal of Economic Literature, 45(3), pp. 686-702. Nordhaus, W. D. (2008). A Question of Balance: Weighing the Options on Global Warming Policies. Yale University Press. Nordhaus, W. D. (2017a). Revisiting the Social Cost of Carbon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(7), pp. 1518-1523. Nordhaus, W. D. (2017b). Integrated Assessment Models of Climate Change. NBER Reporter, 3, September, pp. 16-20. Nordhaus, W. D. (2018a). Evolution of Modeling of the Economics of Global Warming: Changes in the DICE Model, 1992--2017. Climatic Change, 148(4), pp. 623-640. Nordhaus, W. D. (2018b). Projections and Uncertainties about Climate Change in An Era of Minimal Climate Policies. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 10(3), pp. 333-360. Nordhaus, W. D. (2019). Climate Change: The Ultimate Challenge for Economics. American Economic Review, 109(6), pp. 1991-2014. Nordhaus, W. D., and Boyer, J. G. (1999). Requiem for Kyoto: An Economic Analysis of the Kyoto Protocol. Energy Journal, 20(1), pp. 93-130. Nordhaus, W. D., and Boyer, J. G. (2000). Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming. MIT Press. Nordhaus, W. D., and Sztorc, P. (2013). DICE 2013R: Introduction and User's Manual. Yale University, Second Edition, October. Nordhaus, W. D., and Yang, Z. (1996). A Regional Dynamic General-equilibrium Model of Alternative Climate-change Strategies. American Economic Review, 86(4), pp. 741-765. Norris, J. R. (1997). Markov Chains. Cambridge Series in Statistical and Probabilistic Mathematics, Cambridge University Press. North Greenland Ice Core Project members (2004). High-resolution Record of Northern Hemisphere Climate Extending into the Last Interglacial Period. Nature, 431(7005), pp. 147-151. Nurk, S., Koren, S., Rhie, A., ..., and Phillippy, A. M. (2022). The Complete Sequence of a Human Genome. Science, 376(6588), pp. 44-53. O'Donohoe, N., Leijonhufvud, C., Saltuk, Y., Bugg-Levine, A., and Brandenburg, M. (2010). Impact Investments: An Emerging Asset Class. J.P. Morgan Global Research & Rockefeller Foundation, Report, 96 pages. O'Neill, B. C., Kriegler, E., Ebi, K. L., ..., and Solecki, W. (2017). The Roads Ahead: Narratives for Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Describing World Futures in the 21st Century. Global Environmental Change, 42, pp. 169-180. O'Neill, B. C., Kriegler, E., Riahi, K., Ebi, K. L., Hallegatte, S., Carter, T. R., Mathur, R., and Van Vuuren, D. P. (2014). A New Scenario Framework for Climate Change Research: The Concept of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. Climatic Change, 122, pp. 387-400. Oberth\"ur, S., and Ott, H. E. (1995). The First Conference of the Parties. Environmental Policy and Law, 25(4-5), pp. 144-156. Oberth\"ur, S., and Ott, H. E. (1999). The Kyoto Protocol: International Climate Policy for the 21st Century. Springer, 358 pages. Observatoire de la Responsabilité Sociétale des Entreprises (2001). Guide des Organismes d'Analyse Sociétale et Environnementale. Report, October. Observatoire de la Responsabilité Sociétale des Entreprises (2007). Guide to Sustainability Analysis Organisations --- Profiles. Report, December. OECD (2021). Biodiversity, Natural Capital and the Economy: A Policy Guide for Finance, Economic and Environment Ministers. OECD Environment Policy Papers, 26, May, 83 pages. Ohlson, J. A., and Juettner}-Nauroth, B. E. (2005). Expected EPS and EPS Growth as Determinants of Value. Review of Accounting Studies, 10, pp. 349-365. Ohlmann, M., Miele, V., Dray, S., Chalmandrier, L., O'connor, L., and Thuiller, W. (2019). Diversity Indices for Ecological Networks: A Unifying Framework using Hill Numbers. Ecology letters, 22(4), pp. 737-747. Oikonomou, I., Brooks, C., and Pavelin, S. (2014). The Effects of Corporate Social Performance on the Cost of Corporate Debt and Credit Ratings. Financial Review, 49(1), pp. 49-75. Olhnuud, A., Liu, Y., Makowski, D., ..., and Van der Werf, W. (2022). Pollination Deficits and Contributions of Pollinators in Apple Production: A Global Meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology, 59(12), pp. 2911-2921. Ollerton, J., Winfree, R., and Tarrant, S. (2011). How Many Flowering Plants are Pollinated by Animals?. Oikos, 120(3), pp. 321-326. Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., ..., and Kassem, K. R. (2001). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth. BioScience, 51(11), pp. 933-938. Olson, D. M., and Dinerstein, E. (2002). The Global 200: Priority Ecoregions for Global Conservation. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 89(2), pp. 199-224. Orlitzky, M., Schmidt, F. L., and Rynes, S. L. (2003). Corporate Social and Financial Performance: A Meta-analysis. Organization Studies, 24(3), pp. 403-441. Ortiz, J. D., and Jackson, R. (2022). Understanding Eunice Foote's 1856 Experiments: Heat Absorption by Atmospheric Gases. Notes and Records, 76(1), pp. 67-84. Parrenin, F., Barnola, J. M., Beer, J., ..., and Wolff, E. (2007). The EDC3 Chronology for the EPICA Dome C Ice Core. Climate of the Past, 3(3), pp. 485-497. Pastor, L., Stambaugh, R. F., and Taylor, L. A. (2021). Sustainable Investing in Equilibrium. Journal of Financial Economics, 142(2), pp. 550-571. Pastor, L., Stambaugh, R. F., and Taylor, L. A. (2022). Dissecting Green Returns. Journal of Financial Economics, 146(2), pp. 403-424. Pauli, G. A. (2010). The Blue Economy: 10 Years, 100 Innovations, 100 Million Jobs. Paradigm Publications. Pausata, F. S. R., Gaetani, M., Messori, G., Berg, A., de Souza, D. M., Sage, R. F., and DeMenocal, P. B. (2020). The Greening of the Sahara: Past Changes and Future Implications. One Earth, 2(3), pp. 235-250. Pearce, D. (1988). Economics, Equity and Sustainable Development. Futures, 20(6), pp. 598-605. Pearce, D. (1998). Auditing the Earth: The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 40(2), pp. 23-28. Pedersen, L. H., Fitzgibbons, S., and Pomorski, L. (2021). Responsible Investing: The ESG-Efficient Frontier. Journal of Financial Economics, 142(2), pp. 572-597. Pereira, P., Cortez, M. C., and Silva, F. (2019). Socially Responsible Investing and the Performance of Eurozone Corporate Bond Portfolios. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(6), pp. 1407-1422. Perrin, S., and Roncalli, T. (2020). Machine Learning Optimization Algorithms & Portfolio Allocation. In Jurczenko, E. (Ed.), Machine Learning for Asset Management: New Developments and Financial Applications, Wiley, Chapter 8, pp. 261-328. Peters, G. P., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., ..., and Nakicenovic, N. (2017). Key Indicators to Track Current Progress and Future Ambition of the Paris Agreement. Nature Climate Change, 7(2), pp. 118-122. Peters, G. P., and Hertwich, E. G. (2008). \COtwo\ Embodied in International Trade with Implications for Global Climate Policy. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(5), pp. 1401-1407. Peters, G. P., Minx, J. C., Weber, C. L., and Edenhofer, O. (2011). Growth in Emission Transfers via International Trade from 1990 to 2008. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(21), pp. 8903-8908. Petit, J. R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., ..., and Stievenard, M. (1999). Climate and Atmospheric History of the Past 420,000 Years from the Vostok Ice Core, Antarctica. Nature, 399(6735), pp. 429-436. Phenix Capital (2023). Private Debt Funds at a Glance. Phenix Report, June, 23 pages. Phenix Capital (2024a). Impact Fund Universe Report. Phenix Report, January, 32 pages. Phenix Capital (2024b). Blue Economy Funds at a Glance. Phenix Report, May, 40 pages. Phenix Capital (2024c). Private Debt Funds at a Glance. Phenix Report, June, 23 pages. Phillips, N. A. (1956). The General Circulation of the Atmosphere: A Numerical Experiment. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 82(352), pp. 123-164. Pimm, S. L., and Brooks, T. M. (2000). The Sixth Extinction: How Large, Where, and When. In Raven, P. H. (Ed.), Nature and Human Society: The Quest for a Sustainable World --- Proceedings of the 1997 Forum on Biodiversity, National Academic Press, Chapter 4, pp. 46-62. Pimm, S. L., Russell, G. J., Gittleman, J. L., and Brooks, T. M. (1995). The Future of Biodiversity. Science, 269(5222), pp. 347-350. Pindyck, R. S. (2012). Uncertain Outcomes and Climate Change Policy. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 63(3), pp. 289-303. Pindyck, R. S. (2013). Climate Change Policy: What Do the Models Tell Us?. Journal of Economic Literature, 51(3), pp. 860-872. Pindyck, R. S. (2017). The Use and Misuse of Models for Climate Policy. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 11(1), pp. 100-114. PitchBook (2023). 2023 Impact Investing Update. Report, December, 19 pages. PitchBook (2024). The State of Private Market ESG and Impact Investing in 2024. Report, March, 14 pages. Plass, G. N. (1956). The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climatic Change. Tellus, 8(2), pp. 140-154. Polbennikov, S., Desclée, A., Dynkin, L., and Maitra, A. (2016). ESG Ratings and Performance of Corporate Bonds. Journal of Fixed Income, 26(1), pp. 21-41. Pollan, M. (2007). The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. Penguin, 480 pages. Popp, D. (2004). ENTICE: Endogenous Technological Change in the DICE Model of Global Warming. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 48(1), pp. 742-768. Pottier, A., Espagne, E., Perrissin Fabert, B., and Dumas, P. (2015). The Comparative Impact of Integrated Assessment Models' Structures on Optimal Mitigation Policies. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 20, pp. 453-473. Potts, S. G., Biesmeijer, J. C., Kremen, C., Neumann, P., Schweiger, O., and Kunin, W. E. (2010). Global Pollinator Declines: Trends, Impacts and Drivers. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25(6), pp. 345-353. Potts, S. G., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V., Ngo, H. T., ..., and Vanbergen, A. J. (2016). Safeguarding Pollinators and Their Values to Human Well-being. Nature, 540(7632), pp. 220-229. Pouillet, C. (1838). Mémoire sur la chaleur solaire, sur les pouvoirs rayonnants et absorbants de l'air atmosphérique et sur la température de l'espace. Bachelier, Paris. Powers, D. M. (2011). Evaluation: From Precision, Recall and F-measure to ROC, Informedness, Markedness and Correlation. Journal of Machine Learning Technologies, 2(1), pp 37-63. Pratt, S. P., and Grabowski, R. J. (2008). Cost of Capital. John Wiley & Sons, 778 pages. Prequin (2023). ESG in Alternatives 2023. Insights+, June, 31 pages. Primack, R. B. (2014). Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sixth edition, Sinauer Associates & Oxford University Press, 603 pages. Principles for Responsible Investment (2018a). How ESG Engagement Creates Value for Investors and Companies. Report, April, 32 pages. Principles for Responsible Investment (2018b). Impact Investing Market Map. Report, August, 112 pages. Principles for Responsible Investment (2019a). A Practical Guide to ESG integration in Sovereign Debt. Report, August, 63 pages. Principles for Responsible Investment (2019). Private Equity. An Introduction to Responsible Investment, October, 7 pages. Principles for Responsible Investment (2019c). Active Owenership 2.0: The Evolution Stewardship Urgently Needs. Report, November, 12 pages. Principles for Responsible Investment (2020). Screening. An Introduction to Responsible Investment, May, 8 pages. Principles for Responsible Investment (2021a). Stewardship. An Introduction to Responsible Investment, February, 10 pages. Principles for Responsible Investment (2021b). Making Voting Count. Report, March, 17 pages. Principles for Responsible Investment (2022a). Discussing Divestment: Developing an Approach when Pursuing Sustainability Outcomes in Listed Equities. Report, April, 19 pages. Principles for Responsible Investment (2022b). PRI's Regulation Database. Database, Q1 2022. Principles for Responsible Investment (2022c). Real Estate. An Introduction to Responsible Investment, July, 10 pages. Principles for Responsible Investment (2023). ESG Incorporation in Direct Lending --- A Guide For Private Debt Investors. Report, September, 27 pages. Principles for Responsible Investment (2024). Infrastructure. An Introduction to Responsible Investment, February, 10 pages. Rader, R., Bartomeus, I., Garibaldi, L. A., ..., and Woyciechowski, M. (2016). Non-bee Insects are Important Contributors to Global Crop Pollination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(1), pp. 146-151. Raimo, N., Caragnano, A., Zito, M., Vitolla, F., and Mariani, M. (2021). Extending the Benefits of ESG Disclosure: The Effect on the Cost of Debt Financing. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 28(4), pp. 1412-1421. Ramanathan, V. (1975). Greenhouse Effect Due to Chlorofluorocarbons: Climatic Implications. Science, 190(4209), pp. 50-52. Ramanathan, V., Cicerone, R. J., Singh, H. B., and Kiehl, J. T. (1985). Trace Gas Trends and Their Potential Role in Climate Change. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 90(D3), pp. 5547-5566. Ramirez, A. G., Monsalve, J., Gonz\'{a}lez-Ruiz, J. D., Almonacid, P., and Pe\~{n}a, A. (2022). Relationship between the Cost of Capital and Environmental, Social, and Governance Scores: Evidence from Latin America. Sustainability, 14, 5012, 15 pages. Rao, N. D., Sauer, P., Gidden, M., and Riahi, K. (2019). Income Inequality Projections for the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Futures, 105, pp. 27-39. Ratto, F., Simmons, B. I., Spake, R., ..., and Dicks, L. V. (2018). Global Importance of Vertebrate Pollinators for Plant Reproductive Success: A Meta-analysis. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 16(2), pp. 82-90. Raup, D. M., and Sepkoski, J. J. (1982). Mass Extinctions in the Marine Fossil Record. Science, 215(4539), pp. 1501-1503. Raupach, M. R., Marland, G., Ciais, P., Le Quéré, C., Canadell, J. G., Klepper, G., and Field, C. B. (2007). Global and Regional Drivers of Accelerating \COtwo\ Emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(24), pp. 10288-10293. RBB Economics (2014). Cost Pass-through: Theory, Measurement, and Potential Policy Implications. A Report prepared for the Office of Fair Trading, February, 210 pages. Reeder, N., and Colantonio, A. (2013). Measuring Impact and Non-financial Returns in Impact Investing: A Critical Overview of Concepts and Practice. Working Paper, London School of Economics, 39 pages. Refinitiv (2022). Environmental, Social and Governance Scores from Refinitiv. Report, May. Renneboog, L., Ter Horst, J., and Zhang, C. (2008). Socially Responsible Investments: Institutional Aspects, Performance, and Investor Behavior. Journal of Banking & Finance, 32(9), pp. 1723-1742. RepRisk (2022). RepRisk Methodology Overview. Report, July. RepRisk (2023). On the Rise: Navigating the Wave of Greenwashing and Social Washing. Report, October. Revelle, R., and Suess, H. E. (1957). Carbon Dioxide Exchange between Atmosphere and Ocean and the Question of an Increase of Atmospheric \COtwo\ during the Past Decades. Tellus, 9(1), pp. 18-27. Riahi, K., Van Vuuren, D. P., Kriegler, E., ..., and Tavoni, M. (2017). The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and Their Energy, Land Use, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Implications: An Overview. Global Environmental Change, 42, pp. 153-168. Richardson, K., Steffen, W., Lucht, W., ..., and Rockstrôm, J. (2023). Earth Beyond Six of Nine Planetary Boundaries. Science Advances, 9(37), eadh2458, 16 pages. Richardson, L. F. (1922). Weather Prediction by Numerical Process. Cambridge University Press. Richters, O., Bertram, C., Kriegler, E., ..., and Zwerling, M. (2022). NGFS Climate Scenario Database. Technical Documentation, V3.1, November. Rickards, R. B. (1977). Patterns of Evolution in the Graptolites. In Halam, A. (Ed.), Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy --- Patterns of Evolution as Illustrated by the Fossil Record, 5, Elsevier, Chapter 10, pp. 333-358. Ritchie, P. D., Clarke, J. J., Cox, P. M., and Huntingford, C. (2021). Overshooting Tipping Point Thresholds in A Changing Climate. Nature, 592(7855), pp. 517-523. Rockstrôm, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., ..., and Foley, J. (2009). A Safe Operating Space for Humanity. Nature, 461(7263), pp. 472-475. Rohde, R. A., and Hausfather, Z. (2020). The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record. Earth System Science Data, 12(4), pp. 3469-3479. Rohde, R. A., and Muller, R. A. (2005). Cycles in Fossil Diversity. Nature, 434(7030), pp. 208-210. Roll, R. (1992). A Mean/Variance Analysis of Tracking Error. Journal of Portfolio Management, 18(4), pp. 13-22. Roncalli, T. (2013). Introduction to Risk Parity and Budgeting. Chapman and Hall/CRC Financial Mathematics Series. Roncalli, T. (2017). Alternative Risk Premia: What Do We Know?. in Jurczenko, E. (Ed.), Factor Investing: From Traditional to Alternative Risk Premia, Elsevier. Roncalli, T. (2020a). Handbook of Financial Risk Management. Chapman and Hall/CRC Financial Mathematics Series. Roncalli, T. (2020b). ESG & Factor Investing: A New Stage has been Reached. Amundi Viewpoint, May. Roncalli, T., Le Guenedal, T., Lepetit, F., Roncalli, T., and Sekine, T. (2020). Measuring and Managing Carbon Risk in Investment Portfolios. arXiv, 2008.13198. Roncalli, T., Le Guenedal, T., Lepetit, F., Roncalli, T., and Sekine, T. (2021). The Market Measure of Carbon Risk and its Impact on the Minimum Variance Portfolio. Journal of Portfolio Management, 47(9), pp. 54-68. Roncalli, T., and Semet, R. (2024). The Economic Cost of the Carbon Tax. SSRN, 4755259. Rosati, B., Moote, K., Kumar, R., and Maiolo, M. (2022). A Look Back at the 2022 Proxy Season. Report, Georgeson LLC. Rose, S. K., Diaz, D. B., and Blanford, G. J. (2017a). Understanding the Social Cost of Carbon: A Model Diagnostic and Inter-comparison Study. Climate Change Economics, 8(02), 1750009. Rose, S. K., Diaz, D. B., and Blanford, G. J. (2017b). Understanding the Social Cost of Carbon: A Model Diagnostic and Inter-comparison Study: Supplementary Material. Available at \url{https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010007817500099}. Ross, S. (1976). The Arbitrage Theory of Capital Asset Pricing. Journal of Economic Theory, 13(3), pp. 341-360. Rôssler, O. E. (1976). An Equation for Continuous Chaos. Physics Letters A, 57(5), pp. 397-398. Royer, D. L., Berner, R. A., Montañez, I. P., Tabor, N. J., and Beerling, D. J. (2004). CO$_{2}$ as a Primary Driver of Phanerozoic Climate. GSA Today, 14(3), pp. 4-10. Rudd, A. (1979). Divestment of South African Equities: How Risky?. Journal of Portfolio Management, 5(3), pp. 5-10. Russell, S. (2023). Estimating and Reporting the Comparative Emissions Impacts of Products. World Resources Institute, Working Paper, 26 pages. Sachs, J. D., Lafortune, G., and Fuller, G. (2024). The SDGs and the UN Summit of the Future. Sustainable Development Report 2024, Dublin University Press, DOI:10.25546/108572. Sachs, J. D., Schmidt-Traub, G., Mazzucato, M., Messner, D., Nakicenovic, N., and Rockstr\"{o}m, J. (2019). Six Transformations to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Nature Sustainability, 2(9), pp. 805-814. A Framework for Evaluating and Disclosing the ESG Related Impacts of AI with the SDGs. Sustainability, 13(15), 8503. Sagan, C. (1986). Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence. Ballantine Books. Sala, O. E., Stuart Chapin III, F. , Armesto, J. J., ..., and Wall, D. H. (2000). Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100. Science, 287(5459), pp. 1770-1774. Sanchez-Bayo, F., and Wyckhuys, K. A. G. (2019). Worldwide Decline of the Entomofauna: A Review of its Drivers. Biological Conservation, 232, pp. 8-27. Sassi, O., Crassous, R., Hourcade, J-C., Gitz, V., Waisman, H-D., and Guivarch, C. (2010). IMACLIM-R: A Modelling Framework to Simulate Sustainable Development Pathways. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, 10 (1-2), pp. 5-24. Sautel, O., Mini, C., Bailly, H., and Dieye, R. (2022). La tarification du carbone et ses répercussions. Exposition sectorielle au surco\^{ut carbone.} Les Notes de La Fabrique, Presses des Mines. Sayre, R., Karagulle, D., Frye, C., ..., and Possingham, H. (2020). An Assessment of the Representation of Ecosystems in Global Protected Areas using New Maps of World Climate Regions and World Ecosystems. Global Ecology and Conservation, 21, e00860, 21 pages. Schleussner, C. F., Rogelj, J., Schaeffer, M., ..., and Hare, W. (2016). Science and Policy Characteristics of the Paris Agreement Temperature Goal. Nature Climate Change, 6(9), pp. 827-835. Schneider, V. A., Graves-Lindsay, T., Howe, K., ..., and Church, D. M. (2017). Evaluation of GRCh38 and de novo Haploid Genome Assemblies Demonstrates the Enduring Quality of the Reference Assembly. Genome Research, 27(5), pp. 849-864. Schramade, W. (2017). Investing in the UN Sustainable Development Goals: Opportunities for Companies and Investors. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 29(2), pp. 87-99. Schulp, C. J. E., Thuiller, W., and Verburg, P. H. (2014). Wild Food in Europe: A Synthesis of Knowledge and Data of Terrestrial Wild Food as an Ecosystem Service. Ecological Economics, 105, pp. 292-305. Schulte, P., Alegret, L., Arenillas, I., ..., and Willumsen, P. S. (2010). The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary. Science, 327(5970), pp. 1214-1218. Schuur, E. A. G., McGuire, A. D., Sch\"adel, C., ..., and Vonk, J. E. (2015). Climate Change and the Permafrost Carbon Feedback. Nature, 520(7546), pp. 171-179. Schweizer, B., and Wolff, E. F. (1981). On Nonparametric Measures of Dependence for Random Variables. Annals of Statistics, 9(4), pp. 879-885. Sellers, W. D. (1969). A Global Climatic Model based on the Energy Balance of the Earth-atmosphere System. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 8(3), pp. 392-400. Semet, R. (2020). The Social Issue of ESG Analysis. SSRN, 3838372. Semet, R., Roncalli, T., and Stagnol, L. (2021). ESG and Sovereign Risk: What is Priced in by the Bond Market and Credit Rating Agencies?. SSRN, 3940945. Senkowski, C. K., and McKenney, M. G. (1999). Trauma Scoring Systems: A Review. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 189(5), pp. 491-503. Sepkoski, J. J. (2002). A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Genera. In Jablonski, D., and Foote, M. (Eds), Bulletins of American paleontology, 363, 560 pages. ShareAction (2019). Voting Matters --- Are Asset Managers using their Proxy Votes for Climate Action?. Rankings & Surveys, November. ShareAction (2020). Voting Matters 2020 --- Are Asset Managers using their Proxy Votes for Action on Climate and Social Issues?. Rankings & Surveys, December. ShareAction (2021). Voting Matters 2021 --- Are Asset Managers using their Proxy Votes for Action on Climate and Social Issues?. Rankings & Surveys, December. ShareAction (2023). Voting Matters 2022. Rankings & Surveys, January. ShareAction (2024). Voting Matters 2023 --- Are Asset Managers using their Proxy Votes for Action on Climate and Social Issues?. Rankings & Surveys, January. Sharfman, M. P., and Fernando, C. S. (2008). Environmental Risk Management and the Cost of Capital. Strategic Management Journal, 29(6), pp. 569-592. Sharpe, W. F. (1964). Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium under Conditions of Risk. Journal of Finance, 19(3), pp. 425-442. Shepherd, A., Ivins, E., Rignot, E., and the IMBIE team (2020). Mass Balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018. Nature, 579(7798), pp. 233-239. Sherwood, S. C., Webb, M. J., Annan, J. D., ..., and Zelinka, M. D. (2020). An Assessment of Earth's Climate Sensitivity using Multiple Lines of Evidence. Reviews of Geophysics, 58(4), e2019RG000678, 92 pages. Shields, G., and Veizer, J. (2002). Precambrian Marine Carbonate Isotope Database: Version 1.1. G$^{3$: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 3(6), pp. 1-12. Shine, K. P., Fuglestvedt, J. S., Hailemariam, K., and Stuber, N. (2005). Alternatives to the Global Warming Potential for Comparing Climate Impacts of Emissions of Greenhouse Gases. Climatic Change, 68(3), pp. 281-302. Shu, C. (2024). The Proxy Advisory Industry: Influencing and Being Influenced. Journal of Financial Economics, 154, 103810. Simpson, G. G. (1952). How Many Species. Evolution, 6(3), pp. 342 Skaife, H. A., Collins, D. W., and LaFond, R. (2004). Corporate Governance and the Cost of Equity Capital. SSRN, 639681. Sekercioglu, C. H. (2010). Ecosystem Function and Services. In Sodhi, N. S. and Ehrlich, P. R. (Eds), Conservation Biology for All, Oxford University Press, Chapter 3, pp. 45-72. Sklar, A. (1959). Fonctions de R\'{e}partition \`{a $n$ Dimensions et leurs Marges. Publications de l'Institut de Statistique de l'Université de Paris, 8(1), pp. 229-231. So, I., and Staskevicius, A. (2015). Measuring the \textquoteleft Impact\textquoteright\ in Impact Investing. Report, Harvard Business School, 58 pages. Social Finance (2009). Social Impact Bonds: Rethinking Finance for Social Outcomes. Report, August, 8 pages. Sodhi, N. S. and Ehrlich, P. R. (2010). Conservation Biology for All. Oxford University Press, 351 pages. S\&P Dow Jones Indices (2022). S\&P DJI ESG Score. Methodology, May. Spalding, C., and Hull, P. M. (2021). Towards Quantifying the Mass Extinction Debt of the Anthropocene. Proceedings of the Royal Society B (Biological Sciences), 288(1949), 20202332, 9 pages. Stanton, E. A. (2011). Negishi Welfare Weights in Integrated Assessment Models: The Mathematics of Global Inequality. Climatic Change, 107(3-4), pp. 417-432. Starks, L. T. (2023). Presidential Address: Sustainable Finance and ESG Issues --- Value versus Values. Journal of Finance, 78(4), pp. 1837-1872. Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockstrôm, J., ..., and Sôrlin, S. (2015). Planetary Boundaries: Guiding Human Development on a Changing Planet. Science, 347(6223), pp. 736 & 1259855 (10 pages). Steffen, W., Rockstrôm, J., Richardson, K., ..., and Schellnhuber, H. J. (2018). Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(33), pp. 8252-8259. Stehfest, E., van Vuuren, D. P., Kram, T., and Bouwman, L. (2014), Integrated Assessment of Global Environmental Change with IMAGE 3.0: Model Description and Policy Applications. Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. Stephens, G. L., O'Brien, D., Webster, P. J., Pilewski, P., Kato, S., & Li, J.-L. (2015). The Albedo of Earth. Reviews of Geophysics, 53(1), pp. 141-163. Stephenson, P. J., and Stengel, C. (2020). An Inventory of Biodiversity Data Sources for Conservation Monitoring. PloS One, 15(12), e0242923. Stern, N. (2007). The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge University Press. Stern, N., and Taylor, C. (2007). Climate Change: Risk, Ethics, and the Stern Review. Science, 317(5835), pp. 203-204. Stokes, C. R., Abram, N. J., Bentley, M. J., ..., and Whitehouse, P. L. (2022). Response of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to Past and Future Climate Change. Nature, 608(7922), pp. 275-286. Strogatz, S. H. (2015). Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: With Applications to Physics, Biology. Chemistry, and Engineering. Westview Press, Second Edition, 528 pages. Sukhatme, P. V. (1961). The World's Hunger and Future Needs in Food Supplies. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A, 124(4), pp. 463-508. Svartzman, R., Espagne, E., Gauthey, J., ..., and Vallier, A. (2021). A \textquotedblleft Silent Spring\textquotedblright\ for the Financial System? Exploring Biodiversity-Related Financial Risks in France. Banque de France Working Paper, 826, August, 95 pages. Taft, R. J., and Mattick, J. S. (2003). Increasing Biological Complexity is Positively Correlated with the Relative Genome-wide Expansion of Non-protein-coding DNA Sequences. Genome Biology, 5(1), pp. 1-24. Tang, D. Y., and Zhang, Y. (2020). Do Shareholders Benefit from Green Bonds?. Journal of Corporate Finance, 61, 101427. Tanzer, S. E., and Ram\'irez, A. (2019). When Are Negative Emissions Negative Emissions?. Energy & Environmental Science, 12(4), pp. 1210-1218. Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (2017). Recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures. Final Report, June. Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (2021a). Implementing the Recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures. Implementation Guidance, October. Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (2021b). Guidance on Metrics, Targets, and Transition Plans. Implementation Guidance, October. Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (2022). 2022 Status Report. Status Report, October, 145 pages. Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (2023). 2023 Status Report. Status Report, October, 161 pages. Task Force on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (2023). Recommendations of the Task Force on Nature-related Financial Disclosures. Report, September, 154 pages. Technical Expert Group on Sustainable Finance (2019a). TEG Final Report on Climate Benchmarks and Benchmarks' ESG Disclosures. Report, September. Technical Expert Group on Sustainable Finance (2019b). Handbook of Climate Transition Benchmarks, Paris-Aligned Benchmarks and Benchmarks' ESG Disclosures. Report, December. Technical Expert Group on Sustainable Finance (2020). TEG Final Report on the EU Taxonomy. Report, March. Terlouw, T., Bauer, C., Rosa, L., and Mazzotti, M. (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies: A Critical Review. Energy & Environmental Science, 14(4), pp. 1701-1721. Testa, F., Iraldo, F., Vaccari, A., and Ferrari, E. (2015). Why Eco-labels can be Effective Marketing Tools: Evidence from a Study on Italian Consumers. Business Strategy and the Environment, 24(4), pp. 252-265. Thinking Ahead Institute (2023). The Asset Owner 100. Report, November, 67 pages. Thogmartin, W. E., Wiederholt, R., Oberhauser, K., ..., and Lopez-Hoffman, L. (2017). Monarch Butterfly Population Decline in North America: Identifying the Threatening Processes. Royal Society Open Science, 4(9), 170760, 16 pages. Thompson, B. S. (2022). Blue Bonds for Marine Conservation and a Sustainable Ocean Economy: Status, Trends, and Insights from Green Bonds. Marine Policy, 144, 105219, 10 pages. Thornhill, G. D., Collins, W. J., Kramer, R. J., ..., and Zhang, J. (2021). Effective Radiative Forcing from Emissions of Reactive Gases and Aerosols --- A Multi-model Comparison. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 21(2), pp. 853-874. Tibshirani, R. (1996). Regression Shrinkage and Selection via the Lasso. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B, 58(1), pp. 267-288. Tilman, D., May, R. M., Lehman, C. L., and Nowak, M. A. (1994). Habitat Destruction and the Extinction Debt. Nature, 371(6492), pp. 65-66. Timmer, M. P., Dietzenbacher, E., Los, B., Stehrer, R., and De Vries, G. J. (2015). An Illustrated User Guide to the World Input-Output Database: The Case of Global Automotive Production. Review of International Economics, 23(3), pp. 575-605. Tobin J. (1958). Liquidity Preference as Behavior Towards Risk. Review of Economic Studies, 25(2), pp. 65-86. Tol, R. S. J. (1997). On the Optimal Control of Carbon Dioxide Emissions: An Application of FUND. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 2, pp. 151-163. Tol, R. S. J. (1999). Kyoto, Efficiency, and Cost-effectiveness: Applications of FUND. Energy Journal, 20(1), pp. 131-156. Tol, R. S. J. (2022). A Meta-analysis of the Total Economic Impact of Climate Change. arXiv, 2207.12199. Tonello, M. (2022). Shareholder Voting Trends (2018--2022). Report, The Conference Board. Townsend, B. (2020). From SRI to ESG: The Origins of Socially Responsible and Sustainable Investing. Journal of Impact and ESG Investing, 1(1), pp. 10-25. Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J. T., and Kiehl, J. T. (2009). Earth's Global Energy Budget. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 90(3), pp. 311-324. Trinks, A., Ibikunle, G., Mulder, M., and Scholtens, B. (2022). Carbon Intensity and the Cost of Equity Capital. Energy Journal, 43(2), pp. 181-214. Turner, K., Lenzen, M., Wiedmann, T., and Barrett, J. (2007). Examining the Global Environmental Impact of Regional Consumption Activities --- Part 1: A Technical Note on Combining Input-output and Ecological Footprint Analysis. Ecological Economics, 62(1), pp. 37-44. Tyndall, J. (1861). On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours, and on the Physical Connexion of Radiation, Absorption, and Conduction --- The Bakerian Lecture. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 22(146), pp. 169-194. United Nations (1992a). Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Report, A/CONF.151/26(I), 12 August 1992, 5 pages. United Nations (1992b). Non-legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests. Report, A/CONF.151/26(III), 12 August 1992. United Nations (1992c). Agenda 21. Report, 351 pages. United Nations (1992d). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. International Treaty, 33 pages. United Nations (2023). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2023: Special Edition. Report, July, 80 pages. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2022). Carbon Neutrality in the UNECE Region: Integrated Life-cycle Assessment of Electricity Sources. Report, April. United Nations Environment Program (2022). Advancing Delivery on Decarbonisation Targets. Second Progress Report, September. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1997). Kyoto Protocol. Conference of the Parties, 24 pages. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2004). The First Ten Years. Bonn, Germany, Climate Change Secretariat, 99 pages. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2012). Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol. Conference of the Parties, 6 pages. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015). Paris Agreement. Conference of the Parties, 16 pages. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2023a). Long-term Low-emission Development Strategies. Synthesis Report by the Secretariat, 41 pages, 14 November 2023. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2023b). Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement. Synthesis Report by the Secretariat, 45 pages, 14 November 2023. Valentine, J. W. (1970). How Many Marine Invertebrate Fossil Species? A New Approximation. Journal of Paleontology, 44(3), pp. 410-415. Vance, S. C. (1975). Are Socially Responsible Corporations Good Investment Risks. Management Review, 64(8), pp. 19-24. Van der Ploeg, S., and de Groot, R. (2010). The TEEB Valuation Database --- A Searchable Database of 1310 Estimates of Monetary Values of Ecosystem Services. Foundation for Sustainable Development, \url{www.teebweb.org}. Van Loan, C. F. (1978). Computing Integrals Involving the Matrix Exponential. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 23(3), pp. 395-404. Van Valen, L. (1973). A New Evolutionary Law. Evolutionary Theory, 1, pp. 1-30. Veizer, J., Ala, D., Azmy, K., ..., and Strauss, H. (1999). $^{87}\mathrm{Sr}/^{86}\mathrm{Sr}$, $\delta ^{13}\mathrm{C}$ and $\delta ^{18}\mathrm{O}$ Evolution of Phanerozoic Seawater. Chemical Geology, 161(1-3), pp. 59-88. Veizer, J., Godderis, Y., and François, L. M. (2000). Evidence for Decoupling of Atmospheric \COtwo\ and Global Climate during the Phanerozoic Eon. Nature, 408(6813), pp. 698-701. Ven\aa l\aa inen, A., Lehtonen, I., Laapas, M., Ruosteenoja, K., Tikkanen, O. P., Viiri, H., Ikonen, V. P., and Peltola, H. (2020). Climate Change Induces Multiple Risks to Boreal Forests and Forestry in Finland: A Literature Review. Global Change Biology, 26(8), pp. 4178-4196. Venter, J. C., Adams, M. D., Myers, E. W., ..., and Kalush, F. (2001). The Sequence of the Human Genome. Science, 291(5507), pp. 1304-1351. Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. A., Lubchenco, J., and Melillo, J. M. (1997). Human Domination of Earth's Ecosystems. Science, 277(5325), pp. 494-499. Vose, R. S., Huang, B., Yin, X., ..., and Zhang, H. M. (2021). Implementing Full Spatial Coverage in NOAA's Global Temperature Analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(4), 2020GL090873. Wackernagel, M., and Rees, W. (1996). Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. New Society Publishers. Wagner, G., and Weitzman, M. L. (2015). Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet. Princeton University Press. Wake, D. B., and Vredenburg, V. T. (2008). Are We in the Midst of the Sixth Mass Extinction? A View from the World of Amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, pp. 11466-11473. Wang, H. L., Weng, Y. Y., and Pan, X. Z. (2023). Comparison and Analysis of Mitigation Ambitions of Parties' Updated Nationally Determined Contributions. Advances in Climate Change Research, 14(1), pp. 4-12. Warner, M. E. (2013). Private Finance for Public Goods: Social Impact Bonds. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 16(4), pp. 303-319. Warren, M. S., Maes, D., van Swaay, C. A. M., ..., and Ellis, S. (2021). The Decline of Butterflies in Europe: Problems, Significance, and Possible Solutions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(2), e2002551117, 10 pages. Watanabe, K. (2015). Potato Genetics, Genomics, and Applications. Breeding Science, 65(1), pp. 53-68. Waters, C. N., Zalasiewicz, J., Summerhayes, ..., and Wolfe, A. P. (2016). The Anthropocene is Functionally and Stratigraphically Distinct from the Holocene. Science, 351(6269), page 137. Weart, S. (2023). The Discovery of Global Warming. American Institute of Physics, \url{https://history.aip.org/climate/index.htm}. Weitzman, M. L. (2007). A Review of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change. Journal of Economic Literature, 45(3), pp. 703-724. Weitzman, M. L. (2009). On Modeling and Interpreting the Economics of Catastrophic Climate Change. Review of Economics and Statistics, 91(1), pp. 1-19. Weitzman, M. L. (2010). What is the \textquotedblleft Damages Function\textquotedblright\ for Global Warming --- And What Difference Might it Make?. Climate Change Economics, 1(1), pp. 57-69. Weitzman, M. L. (2012). GHG Targets as Insurance against Catastrophic Climate Damages. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 14(2), pp. 221-244. Wepprich, T., Adrion, J. R., Ries, L., Wiedmann, J., and Haddad, N. M. (2019). Butterfly Abundance Declines over 20 Years of Systematic Monitoring in Ohio, USA. PLoS One, 14(7), e0216270, 21 pages. Westveer, J., Freeman, R., McRae, L., Marconi, V., Almond, R. E. A., and Grooten, M. (2022). A Deep Dive into the Living Planet Index. Technical Report, WWF. Weyant, J. P., and Hill, J. N. (1999). Introduction and Overview. Energy Journal, 20(1), pp. vii-xliv. Who Cares Wins (2004). Connecting Financial Markets to a Changing World. Conference Report, December. Who Cares Wins (2005). Investing for Long-Term Value --- Integrating Environmental, Social and Governance Value Drivers in Asset Management and Financial Research. Conference Report, October. Wiedmann, T. (2009). A Review of Recent Multi-region Input-output Models used for Consumption-based Emission and Resource Accounting. Ecological Economics, 69(2), pp. 211-222. Wiedmann, T., Lenzen, M., Turner, K., and Barrett, J. (2007). Examining the Global Environmental Impact of Regional Consumption Activities --- Part 2: Review of Input-output Models for the Assessment of Environmental Impacts Embodied in Trade. Ecological Economics, 61(1), pp. 15-26. Wiedmann, T., and Minx, J. (2008). A Definition of \textquoteleft Carbon Footprint\textquoteright. In Pertsova, C. C. (Ed.), Ecological Economics Research Trends, Nova Science Publishers, Chapter 1, pp. 1-11. Wiens, J. J. (2023). How Many Species are there on Earth? Progress and Problems. PLoS biology, 21(11), e3002388, 4 pages. Williamson, O. E. (1970). Corporate Control and Business Behavior. Prentice-Hall. Willig, M. R., Kaufman, D. M., and Stevens, R. D. (2003). Latitudinal Gradients of Biodiversity: Pattern, Process, Scale, and Synthesis. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 34(1), pp. 273-309. Wilson, E. O. (1989). Threats to Biodiversity. Scientific American, 261(3), pp. 108-117. Wood, D. J. (1991). Corporate Social Performance Revisited. Academy of Management Review, 16(4), pp. 691-718. Wood, D., Thornley, B., and Grace, K. (2013). Institutional Impact Investing: Practice and Policy. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 3(2), pp. 75-94. World Economic Forum (2020a). Nature Risk Rising: Why the Crisis Engulfing Nature Matters for Business and the Economy. January, 36 pages. World Economic Forum (2020b). New Nature Economy Report II: The Future of Nature and Business. July, 111 pages. World Meteorological Organization (1982). Meeting of Experts on Potential Climatic Effects of Ozone and Other Minor Trace Gases (13-17 September 1982). Report (GORMP), 14, 35 pages. World Ocean Review (2015). Sustainable Use of Our Oceans --- Making Ideas Work. Volume 4, 78 pages, \url{worldoceanreview.com}. Wratten, S. D., Gillespie, M., Decourtye, A., Mader, E., and Desneux, N. (2012). Pollinator Habitat Enhancement: Benefits to Other Ecosystem Services. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 159, pp. 112-122. Wunderling, N., Donges, J. F., Kurths, J., and Winkelmann, R. (2021). Interacting Tipping Elements Increase Risk of Climate Domino Effects under Global Warming. Earth System Dynamics, 12(2), pp. 601-619. Yamano, N., and Guilhoto, J. J. M. (2020). \COtwo\ Emissions Embodied in International Trade and Domestic Final Demand: Methodology and Results using the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output Database. OECD Working Paper, 2020/11, 55 pages. Yuan, Y., Lu, L. Y., Tian, G., and Yu, Y. (2020). Business Strategy and Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 162(2), pp. 359-377. Zachos, J. C., Dickens, G. R., and Zeebe, R. E. (2008). An Early Cenozoic Perspective on Greenhouse Warming and Carbon-cycle Dynamics. Nature, 451(7176), pp. 279-283. Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K. (2001). Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present. Science, 292(5517), pp. 686-693. Zerbib, O. D. (2019). The Effect of Pro-environmental Preferences on Bond Prices: Evidence from Green Bonds. Journal of Banking & Finance, 98, pp. 39-60. Zerbib, O. D. (2022). A Sustainable Capital Asset Pricing Model (S-CAPM): Evidence from Environmental Integration and Sin Stock Exclusion. Review of Finance, 26(6), pp. 1345-1388. Zhan, J. X., and Santos-Paulino, A. U. (2021). Investing in the Sustainable Development Goals: Mobilization, Channeling, and Impact. Journal of International Business Policy, 4(1), pp. 166-183. Zohary, D., and Hopf, M. (1988). Domestication of Plants in the Old World. The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley. Clarendon Press, 249 pages. Fourth edition in 2012 with Weiss, E., Oxford University Press, 264 pages. |
URI: | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/122683 |
Available Versions of this Item
-
Handbook of Sustainable Finance. (deposited 11 Jan 2024 09:50)
-
Handbook of Sustainable Finance. (deposited 26 Mar 2024 14:59)
-
Handbook of Sustainable Finance. (deposited 28 May 2024 07:01)
- Handbook of Sustainable Finance. (deposited 14 Nov 2024 14:41) [Currently Displayed]
-
Handbook of Sustainable Finance. (deposited 28 May 2024 07:01)
-
Handbook of Sustainable Finance. (deposited 26 Mar 2024 14:59)