Exclusion of Extreme Jurors and Minority Representation: The Effect of Jury Selection Procedures

Moro, Andrea and Van der Linden, Martin (2021): Exclusion of Extreme Jurors and Minority Representation: The Effect of Jury Selection Procedures.

Abstract

We compare two established jury selection procedures meant to safeguard against the inclusion of biased jurors that are also perceived as causing minorities to be under-represented in juries. The Strike and Replace procedure presents potential jurors one-by-one to the parties, while the Struck procedure presents all potential jurors before the parties exercise vetoes. In equilibrium, Struck more effectively excludes extreme jurors than Strike and Replace but leads to a worse representation of minorities. Simulations suggest that the advantage of Struck in terms of excluding extremes is sizable in a wide range of cases. In contrast, Strike and Replace only provides a significantly better representation of minorities if the minority and majority are heavily polarized. When parameters are estimated to match the parties' selection of jurors by race with jury-selection data from Mississippi in trials against black defendants, the procedures' outcomes are substantially different, and the size of the trade-off between objectives can be quantitatively evaluated.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: Jury selection, Peremptory challenge, Minority representation, Gender representation
• Subjects: J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J1 - Demographic Economics > J14 - Economics of the Elderly ; Economics of the Handicapped ; Non-Labor Market Discrimination; J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J1 - Demographic Economics > J16 - Economics of Gender ; Non-labor Discrimination; K - Law and Economics > K1 - Basic Areas of Law > K14 - Criminal Law; K - Law and Economics > K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior > K40 - General

References

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % This bbl file is created by econ.bst ver.2.5 % The latest econ.bst is available at % <https://github.com/ShiroTakeda/econ-bst>

\begin{thebibliography}{xxx}

\harvarditem[Anwar et~al.]{Anwar, Bayer and Hjalmarsson}{2012}{anwar_impact_2012} \textbf{Anwar, S., P.~Bayer, and R.~Hjalmarsson.} 2012. ``The {{Impact}} of {{Jury Race}} in {{Criminal Trials}}.'' \textit{The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, 127(2): 1017--1055.

\harvarditem[Beck]{Beck}{1998}{beckCurrentStatePeremptory1998} \textbf{Beck, Coburn~R.} 1998. ``The {{Current State}} of the {{Peremptory Challenge}}.'' \textit{William \& Mary Law Review}, 39(3): , p.~42.

\harvarditem[Bermant and Shapard]{Bermant and Shapard}{1981}{bermant_voir_1981} \textbf{Bermant, Gordon, and John Shapard.} 1981. ``The Voir Dire Examination, Juror Challenges, and Adversary Advocacy.'' In \textit{The {{Trial Process}}}. ed. by Sales, Bruce~Dennis, {Berlin}: {Springer}, 69--114.

\harvarditem[Biedenbender]{Biedenbender}{1991}{biedenbenderHollandIllinoisSixth1991} \textbf{Biedenbender, Alice.} 1991. ``Holland v. {{Illinois}}: {{A Sixth Amendment Attack}} on the {{Use}} of {{Discriminatrory Peremptory Challenges}}.'' \textit{Catholic University Law Review}, 40(3): , p.~31.

\harvarditem[Bonebrake]{Bonebrake}{1988}{bonebrakeSixthFourteenthAmendments1988} \textbf{Bonebrake, James~G.} 1988. ``Sixth and {{Fourteenth Amendments}}--{{The Lost Role}} of the {{Peremptory Challenge}} in {{Securing}} an {{Accused}}'s {{Right}} to an {{Impartial Jury}}.'' \textit{The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology}, 79(3): , p.~23.

\harvarditem[Brams and Davis]{Brams and Davis}{1978}{brams_optimal_1978} \textbf{Brams, Steven~J., and Morton~D. Davis.} 1978. ``Optimal Jury Selection: {{A}} Game-Theoretic Model for the Exercise of Peremptory Challenges.'' \textit{Operations Research}, 26(6): 966--991.

\harvarditem[Broderick]{Broderick}{1992}{broderick_why_1992} \textbf{Broderick, Raymond~J.} 1992. ``Why the Peremptory Challenge Should Be Abolished.'' \textit{Temple Law Review}, 65, p. 369.

\harvarditem[Cohen and Cohen]{Cohen and Cohen}{2003}{cohen_jury_2003} \textbf{Cohen, Neil~P., and Daniel~R. Cohen.} 2003. ``Jury Reform in {{Tennessee}}.'' \textit{University of Memphis Law Review}, 34 1--71.

\harvarditem[Craft]{Craft}{2018}{willcraft2028} \textbf{Craft, Will.} 2018. ``Peremptory Strikes in {{Mississippi}}'s Fifth Circuit Court District.'' \textit{APM Reports}.

\harvarditem[Daly]{Daly}{2016}{dalyFosterChatmanClarifying2016} \textbf{Daly, Meghan.} 2016. ``Foster v. {{Chatman}}: {{Clarifying}} the Batson Test for Discriminatory Peremptory Strikes.'' \textit{Duke Journal of Constitutional Law and Public Policy Sidebar}, 11 148--162.

\harvarditem[Diamond et~al.]{Diamond, Peery, Dolan and Dolan}{2009}{diamondAchievingDiversityJury2009} \textbf{Diamond, Shari~Seidman, Destiny Peery, Francis~J. Dolan, and Emily Dolan.} 2009. ``Achieving {{Diversity}} on the {{Jury}}: {{Jury Size}} and the {{Peremptory Challenge}}.'' \textit{Journal of Empirical Legal Studies}, 6(3): 425--449.

\harvarditem[Flanagan]{Flanagan}{2015}{flanagan_peremptory_2015} \textbf{Flanagan, Francis~X.} 2015. ``Peremptory Challenges and Jury Selection.'' \textit{Journal of Law and Economics}, 58(2): 385--416.

\harvarditem[Flanagan]{Flanagan}{2018}{flanaganRaceGenderJuries2018} \textbf{Flanagan, Francis~X.} 2018. ``Race, {{Gender}}, and {{Juries}}: {{Evidence}} from {{North Carolina}}.'' \textit{The Journal of Law and Economics}, 61(2): 189--214.

\harvarditem[Hochman]{Hochman}{1993}{hochmanAbolishingPeremptoryChallenge1993} \textbf{Hochman, Rodger~L.} 1993. ``Abolishing the {{Peremptory Challenge}}: {{The Verdict}} of {{Emerging Caselaw}}.'' \textit{Nova Law Review}, 17, p. 1367.

\harvarditem[Horwitz]{Horwitz}{1992}{horwitz_extinction_1992-1} \textbf{Horwitz, Barbara~L.} 1992. ``Extinction of the Peremptory Challenge: What Will the Jury System Lose by Its Demise.'' \textit{University of Cincinnati Law Review}, 61 1391--1440.

\harvarditem[Keene]{Keene}{2009}{keene_fairness_2009} \textbf{Keene, Douglas~L.} 2009. ``Fairness, Justice and True Understanding: {{The}} Benefits of Peremptory Strikes.'' \textit{The Jury Expert}, 2(21): 24--25.

\harvarditem[LaFave et~al.]{LaFave, Israel, King and Kerr}{2009}{_criminal_2009} \textbf{LaFave, Wayne, Jerold Israel, Nancy King, and Orin Kerr.} 2009. \textit{Criminal Procedure}. {St. Paul, MN}: {West Academic Publishing}, , 5th edition.

\harvarditem[Marder]{Marder}{1994}{marderGenderPeremptoryChallenges1994} \textbf{Marder, Nancy~S.} 1994. ``Beyond {{Gender}}: {{Peremptory Challenges}} and the {{Roles}} of the {{Jury}}.'' \textit{Texas Law Review}, 73 1041--1138.

\harvarditem[Marder]{Marder}{2012}{marderBatsonRevisitedBatson2012} \textbf{Marder, Nancy~S.} 2012. ``Batson Revisited - {{Batson}} Symposium.'' {{SSRN Scholarly Paper}} ID 2165561, {Social Science Research Network}, {Rochester, NY}.

\harvarditem[Raphael and Ungvarsky]{Raphael and Ungvarsky}{1993}{raphael_excuses_1993} \textbf{Raphael, Michael~J., and Edward~J. Ungvarsky.} 1993. ``Excuses, {{Excuses}}: {{Neutral Explanations}} under {{Batson}} v. {{Kentucky}}.'' \textit{University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform}, 27 229--276.

\harvarditem[Rose]{Rose}{1999}{rosePeremptoryChallengeAccused1999a} \textbf{Rose, Mary~R.} 1999. ``The Peremptory Challenge Accused of Race or Gender Discrimination? {{Some}} Data from One County..'' \textit{Law and Human Behavior}, 23(6): 695--702.

\harvarditem[Sacks]{Sacks}{1989}{sacksChallengingPeremptoryChallenge1989} \textbf{Sacks, Patricia~E.} 1989. ``Challenging the {{Peremptory Challenge}}: {{Sixth Amendment Implications}} of the {{Discriminatory Use}} of {{Peremptory Challenges}}.'' \textit{Washington University Law Quarterly}, 67(2): , p.~29.

\harvarditem[Shapard and Johnson]{Shapard and Johnson}{1994}{_cr51995pdf-1} \textbf{Shapard, John, and Molly Johnson.} 1994. ``Memorandom on a Survey of Active Judges Regarding Their Voir Dire Practices.'' \textit{Federal Judicial Center, Research Division}.

\harvarditem[Small and Pager]{Small and Pager}{2020}{small-pager-2020} \textbf{Small, Mario~L., and Devah Pager.} 2020. ``Sociological Perspectives on Racial Discrimination.'' \textit{Journal of Economic Perspectives}, 34(2): 49--67.

\harvarditem[Smith]{Smith}{2014}{smithCallAbolishPeremptory2014} \textbf{Smith, Abbe.} 2014. ``A Call to Abolish Peremptory Challenges by Prosecutors.'' \textit{Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics}, 27 1163--1186.

\harvarditem[Turner et~al.]{Turner, Lovell, Young and Denny}{1986}{turnerRacePeremptoryChallenges1986} \textbf{Turner, Billy~M., Rickie~D. Lovell, John~C. Young, and William~F. Denny.} 1986. ``Race and Peremptory Challenges during Voir Dire: {{Do}} Prosecution and Defense Agree?'' \textit{Journal of Criminal Justice}, 14(1): 61--69.

\harvarditem[Wright et~al.]{Wright, Chavis and Parks}{2018}{wright2018jury} \textbf{Wright, Ronald~F., Kami Chavis, and Gregory~S. Parks.} 2018. ``The {{Jury Sunshine Project}}: {{Jury Selection Data}} as a {{Political Issue}}.'' \textit{University of Illinois Law Review}, 2018, p. 1407.

\end{thebibliography}