Bakari, Sayef (2021): Reinvest the relationship between exports and economic growth in African countries: New insights from innovative econometric methods.
Preview |
PDF
MPRA_paper_108785.pdf Download (534kB) | Preview |
Abstract
This research examined the relationship between exports and economic growth in Africa. It employed many innovation econometric methods including Panel FMOLS and DOLS Estimates; Panel VECM; Panel ARDL Model; Pooled OLS, Random Effect Model, Fixed Effect Model and Hausman Test; Panel Pairwise Granger Causality Tests; Panel Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test; and Panel GMM Model. The findings suggested that the estimates of each model prove that there is a positive bidirectionnel relationship between exports and economic growth. Data includes 49 African countries for the period 1960–2018. These empirical results have some notable policy implications.
Item Type: | MPRA Paper |
---|---|
Original Title: | Reinvest the relationship between exports and economic growth in African countries: New insights from innovative econometric methods |
Language: | English |
Keywords: | Exports, Economic Growth, Innovative Econometric Methods, African countries |
Subjects: | F - International Economics > F0 - General F - International Economics > F1 - Trade F - International Economics > F1 - Trade > F10 - General F - International Economics > F1 - Trade > F13 - Trade Policy ; International Trade Organizations F - International Economics > F1 - Trade > F14 - Empirical Studies of Trade O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity > O47 - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth ; Aggregate Productivity ; Cross-Country Output Convergence O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O5 - Economywide Country Studies > O55 - Africa |
Item ID: | 108785 |
Depositing User: | Sayef Bakari |
Date Deposited: | 15 Jul 2021 04:32 |
Last Modified: | 15 Jul 2021 04:32 |
References: | Abdelhafidh, S., Bakari, S., (2019). Domestic Investment in the Agricultural Sector and Economic Growth in Tunisia. International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics. Vol. 7, No. 2, 2019, pp. 141-157 Abdullahi, Y.Z., Sokoto, A.A., Safiyanu, S.S., (2013). Analysis of the Relationship between Foreign Trade and Economic Growth in Africa. Economics and Finance Review. Vol. 3(03) pp. 01 – 10, May, 2013. Adams; S., Klobodu, E.K.M., Opoku, E.E.O., (2016). Energy consumption, political regime and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Energy Policy, Volume 96, September 2016, Pages 36-44. Alavinasab, S.M., (2013). Foreign Trade and Economic Growth in Iran: An Empirical Study International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. November 2013, Vol. 3, No. 11. Aw, B.Y., Xiomin, C., Roberts, M.J., (1997), ‘Firm Level Evidence on Productivity Differentials, Turnover, and Exports in Taiwanese Manufacturing’, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 6235. Ayad, H., Belmokaddem, M., (2017). Financial development, trade openness and economic growth in MENA countries: TYDL panel causality approach. Theoretical and Applied Economics. Volume XXIV (2017), No. 1(610), Spring, pp. 233-246. Azeez, B.A., Dada, S.O., Aluko, O.A., (2014). Effect of International Trade on Nigerian Economic Growth: The 21St century Experience. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management. Vol. II, Issue 10, Oct 2014. Bakari, S., (2016). "Impact of Exports and Imports on Economic Growth in Canada: Empirical Analysis Based on Causality," MPRA Paper 75910, University Library of Munich, Germany. Bakari, S., (2017g). “Appraisal of Trade: Potency on Economic Growth in Sudan: New Empirical and Policy Analysis.” Asian Development Policy Review, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 213- 225. Bakari, S., (2017b). The Impact of domestic investment on economic growth: New evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Smart Economic Growth, 2(2), 105- 121. Bakari, S. (2017e). The long run and short run impacts of exports on economic growth: Evidence from Gabon. The Economic Research Guardian. 7(1), 40-57. Bakari, S. (2017c). "The Nexus between Export, Import, Domestic Investment and Economic Growth in Japan," MPRA Paper 76110, University Library of Munich, Germany. Bakari, S (2017d). "The Relationship between Export, Import, Domestic Investment and Economic Growth in Egypt: Empirical Analysis," EuroEconomica, Danubius University of Galati, issue 2(36), pages 34-43, November. Bakari, S. (2017f). "The Three-Way Linkages between Export, Import and Economic Growth: New Evidence from Tunisia," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, Volume 2, Number 3, Year 2017. Bakari, S, 2017a. "Why is South Africa Still a Developing Country?," MPRA Paper 80763, University Library of Munich, Germany. Bakari, S. (2018). The Impact of Domestic Investment on Economic Growth: New Policy Analysis from Algeria. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 3(1), 35-51. Bakari, S. (2020). Domestic Investment and Economic Growth in Tunisia: Causality, Trends and Challenges. Scholars' Press. 978-613-8-92729-7. Bakari, S, 2021. "Are Domestic Investments in Spain a Source of Economic Growth?," MPRA Paper 105526, University Library of Munich, Germany. Bakari, S & Fakraoui, N & Mabrouki, M, (2020). ‘The Contribution of Domestic Investment, Exports and Imports on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Peru,’ MPRA Paper 99041, University Library of Munich, Germany. Bakari, S & Fakraoui, N & Tiba, S (2019c). Domestic Investment, Export, Import and Economic Growth in Brazil: An Application of Vector Error Correction Model. Journal of Smart Economic Growth. Vol 4 No 2 (2019): 4-2-2019. Bakari, S & Mabrouki, M, 2016. "The Relationship among Exports, Imports and Economic Growth in Turkey," MPRA Paper 76044, University Library of Munich, Germany. Bakari, S., Mabrouki, M., (2017b). "The Effect of Agricultural Exports on Economic Growth in South-Eastern Europe: An Empirical Investigation Using Panel Data". Journal of Smart Economic Growth. Volume 2, Number 4, Year 2017. Bakari, S., & Mabrouki, M. (2017a). Impact of exports and imports on economic growth: new evidence from Panama. Journal of Smart Economic Growth, 2(1), 67-79. Bakari, S & Mabrouki, M, 2019. "The Relationship Between Economic Growth, Exports And Imports In Morocco: An Empirical Validation Based On Var Modeling Techniques And Causality In The Meaning Of Granger," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, vol. 4(3), pages 47-55, December. Bakari, S., Mabrouki, M., Elmakki, A, (2018a). The Impact of Domestic Investment in the Industrial Sector on Economic Growth with Partial Openness: Evidence from Tunisia," Economics Bulletin. 38(1), 111-128. Bakari, S,. Mabrouki, M., Othmani, A., (2018b). "The Six Linkages between Foreign Direct Investment, Domestic Investment, Exports, Imports, Labor Force and Economic Growth: New Empirical and Policy Analysis from Nigeria". Journal of Smart Economic Growth, Volume 3, Number 1, Year 2018. Bakari, S., Othmani, A., Mabrouki, M., (2017). ‘Do Incidences of Contamination Hurt Tunisian Economic Flourishing?’. MPRA Paper 80897, University Library of Munich, Germany. Bakari, S & Saaidia, F & Soualhia, A. (2019a). "Evaluation Of Trade Influence On Economic Growth In China: A Time Series Analysis," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, vol. 4(3), pages 57-72, December. Bakari, S & Tiba, S. (2019a). ‘Long run and Short run Macroeconomics Determinants of Economic Growth in the USA: Cointegration and VECM Analysis,’ MPRA Paper 96618, University Library of Munich, Germany. Bakari, S., Tiba, S., (2019b). The Impact of Trade Openness, Foreign Direct Investment and Domestic Investment on Economic Growth: New Evidence from Asian Developing Countries. Economic Research Guardian 9(1), pages 46-54 Bakari, S & Tiba, S, 2021. "The impact of Combustible Renewables and Waste on Economic Growth and Environmental Quality in Tunisia," MPRA Paper 108616, University Library of Munich, Germany. Bakari, S & Tiba, S & Fakraoui, N (2019b). "Does Domestic Investment Contribute To Economic Growth In Uruguay? What Did The Empirical Facts Say?," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, vol. 4(2), pages 53-69, September. Balassa, B., (1985). ‘Exports, Policy Choices, and Economic Growth in Developing Countries after the 1973 Oil Shock’, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 18, pp. 23–35. Berasaluce, J., Romero, J., (2017). Economic Growth and the External Sector: Evidence from Korea, Lessons for Mexico. Estudios Economicos, vol. 32 num. 1, pp; 95-131. Bongini P, Drozdowska M I, Smaga P and Witkowski B (2017). Financial Development and Economic Growth: The Role of Foreign-Owned Banks in CESEE Countries. Sustainability 2017, 9, 335; doi: 10.3390/su9030335. Bouchoucha, N & Bakari, S, (2019). "The Impacts of Domestic and Foreign Direct Investments on Economic Growth: Fresh Evidence from Tunisia," MPRA Paper 94816, University Library of Munich, Germany. Chow, P.C.Y., (1987). ‘Causality between Export Growth and Industrial Development: Empirical Evidence from the NICs’, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 26, pp. 55–63. Das, A., Paul, B.P., (2011). ‘Openness and growth in emerging Asian economies: evidence from GMM estimation of a dynamic panel’, Economics Bulletin, 31, 2219-2228. Dumitrescu, E.I., Hurlin, C., (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4):1450–1460. Dritsaki, C., (2013). Causal Nexus between Economic Growth, Exports and Government Debt: The Case of Greece. Procedia Economics and Finance, 5, 251-259. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(13)00031-2 Faisal F., & Tursoy., T & Resatoglu., N.G (2017). Is Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Exist in Saudi Arabia? Evidence from an ARDL Bounds Testing Approach. Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, 2017, 5(1): 110-117. Fakraoui, N & Bakari, S (2019). "Tie Among Domestic Investment, Exports And Economic Growth: Empirical Analysis From India," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, vol. 4(1), pages 1-15, Mars. Felbermayr, G., Prat, J., Schmerer, H.J., (2011). Trade and unemployment: what do the data say? European Economic Review. 55(6):741–758 Fisher, R., (1932). Statistical Methods for Research Workers, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. Fosu, A.K., (1990), ‘Exports and Economic Growth: The African Case’, World Development, Vol. 18, pp. 831–35. Fukase, E., (2010). Revisiting Linkages between Openness, Education and Economic Growth: System GMM Approach. Journal of Economic Integration, Vol. 25(1), pp.194-223. Ghartey, E.E., (1993), ‘Causal Relationship between Exports and Economic Growth: Some Empirical Evidence in Taiwan, Japan and the US’, Applied Economics, Vol. 25, pp. 1145–52. Ghatak, A., (1998), ‘Vector-Autoregression Modeling and Forecasting Growth of South Korea’, Journal of Applied Statistics, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 579–92. Gokmenoglu., K.K. & Sehnaz., Z. & Taspinar., N (2015). The Export-Led Growth: A Case Study of Costa Rica. Procedia Economics and Finance. 25: 471-477. Granger, C.W., (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica, 37(3):424–438. Guillaumont, P., Jeanneney, S., Varoudakis, A., (1999), ‘Economic Policy Reform and Growth Prospects in Emerging African Economies’, OECD Development Centre Technical Papers No. 145. Hamdan, B.S.S., (2016). The Effect of Exports and Imports on Economic Growth in the Arab Countries: A Panel Data Approach. Journal of Economics Bibliography. Volume 3 March 2016 Issue 1. Hansen, L.P., (1982). “Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators,” Econometrica, 50, 1029-1054. Helleiner, G.K., (1986), ‘Outward Orientation, Import Instability and African Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation’, in S. Lall and F. Stewart (eds.), Theory and Reality in Development: Essays in Honor of Paul Streeton, Macmillan, Hong Kong. Helpman, E., Krugman, P.R., (1985). Market Structure and Foreign Trade, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Hussain, M.A., (2014). Economic Growth, Exports and Imports in Pakistan: Granger Causality Analysis. The Journal of Business in Developing Nation. Volume 13: 32-62 Hussaini., S.H. & India., C & Abdullahi., B.A & India., C (2015). Exports, Imports and Economic Growth in India: An Empirical Analysis. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Emerging Trends in Social Science Research (IS15Chennai Symposium), 3-5 April 2015 Paper ID: C542. Hye, Q.M.H., Wizarat, S., Lau, W., (2013). "Trade-led growth hypothesis: an empirical analysis of South Asian countries." Economic Modelling 35: 654-660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.07.040 Iftikhar. S., Nisa, F., Ali, M., Umar, S., (2016). Gross Domestic Capital Formation, Exports and Economic Growth. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development. (7)13: 44-48. Im, K.S., Pesaran., M.H., and Shin, Y., (2003), ‘Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels’, Journal of Econometrics, Vol 115, pp 53–74. In B.H., Baltagi, T.B., Fomby,. Hill R.C., (Eds.), Non stationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels. Advances in Econometrics. Vol. 15, pp. 179–222. Emerald Group Publishing Limited Islam, M.N., (1998), ‘Export Expansion and Economic Growth: Testing for Cointegration and Causality’, Applied Economics, Vol. 30, pp. 415–25. Kahouli, B., Maktouf, S., (2014). The Link between regional Integration Agreements, Trade Flows and Economic Crisis: A Static and Dynamic Gravity Model. International Journal of Development Issues. 13(1): 35-58. Kahouli, B., Maktouf, S., (2015). The Determinants of FDI and the Impact of the Economic Crisis on the Implementation of RTAs: A Static and Dynamic Gravity Model. International Business Review. 24(3): 518-529. Kaldor, N. (1964). Essays on Economic Policy, G. Duckworth, London. Kao, C., (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90, 1–44. Kao, C., Chiang, M.H., (2001). On the estimation and inference of a cointegrated regression in panel data. Econometric Theory, Under Revision. Kim, S, Lim, H and Park, H. 2007. "Could imports be beneficial for economic growth: some evidence from republic of Korea." ERD working paper series 103. Konstantakopoulou, I., Mike, G.T,. (2017). “The Long-Run Causal Relationship between Exports and Economic Growth in the Euro Area.” Applied Economics Letters 24: 536–539. doi: 10.1080/13504851.2016.1208348 Krishna, K., Ozyildirim, A., Swanson, N.R., (1998), ‘Trade, Investment and Growth: Nexus, Analysis and Prognosis’, Pennsylvania State University Working Paper (October). Krueger, A.O., (1978), Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: Liberalization Attempts and Consequences, Balinger, Cambridge, MA. Krugman, P.R., (1984), ‘Import Protection as Export Promotion’, in H. Kierzkowski (ed.), Monopolistic Competition in International Trade, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Krugman, P.R. (1987), ‘Is Free Trade Passe´?’, Economic Perspectives, Vol. 1, pp. 131–44. Kunst, R.M., Marin, D. (1989), ‘On Exports and Productivity: A Causal Analysis’, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 71, pp. 699–703. Kurihara, Y (2015). Debt and Economic Growth: The Case of Japan. Journal of Economics Library. Volume 2 June 2015 Issue 2. Kuznets, S., (1959), Six Lectures on Economic Growth, The Free Press, Glencoe. Levin, A., Lin, C.F., and Chu, J., (2002), ‘Unit root test in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties’, Journal of Econometrics, Vol 108, pp 1–24. Lau, L.S., Choong, C.K., Eng, Y.K., (2014). Investigation of the environmental Kuznets curve for carbon emissions in Malaysia: Do foreign direct investment and trade matter? Energy Policy. 68 (2014) 490–497. Law, S.H., (2009). Trade openness, capital inflows and financial development in developing countries. International Economic Journal 23 (3), 409–426. Maddala, G.S., Wu, S., (1999), ‘A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test’, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol 61, pp 631–652. Mahmoodi, M., Mahmoodi, E., (2016). Foreign Direct Investment, Exports and Economic Growth: Evidence from Two Panels of Developing Countries, Economic Research, 29(1), 938-949. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2016.1164922 Managi, S., Hibiki, A., Tsurumi, T., (2009). Does trade openness improve environmental quality? Journal of environmental economics and management, 58, 346–363. Mark, C. N., Sul, D., (2003). Cointegration vector estimation by panel DOLS and long-run money demand. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 65, 655–680. Michaely, M., (1977), ‘Exports and Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation’, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 4, pp. 49–53. Ofeh, M.A., Muandzevara, A.T., (2017). Investigating the Effects of Migrant Remittances on the Economic Growth of Cameroon. International Journal of Economics and Finance. Vol. 9, No. 2; 2017. Ozkan, B., Dube, A.K., (2018) Export, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Economic Growth in Ethiopia: VAR Analysis. Open Access Journal of Agriculture Research. Volume 2018; Issue 03. Oxley, L., (1993), ‘Cointegration, Causality and Export-Led Growth in Portugal, 1865–1985’, Economics Letters, Vol. 43, pp. 163–66. Paniagua, J., (2015). A Gravity Model for Foreign Re-Investment. Economics Bulletin. 35(1): 627-632. Phillips, P.C.B., Hansen, B.E., (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I(1) processes. The Review of Economic Studies, 57, 99–125. Phillips, P.C.B., Perron, P., (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regressions. Biometrika, 75, 335– 346. Pedroni, P., (1997). Panel cointegration, asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests, with an application to the PPP hypothesis: new results. Economics Working Paper, Indiana University. Pedroni, P., (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 61, 653–678. Pedroni, P., (2004). Panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of fooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis. Econometric Theory 20, 597–625 Pesaran, H.M., Shin, Y., Smith, R.P., (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94, 621–634. Rahman, M.M., Mamun, S.A.K., (2016). Energy use, international trade and economic growth nexus in Australia: New evidence from an extended growth model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 64, October 2016, Pages 806- 816. Rahman, M.M., Shahbaz, M., (2013). Do Imports and Foreign Capital Inflows Lead Economic Growth? Cointegration and Causality Analysis in Pakistan. South Asia Economic Journal. 14(1) 59–81. Ram, R., (1986) Government Size and Economic Growth: A New Framework and Some Evidence from Cross-Section and Time-Series Data. American Economic Review 76,191–203 Ram, R., (1987), ‘Exports and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Evidence from Time Series and Cross-section Data’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 36, pp. 51–72. Romer, P.R., (1990), ‘Are Non-convexities Important for Understanding Growth’, American Economic Review, Vol. 80, pp. 97–103. Roy, M., Rayhan, M.I., (2011). Trade Flows of Bangladesh: A Gravity Model Approach. Economics Bulletin. 31(1): 950-959. Riyath, M.I.M., Jahfer, A., (2016). Exports, Imports and Economic Growth in Sri Lanka: Evidence from Causality and Co-Integration Analysis. 5th Annual International Research Conference-2016. Faculty of Management and CommerceSEUSL. Ronit, M., Divya, P., (2014). "The relationship between the growth of exports and growth of gross domestic product of India." International Journal of Business and Economics Research 3 (3): 135-139. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijber.20140303.13 Sims, C. A. (1980). Macroeconomics and Reality. Econometrica, 48(1), 1-48. Sooreea-Bheemul, B., Sooreea, R. (2013). Missing causality links between foreign direct investment, exports, domestic investment and economic growth. International Journal of Business and Emerging Markets, 5(4),322–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJBEM.2013.056713 Sunde, T., (2017). "Foreign direct investment, exports and economic growth: ADRL and causality analysis for South Africa," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 434-444. Safdari, M., Mahmoodi, M., Mahmoodi, E., (2011). The Causality Relationship between Export and Economic Growth in Asian Developing Countries. American Journal of Scientific Research (25), 40-45. Saikkonen, P., (1991). Asymptotically efficient estimation of cointegration regressions. Econometric Theory, 7, 1–21. Schenzler, C., (1982). ‘An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship between Growth of Gross National Product and Export in Chile, India and South Korea’, Master’s thesis, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN Sheehey, E., (1993). The Effect of Government Size on Economic Growth. Eastern Economic Journal. 19:3, 321–328. Senhadji, A., (1999), ‘Sources of Economic Growth: An Extensive Growth Accounting Exercise’, International Monetary Fund Working Paper WP/99/7 Sengupta, J.K., (1993), ‘Growth in NICs in Asia: Some Tests of New Growth Theory’, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 29, pp. 342–57. Stock, J.H., Watson, M.W,. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica, 61, 783–820 Subasat, T., Bellos, S., (2011). Economic Freedom and Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America: A Panel Gravity Model Approach. Economics Bulletin. 31(3): 2053-2065. Sultanuzzaman, M.R., Hongzhong, F., Banban, W., Miraj, A.B., Adnan, K., Mehedi, M.,(2018). Trade (exports) as an opportunity for Bangladesh: A VECM analysis, The International Trade Journal, DOI: 10.1080/08853908.2018.1511489 Tan, B.W., Tang, C.F., (2016). Examining the Causal Linkages among Domestic Investment, FDI, Trade, Interest Rate and Economic Growth in ASEAN-5 Countries. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2016, 6(1), 214-220. Toda, H.Y., Yamamoto, T., (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of econometrics, 66(1), pp. 225-250. Turan, G., Karamanaj, B., (2014). An Empirical Study on Import, Export and Economic Growth in Albania. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. Vol 3 No 3 June 2014. Ulasan, B., 2015, “Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Panel Evidence”, Applied Economics Letters, 22(2), 163-167. Vedder, R.K., Gallaway, L.E., (1998). Government Size and Economic Growth. Paper prepared for the Joint Economic Committee of the US Congress, pp.1–15. Velnampy, T., Achchuthan, S., (2013). Export, Import and Economic Growth: Evidence from Sri Lanka. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development. Vol.4, No.9, 2013. Yaghmaian, B., (1994), ‘An Empirical Investigation of Experts, Development and Growth in Developing Countries: Challenging the Neoclassical Theory of Export-led Growth’, World Development, Vol. 22. Yuk, W,. (2005). Government Size and Economic Growth: Time-Series Evidence for the United Kingdom, 1830-1993. Department of Economics, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C., Canada. Yusoff, M.B., Nuh, R., (2015). Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Thailand. Foreign Trade Review. 50(2) 73–84. Zang, W., Baimbridge, M., 2012. "Exports, imports and economic growth in South Korea and Japan: a tale of two economies." Applied Economics. 44(3): 361-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2010.508722 |
URI: | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/108785 |