Yim, Andrew (2009): Efficient Committed Budget for Implementing Target Audit Probability for Many Inspectees. Published in: Management Science , Vol. 55, No. 12 : pp. 2000-2018.
Preview |
PDF
MPRA_paper_27856.pdf Download (442kB) | Preview |
Abstract
Strategic models of auditor-inspectee interaction have neglected implementation details in multiple-inspectee settings. With multiple inspectees, the target audit probability derived from the standard analysis can be implemented with sampling plans differing in the budgets committed to support them. Overly committed audit budgets tie up unneeded resources that could have been allocated for better uses. This paper studies the minimum committed budget required to implement a target audit probability when (i) the audit sample can be contingent on “red flags” due to signals of inspectees’ private information (e.g., from self-reporting) and (ii) the number of inspectees is large. It proposes an audit rule called bounded simple random sampling (SRS), which is shown to require no more committed budget to support than two other rules naturally generalized from the one-to-one analysis. When the number of inspectees is large enough, bounded SRS is nearly as good as any efficient audit rule, which demands the lowest committed budget necessary to implement the target audit probability. The results offer insights on how audit sampling plans may be formulated to reduce inefficiency and what budget usage ratios should be expected accordingly.
Item Type: | MPRA Paper |
---|---|
Original Title: | Efficient Committed Budget for Implementing Target Audit Probability for Many Inspectees |
Language: | English |
Keywords: | audit sampling plan; audit budget; tax audit; tax compliance; tax evasion; inspection game; appropriation and rescission |
Subjects: | H - Public Economics > H7 - State and Local Government ; Intergovernmental Relations > H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures K - Law and Economics > K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law > K34 - Tax Law M - Business Administration and Business Economics ; Marketing ; Accounting ; Personnel Economics > M4 - Accounting and Auditing > M42 - Auditing H - Public Economics > H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue > H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods > C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory > C72 - Noncooperative Games |
Item ID: | 27856 |
Depositing User: | Andrew Yim |
Date Deposited: | 06 Jan 2011 08:08 |
Last Modified: | 28 Sep 2019 03:54 |
References: | ADCOCK, C. J. [1988]: "A Bayesian Approach to Calculating Sample Sizes," Statistician, 37, 433-39. ALLINGHAM, M. G. AND SANDMO, A. [1972]: "Income Tax Evasion: A Theoretical Analysis," Journal of Public Economics, 1, 323-38. ALM, J., BAHL, R., AND MURRAY, M. N. [1993]: "Audit Selection and Income Tax Underreporting in the Tax Compliance Game," Journal of Development Economics, 42, 1-33. ALM, J., BLACKWELL, C., AND MCKEE, M. [2004]: "Audit Selection and Firm Compliance with a Broadbased Sales Tax," National Tax Journal, 57, 209-27. ALM, J. AND MCKEE, M. [2004]: "Tax Compliance as a Coordination Game," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 54, 297-312. ANDREONI, J., ERARD, B., AND FEINSTEIN, J. [1998]: "Tax Compliance," Journal of Economic Literature, 36, 818-60. AVENHAUS, R., VON STENGEL, B., AND ZAMIR, S. [2002]: "Inspection Games," in Handbook of Game Theory, Volume 3, edited by R. J. Aumann and S. Hart. Elsevier Science B. V.. BAIMAN, S. AND DEMSKI, J. S. [1980a]: "Economically Optimal Performance Evaluation and Control Systems," Journal of Accounting Research, 18, Supplement, 184-220. __________ [1980b]: "Variance Analysis Procedures as Motivational Devices," Management Science, 26, 840-8. BECK, P. J. AND JUNG, W.-O. [1989]: "Taxpayers’ Reporting Decisions and Auditing Under Information Asymmetry," Accounting Review, 64, 468-87. BESIM, M. AND JENKINS, G. P. [2005]: "Tax Compliance: When Do Employees Behave Like the Self- Employed," Applied Economics, 37, 1201-08. BONTEMS, P. AND BOURGEON, J.-M. [2005]: "Optimal Environmental Taxation and Enforcement Policy," European Economic Review, 49, 409-35. BORDER, K. C. AND SOBEL, J. [1987]: "Samurai Accountant: A Theory of Auditing and Plunder," Review of Economic Studies, 54, 525-40. BUSHMAN, R. AND KANODIA, C. [1996]: "A Note on Strategic Sampling in Agencies," Management Science, 42, 151-6. CHANG, C. F., STEINBART, P. J., AND TUCKMAN, H. P. [1993]: "Are Medicare Audits Random or Predictable," Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 12, 135-154. CHATTERJEE, K., MORTON, S., AND MUKHERJI, A. [2006]: "Strategic Audit Policies without Commitment," to appear in Pareto Optimality, Game Theory and Equilibria edited by Athanasios Migdalas (Crete), Panos Pardalos (Florida) and Leonidas Pitsoulis (Thessaloniki). Springer Verlag (Berlin), in press. CHO, J., WONG, J., AND WONG, N. [2006]: "Book-Tax Differences and Inland Revenue Audit Adjustments in New Zealand," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 33, 1650-67. COVEN, M. AND KOGAN, R. [2006]: "Introduction to the Federal Budget Process," on the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP) website. Retrieved from http://www.cbpp.org/3-7-03bud.htm. COWELL, F. [2004]: "Carrots and Sticks in Enforcement," Chapter 8 in The Crisis in Tax Administration, edited by H. J. Aaron and J. Slemrod. Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press. CREMER, H. AND GAHVARI, F. [1995]: "Tax evasion and the optimum general income tax," Journal of Public Economics, 60, 235-49. DUBIN, J. A., GRAETZ, M. J., AND WILDE, L. L. [1987]: "Are We a Nation of Tax Cheaters? New Econometric Evidence on Tax Compliance," American Economic Review, 77, Papers and Proceedings, 240-45. FELDMAN, N. E. AND SLEMROD, J. [2007]: "Estimating Tax Noncompliance with Evidence from Unaudited Tax Returns," Economic Journal, forthcoming. FELLER, W. [1968]: An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, Volume I. Reprint, Jan. 1983. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Limited. FELTHAM, G. D. AND PAQUETTE, S. M. [2002]: "The Interrelationship between Estimated Tax Payments and Taxpayer Compliance," Journal of American Taxation Association, 24, 27-45. FISMAN, R. AND WEI, S.-J. [2004]: "Tax Rates and Tax Evasion: Evidence from ‘Missing Imports’ in China," Journal of Political Economy, 112, 471-96. FLORENS, J.-P. AND FOUCHER, C. [1999]: "Pollution Monitory: Optimal Design of Inspection – An Economic Analysis of the Use of Satellite Information to Deter Oil Pollution," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 38, 81-96. FRANZONI, L. A. [2000]: "Tax Evasion and Tax Compliance," in Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, Volume IV. The Economics of Public and Tax Law, edited by Bouckaert, Boudewijn and De Geest, Gerrit. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. FUENTE, A. D. L. AND MARIN, J. M. [1996]: "Innovation, Bank Monitoring, and Endogenous Financial Development," Journal of Monetary Economics, 38, 269-301. GIBBONS, R. [1992]: A Primer in Game Theory. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. GRAETZ, M. J., REINGANUM, J. F., AND WILDE, L. L. [1986]: "The Tax Compliance Game: Toward an Interactive Theory of Law Enforcement," Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 2, 1-32. GUTKIN, A. [n.d.]: "How Tax Returns Are Selected for Audit." Retrieved from http://www.totse.com/en/ privacy/taxaudit.html. GUY, D. M., CARMICHAEL, D.R. AND WHITTINGTON, R. [2002]: Audit Sampling: An Introduction, 5th edition. New York: J. Wiley. HAJEK, J. [1998]: "Limiting Distributions in Simple Random Sampling from a Finite Population," Chapter 15 in Collected Works of Jaroslav Hajek: With Commentary, compiled by M. Huskova, R. Beran, and V. Dupac. Chichester: Wiley. HOHZAKI, R. [2007]: "An Inspection Game with Multiple Inspectees," European Journal of Operational Research, 178, 894-906. HOLT, C. A. AND LAURY, S. K. [2002]: "Risk Aversion and Incentive Effects," American Economic Review, 92, 1644-1655. HORGAN, J. M. [1997]: "Stabilizing the Sieve Sample Using PPS," Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, 16, 40-51. __________ [2003]: "A List-Sequential Sampling Scheme with Applications in Financial Auditing," IMA Journal of Management Mathematics, 14, 31-48. IRS AUDIT [n.d.]: "Selecting Tax Returns for IRS Audit." Retrieved from http://www.irsaudit.net/Selecting_tax_returns_for_IRS_audit.html. KAPLOW, L. AND SHAVELL, S. [1994]: "Optimal Law Enforcement with Self-Reporting of Behavior," Journal of Political Economy, 102, 583-606. KINNEY, W. R. AND WARREN, C. S. [1979]: "The Decision-Theory Approach to Audit Sampling: An Extension and Application to Receivables Confirmation," Journal of Accounting Research, 17, 275-285. MCCUBBIN, J. G. [2003]: "Optimal Tax Enforcement: A Review of the Literature and Practical Implications," National Tax Journal, 56, Proceedings, 16-26. METE, M. [2002]: "Bureaucratic Behavior in Strategic Environments: Politicians, Taxpayers, and the IRS," Journal of Politics, 64, 384-407. MILLS, L. F. [1998]: "Book-Tax Differences and Internal Revenue Service Adjustments," Journal of Accounting Research, 36, 343-56. MILLS, L. F. AND SANSING, R. C. [2000]: "Strategic Tax and Financial Reporting Decisions: Theory and Evidence," Contemporary Accounting Research, 17, 85-106. MOOKHERJEE, D. AND PNG, I. [1989]: "Optimal Auditing, Insurance, and Redistribution," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 104, 399-415. NEWMAN, D. P., PATTERSON, E., AND SMITH, R. [2001]: "The Influence of Potentially Fraudulent Reports on Audit Risk Assessment and Planning," Accounting Review, 76, 59-80. PATTERSON, E. AND NOEL, J. [2003]: "Audit Strategies and Multiple Fraud Opportunities of Misreporting and Defalcation," Contemporary Accounting Research, 20, 519-49. PENTLAND, B. T. AND CARLILE, P. [1996]: "Audit the Taxpayer, Not the Return: Tax Auditing as an Expression Game," Accounting, Organizations and Society, 21, 269-87. PICARD, P. [1996]: "Auditing Claims in the Insurance Market with Fraud: The Credibility Issue," Journal of Public Economics, 63, 27-56. POLINSKY, M. [2007]: "Optimal Fines and Auditing When Wealth is Costly to Observe," International Review of Law and Economics, doi:10.1016/j.irle.2006.11.004. POLINSKY, M. AND SHAVELL, S. [1998]: "On Offense History and the Theory of Deterrence," International Review of Law and Economics, 18, 305-24. __________ [2000]: "The Economic Theory of Public Enforcement of Law," Journal of Economic Literature, 38, 45-76. RHOADES, S. C. [1997]: "Costly False Detection Errors and Taxpayer Rights Legislation: Implications for Tax Compliance, Audit Policy and Revenue Collections," Journal of American Taxation Association, 19, 27-47. __________ [1999]: "The Impact of Multiple Component Reporting on Tax Compliance and Audit Strategies," Accounting Review, 74, 63-85. ROGERS, L. W. [1999]: "Memorandum for Commissioner Rossotti: Final Audit Report - The Internal Revenue Service Needs to Improve Treatment of Taxpayers During Office Audits." Retrieved from http://www.ustreas.gov/tigta/auditreports/reports/093602fr.html. SANCHEZ, I. AND SOBEL, J. [1993]: "Hierarchical Design and Enforcement of Income Tax Policies," Journal of Public Economics, 50, 345-69. SANDMO, A. [2005]: "The Theory of Tax Evasion: A Retrospective View," National Tax Journal, 58, 643- 63. SANSING, R. C. [1993]: "Information Acquisition in a Tax Compliance Game," Accounting Review, 68, 874-84. SLEMROD, J. AND YITZHAKI, S. [2002]: "Tax avoidance, evasion, and administration," Chapter 22 in Handbook of Public Economics, Volume 3, edited by A. J. Auerbach and M. Feldstein. Elsevier Science B. V.. UNITED STATES INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE (US IRS) [2004]: "Initiatives to Identify Unreported Income," Headliner, 78, April 7, 2004. Retrieved from http://www.irs.gov/businesses/small/article/0,,id= 122608,00.html. __________ [2006]: "The Examination (Audit) Process," FS-2006-10, 78, January, 2006. Retrieved from http://www.irs.gov/newsroom/article/0,,id=151888,00.html. UNITED STATES OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET (US OMB) [2006]: "Budget System and Concepts," on Budget of the United States Government: Browse Fiscal Year 2006. Retrieved from http://origin.www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy06/browse.html. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE (US GAO) [2004]: "Highway Projects - Extent of Unobligated Balances for Demonstration Projects." Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/docdblite/summary.php?rptno=GAO-04-935R&accno=A11818. WURST, J., NETER, J., AND GODFREY, J. [1989]: "Efficiency of Sieve Sampling in Auditing," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 7, 199-205. __________ [2005]: "A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process." Retrieved from http://www. gao.gov/docdblite/summary.php?rptno=GAO-05-734SP&accno=A38561. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (US TREASURY) [2005]: "FY 2006 Budget in Brief." Retrieved from http://www.treasury.gov/offices/management/budget/budgetinbrief. __________ [2006]: "FY 2007 Budget in Brief." Retrieved from http://www.treasury.gov/offices/management/budget/budgetinbrief/. |
URI: | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/27856 |