Research Methodology

Mohajan, Haradhan (2017): Research Methodology.

Abstract

This chapter presents all the tools and systems used for this dissertation. It discusses the methodological epistemologies and approaches that support mathematical economics and social choice research. The research is based on: mathematical modeling of economic analysis in optimizations, social choice and game theory, voting system, environmental pollution, healthcare, and sustainable economy, NNP, social welfare and sustainability, GHG emissions, global warming and climate change that effects on modern economy, and finally green taxes on environment pollution to reduce GHG emissions.

This chapter introduces the research strategy and the empirical methods for the general approach, and specific techniques to address the objectives for the research. It also presents the research design and the methods used in the selection of the research participants, and for data collection. Research methodology indicates the logic of development of the process used to generate theory that is procedural framework within which the research is conducted (Remenyi et al. 1998). It provides the principles for organizing, planning, designing, and conducting research. Methodological decisions are determined by the research paradigm that a researcher is following. The research paradigm not only guides the selection of data gathering and analysis methods but also the choice of competing methods of theorizing (Sayer 1992).

This study is based on both primary and secondary data that are collected from various sources. Primary data have been collected from the 500 female garment workers of the slum areas of Chittagong City Corporation (CCC) of Bangladesh by random sampling technique through open-ended questionnaire. The open-ended response questions are most beneficial when a researcher conducts exploratory research, especially if the range of respondents is not known. The open-ended questions can be used to learn what words and phrases people spontaneously give to the free-response questions. The secondary data are collected from the websites, books and e-books, previous published articles, theses, conference papers, case studies, magazines, and various research reports.

Here we have tried to discuss in brief, and clarify how evidence in this study was collected and analyzed, as well as to introduce the research strategy and the empirical techniques applied in this research. The research strategy adopted was face-to-face interview of the garments workers. The mathematical and theoretical data are collected and developed to make this empirical research fruitful.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: Research methodology,mathematical economics, social welfare,sustainable development.
• Subjects: B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches > B4 - Economic Methodology; C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods > C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General

References

1. Ackroyd, S. and Hughes, J. (1992), Data Collection in Context, New York, Longman.

2. Andrews, L.; Higgins, A.; Andrews, M. W. and Lalor, J.G. (2012), Classic Grounded Theory to Analyze Secondary Data: Reality and Reflections, The Grounded Theory Review, 11(1): 12–26.

3. Arrow, K.J. (1963), Social Choice and Individual Values (2nd Ed.), John Wiley & Sons, New York.

4. Bond, T. (2003), Validity and Assessment: A Rasch Measurement Perspective, Metodoliga de las Ciencias del Comportamento, 5(2): 179–194.

5. Brink, H.I.L. (1993), Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Research, Curationis, 16(2): 35-38.

6. Burns, A. (1999), Collaborative Action Research for English Language Teachers, Cambridge: CUP.

7. Campbell, D.T. and Stanley, J.C. (1963), Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Research on Teaching, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

8. Cortina, J.M. (1993), What is Coefficient Alpha? An Examination of Theory and Applications, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1): 98–104.

9. Creswell, J.W. (2009), Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Method Approaches (3rd Ed.), Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.

10. Fullerton, D. and West, S.E. (2002), Can Taxes on Cars and on Gasoline Mimic an Unavailable Tax on Emissions?, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 43:135–157.

11. Golafshani, N. (2003), Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research, The Qualitative Report, 8(4): 597–607.

12. Graziano, A.M. and Raulin, M.L. (2006), Research Methods: A Process of Inquiry, (6th Ed.) Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

13. Hashim, N.H.; Murphy, J. and O’Connor, P. (2007), Take Me Back: Validating the Wayback Machine as a Measure of Website Evolution, In M.Sigala, L. Mich and J. Murphy (Eds.), Information & Communication Technologies in Tourism, pp. 435–446, Wien: Springer-Verlag.

14. IPCC (2007), Climate Change 2007, The Physical Science Basis, Synthesis Report of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Summary for Policymakers.

15. Kothari, C.R. (2004), Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nd Ed.), New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd.

16. Le Comple, M.D. and Goetz, J.P. (1982), Problems of Reliability and Validity in Ethnographic Research, Review o f Educational Research, 52(1): 31–60.

17. Leininger, M. (1991), Culture Care, Diversity and Universality: A Theory of Nursing, New York: N.L.N.

18. Mohajan, H.K. (2015), Planetary Boundaries Must not be Crossed for the Survival of Humanity, Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, 3(4): 184–200.

19. Mohajan, H.K. (2016), Knowledge is an Essential Element at Present World, International Journal of Publication and Social Studies, 1(1): 31–53.

20. Mohajan, H.K. (2017), Two Criteria for Good Measurements in Research: Validity and Reliability, (Unpublished Manuscript).

21. Neuman, W. (2012), Basics of Social Research. (3rd Ed.) Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.

22. Osorio, J. (2014), Numbers Under Fire: The Challenges of Gathering Quantitative Data in Highly Violent Settings, Social Science Research Council, Drugs, Security and Democracy Program (DSD) Working Papers on Research Security: No. 6.

23. Raj, B. and Singh, O. (2012), Global Trends of Fossil Fuel Reserves and Climate Change in the 21st Century, in Shahriar Khan (Ed.), Fossil Fuel and the Environment, InTech: 167–192.

24. Remenyi, D.S.J.; Swartz, E.; Money, A. and Williams, B. (1998), Doing Research in Business and Management: An Introduction to Process and Method, SAGE Publications, London.

25. Robson, C. (2011). Real World Research: A Resource for Users of Social Research Methods in Applied Settings, (2nd Ed.). Sussex, A. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

26. Sayer, A. (1992), Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach (2nd Ed.), London: Routledge.

27. Selltiz, C.; Wrightsman, L.C. and Cook, W.S. (1976), Research Methods in Social Relations, (3rd Ed.), New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston.

28. Smith, E. (2008), Using Secondary Data in Educational and Social Research, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

29. Stern, N. (2007), Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change, HM Treasury.

30. Traub, R.E. and Rowley, G.L. (1991), An NCME Instructional Module on Understanding Reliability. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 10(1): 37–45.

31. Weitzman, M.L. (1976), On the Welfare Significance of National Product in a Dynamic Economy, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 90: 156–162.

32. Wetter, M. (2000), Generic Optimization Program, Technical Report, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

33. Williams, C. (2007), Research Methods, Journal of Business & Economic Research, 5(3): 65-72.

34. Willis, J. (2007) Foundations of Qualitative Research: Interpretive and Critical Approaches, Sage Publications.

35. Wilson, J. (2010). Essentials of Business Research: A Guide to Doing Your Research Project. SAGE Publications.

36. Yin, R.K. (2003), Case Study Research Design and Methods, Applied Social Research Methods Series, SAGE publications, Thousand Oaks.