Mirakhor, Abbas (2012): Islamic Finance, Risk Sharing and Macroeconomic Policies. Published in: The 2nd ISRA Colloquium (27 November 2012): pp. 1-42.
Preview |
PDF
MPRA_paper_56338.pdf Download (311kB) | Preview |
Abstract
At one point it was estimated that in 2007, the total financial instruments, mostly derivatives, in the world was 12.5 times larger than the total global GDP. Similar development could be awaiting Islamic finance if the ingenuity of financial engineers continues to serve the demand-driven appetite for liquid, low risk, and short-term instruments. In that case, the configuration of Islamic finance would have failed to achieve the hopes and aspirations that expectations generated by the vision of benefits that truly Islamic finance could bring to mankind. In what follows, this paper will discuss an alternative trajectory that could allow the industry to converge to the ideal
Item Type: | MPRA Paper |
---|---|
Original Title: | Islamic Finance, Risk Sharing and Macroeconomic Policies |
English Title: | Islamic Finance, Risk Sharing and Macroeconomic Policies |
Language: | English |
Keywords: | Islamic finance, risk sharing, macroeconomic policy |
Subjects: | E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics > E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook > E61 - Policy Objectives ; Policy Designs and Consistency ; Policy Coordination P - Economic Systems > P4 - Other Economic Systems P - Economic Systems > P4 - Other Economic Systems > P40 - General |
Item ID: | 56338 |
Depositing User: | Abbas Mirakhor |
Date Deposited: | 31 May 2014 18:12 |
Last Modified: | 28 Sep 2019 11:04 |
References: | Ahrend, Rudiger, Jens Arnold and Charlotte Moesar (2011). “The Sharing of Macroeconomic Risk: Who Loses (and Gains) from Macroeconomic Shocks” OECD Economics Department working papers, No. 877, OECD Publishing. Aiyagar, S.R. (1994). “Uninsured Idiosyncratic Risk and Aggregate Saving,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109, 659-684. Albuquerque, R., (2003), “The Composition of International Capital Flows: Risk Sharing Through Foreign Direct Investment, “Journal of International Economics, vol.1, no.2, pp.353-83. Al-Isfahani, Al-Raquib, 1992, “Mufradat Alfaz Al Quran,” Dar Al-Qalam (Damascus). Allen, F. and D. Gale (1994), Financial Innovations and Risk Sharing, Cambridge: The MIT Press. Allen, F. and D. Gale (2007), Understanding Financial Crises, Oxford University Press. Al-Liban, I., 1967, “Islam is the First Religious System to Recognize the Right of the Poor to the Wealth of the Rich,” The Islamic Review, August. Al-Mustafaoui, Sh. Hassan, 1995, Al-Tahqheeqh Fi Kalamat Al-Quran Al-Karim (Tehran: Ministry of Islamic Culture and Guidance). Andersen, T.M. (2011). “Collective Risk Sharing: The Social Safety Net and Employment” Denmark: Aarhus University, School of Economics and Management, (oekonomi@econ.au.dk). Anderson, J.N.D. and Coulson, J.J., 1958, “The Moslem Ruler and Contractual Obligations,” New York University Law Review, vol. 33, no. 7, November. Arndt, H.W. (1998), “Market Failure” and Under Development, World Development, vol.16, no. 2, 219-229. Arrow, K.J. (1971). Essays on the Theory of Risk-Bearing. Chicago: Markam Publishing Company, pp. 1-229. Arrow, K.J. and Debreu, G., 1954, “The Existence of an Equilibrium for a Competitive Economy,” Econometrica, vol.xxii, pp. 265-90. Askari, Hossein, et.al, (2009), New Issues in Islamic Finance and Economics, Singapore: John Wiley and Sons (Asia). Askari, Hossein, et.al, (2010), Globalization and Islamic Finance, Singapore: John Wiley and Sons (Asia). Askari, Hossein, et.al, (2010), The Stability of Islamic Finance. Singapore: John Wiley and Sons (Asia). Askari, Hossein, et. al., (2012) Risk Sharing in Finance. Singapore: John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Athanasoulis, S. and E. Wincoop (1997). “Growth Uncertainty and Risk Sharing,” Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Staff Reports, no. 30. Athanasoulis, S. and E. Wincoop (2000). “Growth Uncertainty and Risk Sharing,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 45, 447-505. Athanasoulis, S. and R. Shiller (1999). “World Income Components: Measuring and Exploiting Risk-Sharing Opportunities,” Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper. Athanasoulis, S. et.al, (1999). “Macro Markets and Financial Security,” Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Economic Policy Review, 21-39. Baldacci, E., L. de Mello and G. Inchauste (2002), “Financial Crisis, Poverty and Income Distribution,” IMF Working Paper, No. 02/4. Balkenhol, B. (2007). “Access to Finance – the place of risk-sharing instruments,” Savings and Development, XXXI (1). Bar, A. et.al, (2008), Risk Sharing Relations and Enforcement Mechanisms, Paper #294, The Center for the Study of African Economies Working Paper Series. Bartholomeu, D.J. (2008), God, Chance and Purpose, Cambridge University Press. Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A., and Levine, R., 2007, “Finance, Inequality and the Poor,” Journal of Economic Growth. Bekaert, G., Harvey, C.R., and Lundblad, C.T., 2001, “Emerging Equity Markets and Economic Development,” Journal of Development Economics, vol. 66, pp.465-504. Bencivenga, V. and B.D. Smith (1991). “Financial Intermediation and Indigenous Growth,” Review of Economic Studies, 58 (2) 195-209. Berg. S. et.al. eds. (2000). “Private Initiatives in Infrastructure: Priorities, Incentives and Performance: Tokyo: Institute of Development Economics. Bernstein, P.L. (1996). Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Besley, Timothy (1995). “Non-Market Institutions for Credit and Risk-Sharing in Low-Income Countries.” Journal of Economic Perspective 9(3): 115-27. Black, B., 2000, “The Core Institutions that Support Strong Securities Markets,” The Business Lawyer, vol.55. Black, Bernard S. (2000), The Legal and Institutional Preconditions for Strong Securities Markets, UCLA Law Review, vol.48, 781-855. Bockelmann, H. and C. Borio (1990), Stability Properties of an Equity-Based Financial System, De Economist, 138, No.4. Bohn, H. (2009). “Intergenerational Risk Sharing and Fiscal Policy,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 56, 805-816. Borensztein, E. and Mauro, P. (2002). “Reviving the case for GDP-Indexed Bonds,” IMF Policy Discussion Paper. IMF, Washington, D.C. (PDP/02/10). Broner, F.A. and Ventura, J. 2006, “Globalisation and Risk Sharing,” NBER Working Paper no. 12482 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research). Brouwer, M. (2005), Managing Uncertainty through Profit Sharing Contracts from Medieval Italy to Silicon Valley, Journal of Management and Governance, 9:237-755. Chapra, M.U., 2000, The Future of Economics: An Islamic Perspective (Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation). Chapra, M.U., 2006, “Financial Stability: The Role of Paradigm and Support Institutions,” in T. Khan and D. Muljawan (eds.), Islamic Financial Architecture: Risk Management and Financial Stability (Jeddah: IRTI). Chapra, M.U., 2007, “Challenges Facing the Islamic Financial Industry,” in M.K. Hassan and M.K. Lewis (eds.), Handbook of Islamic Banking (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar), pp.325-60. Cho, U.J., 1986, “Inefficiencies from Financial Liberalisation in the Absence of Well-Functioning Equity Markets,” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, vol. 17, no.2, p. 191-200. Choudhry, N.N. and Mirakhor, A., 1997, “Indirect Instruments of Monetary Control in an Islamic Financial System.” Islamic Economic Studies, vol. 4, no. 2. Cizakca, Murat (1996). A Comparative Evolution on Business Partnerships. The Islamic World and Europe, with Specific Reference to the Ottoman Archives (Leiden: Brill). Cizakca, Murat (2000). A History of Philanthropic Foundations. (Istanbul: Bogazici University Press). Cizakca, Murat (2011). Islamic Capitalism and Finance: Origins, Evolution and the Future. (Cheltham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited). Claessens, S. and Perotti, E., 2006, “The Links between Finance and Inequality: Channels and Evidence,” Background Paper for the World Development report 2006 (Washington, DC: The World Bank). Claessens, S., 1995, “The Emergence of Equity Investment in Developing Countries –Overview,” The World Bank Economic Review, vol. 9, pp. 1-17 (Washington, DC: The World Bank). Clementi, G.L. and MacDonald, G., 2004, “Investor Protection, Optimal Incentives, and Economic Growth,” Journal of Economics, August, pp. 1131-75. Corbett, J. (2010). “Asian Financial Integration,” In Gaston and Khalid. Cox, Donald (1998). “Risk-Sharing and Private Transfers: What about Urban Households?” Economic Development and Cultural Change 46(3): 621-39. Dollar, D. and Kraay, A., 2002, “Growth is Good for the Poor,” Journal of Economic Growth, vol. 7, no.3, September, pp. 195-225. Domar, E.D. and R.A. Musgrave (1944), Proportional Income Taxation and Risk Taking. Quarterly Journal of Economics, LVI. Ellsberg, Danial (1996). “Risk, Ambiguity, and the Savage Axiom.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 75(4), 643-669. Epstein, G. (2006). “Financialization and the World Economy.” New York: Edward Elgar. Epstein, G., 2002, “Financialization, Rentier Interests, and Central Bank Policy.” Epstein, G.A., (2006), Financialization and the World Economy, Edward Elgar. Erbas, N. and Mirakhor, A., 2007, “The Equity Premium Puzzle, Ambiguity Aversion and Institutional Quality.” IMF working paper (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund). Erbas, S.N. and A. Mirakhor (2011). “The Foundational Islamic Market Principles: An Institutional – Behavioral Evaluation in Knightian Uncertainty.” Forthcoming. Erbas, S.N. and A. Mirakhor (2010). The Equity Premium Puzzle, Ambiguity Aversion and Institutional Quality: Implications for Islamic Finance. Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance. Vol. 6, No.1. Ericson, R.V. and A. Doyle (2003). “Risk and Morality.” Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Evans, P. (1996). “Government Action, Social Capital and Development: Reviewing the Evidence on Synergy.” World Development 24 (6): 1119-32. Fafchamps, M., and S. Lund (2003): “Risk-Sharing Networks in Rural Philippines.” Journal of Development Economics, 71(2), 261-287. Fama, E.F. and M.C. Jensen (1983), The Agency Problems and Residual Claims, Journal of Law and Economics, vol. XXVI, pp. 327-349. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland (1993). Government Risk-Bearing, Proceedings of a Conference held at the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, May 1991. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Fergusson, L., 2006, “Institutions for Financial Development: What Are They and Where Do They Come From?” Journal of Economic Surveys, vol.20, no.1, pp. 27-69. Firsch, D., and J. Baron. (1988) “Ambiguity and Rationality.” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making: 149-57. Fischel, W., 1933, “The Origin of Banking in Medieval Islam”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 339-52 and 568-603. Also published in Islamic Culture, vol. XIV (Cairo: Bureau of Compilation, Translation and Publication). Fischer, Greg (2010). “Contract Structure, Risk Sharing, and Investment Choice.” London School of Economics. The Suntory Centre. Flood, R., N. Marion and A. Matsumoto (2009). “International Risk Sharing During the Globalization Era.” IMF working paper, No. 09/209. Gaston, Noel and Ahmad Khalid, eds. (2010). Globalization and Economic Integration: Winners and Losers in the Asia-Pacific.” Cheltham, U.K.: Edward Elgar. Geertz, C., 1978, “The Bazaar Economy: Information and Searching Peasant Marketing,” American Economic Review, vol. 68, no.2, May. Gelos, R.G. and Wei, S-J., 2002, “Transparency and International Investor Behavior,” NBER Working Paper No. 9260 (Ambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research). Gertler, P. and J. Gruber (1997). “Insuring Consumption Against Illness.” NBER working paper 6035. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass. Goitein, S.D., (1964), “Commercial and Family Partnerships in the Countries of Medieval Islam.” Islamic Studies, vol. 3, pp. 318-19. Goitein, S.D., 1955, “The Cairo Geniza as a Source of the History of Muslim Civilization,” Studia Islamica, pp. 168-97. Goiten, S. D., 1964, “Commercial and Family Partnerships in the Countries of Medieval Islam,” Islamic Studies, vol. 3, pp. 318-19. Gollier, C. 2004: The Economics of Risk and Time. Massachusetts, MIT Press. Goodhart, C., 2004, Financial Development and Economic Growth: Explaining the Links (New York: Palgrave Macmillan and British Association for the Advancement of Science Books). Guiso, L., et.al, 2005, “Trusting the Stock Market,” NBER Working Paper no. 11648 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research). Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., and Zingales, L., 2004, “The Role of Social Capital in Financial Development,” The American Economic Review, Vol. 94, no.3. Habachy, S., 1962, “Property, Right, and Contract in Muslim Law,” Columbia Law Review I, vol. 62(3). Halaissos, M. and Bertaut, C., 1995, “Why Do So Few Hold Stocks?” The Economic Journal, vol. 105, no. 432, pp. 1110-29. Hall, V. et.al, (1998). “Pacific Rim Business Cycle Analysis: Synchronization and Volatility,” New Zealand Economic papers, 32(2), 129-159. Hassan, M.K. and Lewis, M.K. (eds.), 2007, Handbook of Islamic Banking (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar). Heiner, Ronald A. “The Origin of Predictable Behavior.” American Economic Review 73 (1983): 560-95. Hellwig, M. (1998), Banks, Markets, and Allocation of Risks in an Economy, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE), vol. 154, no. 1, pp. 328-345. Henry, P.B., 2000, “Stock Market Liberalization, Economic Reformation Emerging Market Equity Prices,” Journal of Finance, vol. 55, no. 2, p. 529-64. Holzmann, R. and S. Jorgensen (2000). “Social Risk Management: A New Conceptual Framework for Social Protection and Beyond.” Social Protection Discussion Paper Series, no. 0006. World Bank. Hong, H., Kubik, J.D., and Stein, J.C., 2004, “Social Interaction and Stock-Market Participation,” Journal of Finance, vol. 54, no. 1, February, pp. 137-63. Honohan, P., 2006, “financial Sector Policy and the Poor: Selected Findings and Issues,” World Bank Working Paper no. 43 (Washington DC: The World Bank) Huberman, G. and Kandel, S., (1987), “Mean-Variance Spanning.” Journal of Finance. Vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 873-88. Huberman, G. and Kandel, S., 1987, “Mean-Variance Spanning,” Journal of Finance, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 873-88. Huberman, G. Kandel, S., and Strambaugh, R.F., (1987), “Mimicking Portfolios and Exact Arbitrage pricing.” Journal of Finance, vol. 42, no.1, pp. 1-9. Huberman, G., Kandel, S., and Strambaugh, R.F., 1987, “Mimicking Portfolios and Exact Arbitrage Pricing,” Journal of Finance, vol. 42, no.1, pp. 1-9. Ibn Mandhoor, 1984, “Lisan Al-Arab,” Nashr Adab (Qum, Iran). Ibn Umar, Yahya, 1975, Ahkam al-Suq, al-Sharikah, al-Tunisyyah li al-Tawzi, Tunisia. Imamuddin, S.M., 1960, “Bayt Al-Mal and Banks in the Medieval Muslim World,” Islamic Culture, January. Jacobson, L. (1998). “Partnership Problems.” Government Executive, (30)5. Jalan, J. and Revallion, M. (1997). “Are Poor Less Well Insured? Evidence on Vulnerability to Income Risk in Rural China.” Policy Research working paper 1863. World Bank, Development Research Group. Judd, K.L. (2000). “Is Education as Good as Gold: A Portfolio Analysis of Human Capital Investment.” Presented in National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Public Economics, April 2000. Kahneman, D. (2003). “Maps of Bounded Rationality; A perspective of intuitive judgment and choice,” Nobel Prize Lecture. Also, in Frangsmyr, T. (ed.) Les Prix Nobel 2002, Stockholm, Imprimerie Royal, P.A. Norstedt & Soner. Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky (1979), “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk.” Econometrica, 47(2) 263-91. Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky (2000). “Choices, Values and Frames.” Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Kamali, Mohammad Hashim, (2002), Islamic Commercial Law, Kuala Lumpur: Islamiah Publishers. Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. The Dignity of Man: An Islamic Perspective. Kuala Lumpur: Ilmiyah Publishers, 2002. Khadduri, M., 1977, “Property: Its Relation to Equality and Freedom in Accordance with Islamic Law,” in Carl Wellman (ed.), Equality and Freedom: Past, Present, and Future, Franz Steiner, Verlag GmBH, Wiesbaden, Germany. Kim, D. and J. Sheen (2004). “Risk Sharing within Australia and with New Zealand.” Presented in Australian Macroeconomic Workshop, University House, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Kim, S. et.al. (2006). “Financial Integration and Consumption Risk Sharing in East Asia.” Japan and the World Economy, 18(2), 143-57. Kim, S. et.al, (2005). “Regional Versus Global Risk Sharing in East Asia.” Asian Economic Papers 3:3; pp. 195-201. King, R.G. and L. Ross (1993), “Finance and Growth: Schumpeter Might be Right”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), pp. 717-38. Kister, M.J., 1965, “The Market of the Prophet,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, January. Klir, G.J., Uncertainty and Information. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, 2006. Kochar, ANjini (1999). “Smoothing Consumption by smoothing Income: Houses-of-Work Responses to Idiosyncratic Agricultural Shocks in Rural India.” Review of Economics and Statistics 81: 50-61. Kose, A., Prasad, E., and Terrones, M., (2007). “How Does Financial Globalization Affect Risk Sharing? Patterns and Channels” (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund). Krueger, D. and Fabrizio Perry (1998). “Risk Sharing: Private Insurance Markets or Redistributive Taxes?” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department. Krueger, Dirk (2006). “Public Insurance Against Idiosyncratic and Aggregate Risk: The Case of Social Security and Progressive Income Taxation.” Frankfurt: Goethe University. Lane, E.W., 2003, An Arabic-English Lexicon (Lahore: Suhail Academy. Lee, J.W. and K. Shin (2008). “Welfare Implication of International Financial Integration.” Asian Development working paper series on Regional Economic Integration No. 20. Levine, D.P. “Knowing and Acting: On Uncertainty in Economics,” Review of Political Economy, vol. 9, no.1, pp. 5-7. Levine, R. and Zervos, S., 1998, “Stock Market, Banks and Economic Growth,” American Economic Review, vol. 88, pp. 537-58. Lewis, K.K., 1996, “Consumption, Stock Returns, and the Gains from International Risk-Sharing,” NBER Working Paper n. 5410 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research). Lieber, A.E., 1968, “Eastern Business Practice and Medieval European Commerce,” Economic History Review, 2nd Series, vol. 21, pp. 230-43. Lorenz, E. (1999), Trust, Contract and Economic Cooperation, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 23, 301-351. Lund, Susan and Marcel Fafchamp (1997). “Risk-Sharing Network in Rural Philippines.” Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Magill, M. and M. Quinzii (1998), Incentive and Risk Sharing in a Stock Market Economy, Working Paper, University of Southern California. McMillan, J. (2002), Reinventing the Bazaar: A Natural History of Markets, London: W.W. Norton. Mehra, R. 2003, “The Equity Premium: Why Is It a Puzzle?” Financial Analysts Journal, pp. 54-69. Mehra, R. and Prescott, E.C., 1985, “The Equity Premium: A Puzzle,” Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 15, pp. 145-61. Mehra, R., 2006, “The Equity Premium in India,” NBER Working Paper No. 12434 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research). Menkoff, L. and N. Tolksorf (2001), Financial Market Drift: Decoupling of the Financial Market from the Real Economy, Heidelberg-Berling: Springer-Verlag. Menkoff, L. and Tolksorf (2001). Financial Market Drift: Decoupling of the Financial Market from the Real Economy; Heidelberg-Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Merton, R. (1983). “On the Role of Social Security as a Means for Efficient Risk Sharing in an Economy Where Human Capital is not Tradable,: in Z. Bodie and J. Shoven (eds.) Financial Aspects of the United States Pension System, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Mirakhor, A, 1990, “Equilibrium in a Non-Interest Open Economy,” IMF, published in Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics (1993), vol.5, pp. 3-23. Mirakhor, A. (2009), Islamic Economics and Finance: An Institutional Perspective, IIUM Journal of Economics and Management, vol. 17, no.1. Mirakhor, A. (2011). “Epistemological Foundation of Finance: Islamic and Conventional.” Keynote address presented at the Foundations of Islamic Finance Conference Series, Kuala Lumpur, March 8-10, 2011. Mirakhor, A. and Edib Smolo (2011). “Do Conventional and Islamic Finance Share Common Epistemology?” Global Islamic Finance, August. Mirakhor, A. and Iqbal, Z., (1988), “Stabilization and Growth in an Open Islamic Economy.”IMF working paper no 22. Mirakhor, A. and Iqbal, Z., (2007). “Profit-and-Loss Sharing Contracts in Islamic Finance,” in M.K. Hassan and M.K. Lewis (eds.), Handbook of Islamic Banking (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar), pp. 49-63. Mirakhor, A., 2003, “Muslim Contribution to Economics.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of South-Western Economic Association, March 1983 and reproduced from Essays on Iqtisad (Maryland: Nur Publications, 1989: republished New York: Global Scholarly Publications). Musa, M.Y., 1955, “The Liberty of the Individual in Contracts and Conditions According to Islamic Law,” Islamic Quarterly. Palley, T.J., 2007, “Financialization: What It Is and Why It Matters,” Working Paper no. 252 (Annandale-on-Hudson, NY: The Levy Economics Institute). Pegano, M. (1993), Financial Markets and Growth: An Overview, European Economic Review, 37, 613-622. Power, D., and Epstein, G., 2003, “Rentier Income and Financial Crises” Working Paper no. 57, (Amherst, MA: Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts). Rayner, S.E., 1991, The Theory of Contracts in Islamic Law, Graham and Trotman, London. Reinhart, C. and K. Rogoff (2000). “Not This Time.” Princeton University Press. Reinhart, C. and K. Rogoff (2009). “This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly.” Princeton: Princeton University Press. Reinhart, C. and K. Rogoff (2010). “Growth in a Time of Debt.” NBER working paper no.15639. Rogoff, K. (2011). “Global Imbalances without Tears.” Project syndicate, 2011-03-01. Saint-Paul, G. (1992), Technological Choice, Financial Markets and Economic Development, European Economic Review, 36, 763-781. Saltuk, O. (2002). “Risk Sharing, Risk Shifting and Optimality of Convertible Debt in Venture Capital.” Department of Economics, Southern Methodist University, Texas. Schleifer, A. and Wolfenson, D., 2002, “Investor Protection and Equity Markets,” Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 66, pp. 3-27. Sheng, Andrew (2009), from Asian Global Financial Crisis, Cambridge University Press. Shiller, R. (1993). Macro Markets: Creating Institutions for Managing Society’s Largest Economic Risks. New York: Oxford University Press. Shiller, R. (1999). “Social Security and Institutions for Intergenerational, Intragenerational and International Risk Sharing.” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 50, 165-204. Shiller, R. (2004). “Radical Financial Innovation.” Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper No.1461. New Haven, Connecticut, 06520-8281. Shiller, R. (2005). “In Favour of Growth-Linked Bonds”, The Indian Express, March 10. Shiller, R. “Aggregate Income Risks and Hedging Mechanisms.” Cowles Foundation Discussion paper 1048. Cowles Commission, New Haven, CT. Shiller, R.J., (2003). “The New Financial Order: Risk in the 21st Century.” Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Siddiqi, M.N., 1985, Partnership and Profit-Sharing in Islamic Law (Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation). Siddiqi, M.N., 2001, Economics, An Islamic Approach (Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies; Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation). SIddiqi, M.N., 2006, “Shariah, Economics and the Progress of Islamic Finance: The Role of Shariah Experts,” Seventh Harvard Forum on Islamic Finance, Cambridge, Massachussets, April 21. Sinn, H.W. (1996). “Social Insurance, Incentives and Risk Taking,” International Tax and Public Finance. Smith, S.C. (1988), “On the Incidence of Profit and Equity Sharing,” Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation, 9:45-58. Smith, S.C. (1988). “On the Incidence of Profit and Equity Sharing.” Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation, 9:45-58. Smithson, M. “Ignorance and Uncertainty: Emerging Paradigms.” New York: Springer-Verlaq, 1989. Stiglitz, J. (1993). “Perspectives on the Role of Government Risk-Bearing within the Financial Sector.” In Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Government Risk-Bearing, pp. 109-130. Stultz, R. 1999a, “International Portfolio Flows and Security Markets,” in M. Feldstein (ed.), International Capital Flows (Chicago: Chicago University Press). Stultz, R., 1999b, “Globalization, Corporate Finance, and the Cost of Capital,” Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 8-25. Tesar, Linda (1995). “Evaluating gains from International Risk Sharing.: Carnegie Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 42, 95-143. Udovitch, A.L., (1970b). “Partnership and Profit in Medieval Islam.” Princeton University Press. Udovitch, A.L., (1962). “At the Origins of the Western Commenda: Islam, Israel, Byzantium?” pp. 198-207. Udovitch, A.L., (1967). “Credit and a Means of Investment in Medieval Islamic Trade.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 87, no. 3, July-September, pp. 260-64. Udovitch, A.L., (1970a).”Commercial Techniques in Early Medieval Islamic Trade” In D.Richards (ed.), Islam and the Trade of Asia, pp. 37-62. Ul-Haque, N. and Mirakhor, A., (1999). “The Design of Instruments for Government Finance in an Islamic Economy.” Islamic Economic Studies, vol. 6, no.2. Van Wincoop, E., (1994). “Welfare Gains from International Risk Sharing,” Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 34, October, pp. 175-200. Van Wincoop, E., (1999). “How Big are Potential Welfare Gains from International Risk Sharing?” Journal of International Economics, vol. 47, February, pp. 109-235. Weiss, W.M., 1989, The Bazaar: Markets and Merchants of the Islamic World (London:Thames and Hudson) Woolcock, M. (1998). “Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework.” Theory and Society, 27: 151-208. World Bank (2008). “Finance for all? Policies and Pitfalls in Expanding Access.” World Bank Policy Research Report. Zarqa, M.A., 1984, “Islamic Distributive System,” Journal of Research in Islamic Economics, vol. 2, no.1. Zarqa, M.A., 1991, “Rules of Exchange in Islamic Fiqh: An Introduction for Economics,” Journal of Research in Islamic Economics, vol. no. 3, p. 35-70. |
URI: | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/56338 |