Health-related activities of Big Tech

Retiene, Roman (2022): Health-related activities of Big Tech.

Abstract

While the German health sector has often been criticised for its slow uptake of novel digital products, other health systems have been significantly faster in adopting these products. In the course of this development, Big Tech companies have entered these health systems, particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom. But also in Germany, the involvement of Big Tech companies has become increasingly relevant in recent years. Among these Big Tech companies are the “Big Four” (i.e. Alphabet, Apple, Meta and Amazon) but also companies like Palantir and Oracle which have reinforced their activities in the health sector without much attention of the broader public. In this paper, these health-related activities of Big Tech are described in detail. Also providers of electronic health records and hospital information systems like Epic Systems and Cerner and German companies like the Deutsche Telekom and SAP are taken into account. All in all, fourteen companies are covered and their activities are divided into six categories to facilitate an overview and reveal the different focuses of the companies.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: Big Tech; health data; eHealth
• Subjects: I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I1 - Health > I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets; L - Industrial Organization > L0 - General > L00 - General; L - Industrial Organization > L8 - Industry Studies: Services > L86 - Information and Internet Services ; Computer Software; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O3 - Innovation ; Research and Development ; Technological Change ; Intellectual Property Rights > O30 - General; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O3 - Innovation ; Research and Development ; Technological Change ; Intellectual Property Rights > O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O3 - Innovation ; Research and Development ; Technological Change ; Intellectual Property Rights > O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O3 - Innovation ; Research and Development ; Technological Change ; Intellectual Property Rights > O34 - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital

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COBB, E., AND K. SAUSER (2014): “Case Study 3 - Electronic Health Records,” The RAND Corporation - Redirecting Innovation in U.S. Health Care: Options to Decrease Spending and Increase Value, pp. 25–46.

COLLINS, L. (2020a): “German company acquires part of Cerner’s assets,” https://www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/news/2020/02/05/cernercompugroup-medical-acquisition.html.

COLLINS, R. (2020b): “Telemedicine Appointments Have Skyrocketed During Pandemic,” https://www.bizneworleans.com/telemedicine-appointmentshave-skyrocketed-during-pandemic/.

COMPUGROUP MEDICAL (2020): “CompuGroup Medical to acquire certain Cerner assets in Germany and Spain,” https://www.cgm.com/corp_en/magazine/articles/press-releases/2020/compu-group-medical-toacquire-certain-cerner-assets-in-germany-and-spain.html.

COMPUGROUP MEDICAL (2021): “Feldtest gestartet: KoCoBox MED+ wird als Konnektor für die elektronische Patientenakte getestet,” https://www.cgm.com/deu_de/magazin/artikel/pressemitteilungen-dach/2021/feldtest-gestartetkocobox-med-wird-als-konnektor-fuer-die-elektronischepatientenakte-getestet.html.

COMPUGROUP MEDICAL (2022a): “CLICKDOC KALENDER: Mehr als 5.000 neue Nutzer:innen in 2021!,” https://www.cgm.com/deu_de/magazin/artikel/clickdoc/2020/clickdoc-kalender.html.

COMPUGROUP MEDICAL (2022b): “Geschäftsbericht 2021,” https://www.cgm.com/_Resources/Persistent/a69b11c3abe5751aad70627e3dc7174d2bfe496a/CGMSE%26COKGAA_Gesch%c3%a4ftsbericht_2021.pdf.

COMPUGROUP MEDICAL (2022c): “Geschäftsführendes Direktorium von CompuGroup Medical erweitert,” https://www.kma-online.de/aktuelles/koepfe/detail/geschaeftsfuehrendes-direktorium-von-compugroup-medicalerweitert-47115.

COMPUGROUP MEDICAL (w.y.a): “CompuGroup Medical Czech Republic LLC,” https://www.avdzp.cz/katalog/en/compugroup.html.

COMPUGROUP MEDICAL (w.y.b): “Lösungen,” https://www.cgm.com/deu_de/loesungen/hebamme.html.

COMSTOCK, J. (2015): “DexCom taps Google for smaller, cheaper diabetes devices,” https://www.mobihealthnews.com/46008/dexcom-taps-googlefor-smaller-cheaper-diabetes-devices.

COMSTOCK, J. (2017): “Despite data controversy, Google DeepMind extends rollout of Streams app.,” https://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/despite-datacontroversy-google-deepmind-extends-rollout-streams-app.

CONDON, S. (2016): “Oregon settles with Oracle for $100 million over failed healthcare exchange,” https://www.zdnet.com/article/oregon-settles-withoracle-for-100m-over-failed-healthcare-exchange/.

CONDON, S. (2021): “Digital mental health platforms Headspace and Ginger to merge,” https://www.zdnet.com/article/digital-mental-healthplatforms-headspace-and-ginger-to-merge/.

CONSTINE, J. (2013): “Facebook Acquires “Mobile Technologies”, Developer Of Speech Translation App Jibbigo,” https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/12/facebook-acquires-mobile-technologies-speech-recognitionand-jibbigo-app-developer.

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CONSTINE, J. (2017): “Facebook is building brain-computer interfaces for typing and skinhearing,” https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/19/facebook-braininterface/.

COOK, J. (2017): “Exclusive: Google buys Seattle health monitoring startup Senosis, bolstering digital health push,” https://www.geekwire.com/2017/exclusivegoogle-buys-seattle-health-monitoring-startup-senosisbolstering-digital-health-push/.

COOMBS, B. (2021): “Amazon is expanding Amazon Care telehealth service nationally for its employees and other companies,” https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/17/amazon-is-expanding-amazon-care-telehealth-servicenationally-for-employees.html.

COOPER, E. (2021): “Rapidly building dependable clinical studies,” https://www.ibm.com/case-studies/southern-star-research-watsonhealth/.

COOPER, E. (w.y.): “Personalizing the health benefits enrollment process,” https://www.ibm.com/case-studies/liberty-mutual-insurancewatson-health/.

CRAIG, D. (2018): “Closing the Spruce Dermatology Clinic: Lessons Learned from Four Years of Innovative Medicine,” https://blog.sprucehealth.com/closing-the-spruce-dermatology-clinic-lessons-learnedfrom-four-years-of-innovative-medicine/.

CRUNCHBASE (2022a): “Collective Health,” https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/collectivehealth/company_financials.

CRUNCHBASE (2022b): “Series B - Rani Therapeutics,” https://www.crunchbase.com/funding_round/rani-therapeutics-series-b--00c47718.

CRUNCHBASE (w.y.a): “Biorasi,” https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/biorasi.

CRUNCHBASE (w.y.b): “DNAnexus,” https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/dnanexus/company_financials.

CRUNCHBASE (w.y.c): “Foundation Medicine,” https://www.crunchbase.com/search/funding_rounds/field/organizations/num_funding_ rounds/foundation-medicine.

CRUNCHBASE (w.y.d): “PatientPing,” https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/patientping/company_financials.

CRUNCHBASE (w.y.e): “Series A - Compass Therapeutics, Inc.,” https://www.crunchbase.com/funding_round/compass-therapeutics-seriesa-- 502bc009.

CRUNCHBASE (w.y.f): “Series B - Editas Medicine,” https://www.crunchbase.com/funding_round/editas-medicine-series-b--b932c404.

CRUNCHBASE (w.y.g): “Series F - One Medical,” https://www.crunchbase.com/funding_round/one-medical-group-series-f--83b7cf13.

CRUNCHBASE (w.y.h): “tinyRx,” https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/tinyrx.

CURIC, N. (2021): “For the first time, Amazon enables companies to access Alexa’s advanced AI to build their own intelligent assistants with Alexa Custom Assistant; Fiat Chrysler Automobiles is the first Automotive OEM to implement in vehicles,” https://developer.amazon.com/en-US/blogs/alexa/alexaauto/2021/01/Amazon-Announces-Alexa-Custom-Assistant.

DATENSCHUTZ-BREMEN (2008): “Ja, sind Sie denn noch ganz gesund?,”https://web.archive.org/web/20120215014802/http://www. datenschutz-bremen.de/google4.php.

DAVIS, G. (2021): “Palantir Controversial Data-Sharing Agreement With the UK Now Over — Adult Social Care Dashboard Moves To EDGE,” https: //www.techtimes.com/articles/265231/20210910/palantircontroversial-data-sharing-agreement-uk-now-over-adultsocial.htm.

DAVISON, A. (2021): “Babylon and Palantir make rapid progress in developing one of the world’s most advanced health data platforms,” https://ir.babylonhealth.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/61/babylon-andpalantir-make-rapid-progress-in-developing-one.

DEANGELIS, A. (2020): “Here’s why a cancer-testing startup agreed to a $2.1B buyout,” https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2020/11/ 03/cancer-blood-testing-exec-says.html.

DEDALUS (2021a): “Dedalus mit zwei neuen Übernahmen auf Wachstumskurs,”https://www.kma-online.de/aktuelles/it-digitalhealth/ detail/dedalus-mit-zwei-neuen-uebernahmen-aufwachstumskurs-a-45671.

DEDALUS (2021b): “Dedalus übernimmt Swiftqueue,” https://www.dedalus.com/dach/de/media/news/dedalus-uebernimmt-swiftqueue/.

DEDALUS (2021c): “Pressemitteilung - Dedalus übernimmt Dobco Medical Systems N.V.,” https://www.dedalus.com/dach/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2021/10/Dedalus-u%CC%88bernimmt-Dobco-Medical-Systems-N.V.-202110222.pdf.

DEDALUS (2022a): https://www.dedalus.com/dach/de/.

DEDALUS (2022b): “Dedals übernimmt CSG GmbH,” https://www.dedalus.com/dach/de/media/news/dedalus-uebernimmt-gsg-gmbh/.

DEDALUS (2022c): “Dedalus Healthcare übernimmt die Mehrheit an der Care Bridge GmbH,” https://www.dedalus.com/dach/de/media/news/dedalushealthcare-uebernimmt-care-bridge-gmbh/.

DEDALUS (w.y.a): “Laboratory Management,” https://www.dedalus.com/latam/en/our-offer/products/clinical-laboratory-management/.

DEDALUS (w.y.b): “Unsere Geschichte,” https://www.dedalus.com/dach/de/uber-uns/history/.

DEL REY, J. (2020): “Amazon is teasing a new health care offering -for its sellers,” https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/4/16/21223458/ amazon-sellers-health-care-health-insurance.

DEMERS, J. (2020): “How Much Do We Really Know About Google’s Ranking Algorithm?,” https://medium.com/swlh/how-much-do-we-reallyknow-about-googles-ranking-algorithm-ef031586681b.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2021): “Zeitgemäßes Werkzeug für professionelle Forschung,” https://www.telekom-healthcare.com/fileadmin/ user_upload/t-health/dokumente/3_referenzen/DL_Referenz_DZHK_TrialComplete_Flyer_DE_EV.pdf.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2013): “Deutsche Telekom und Hausärzte schliessen Partnerschaft,” https://www.telekom.com/de/medien/ medieninformationen/detail/deutsche-telekom-undhausaerzte-schliessen-partnerschaft-343716.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2014a): “Einfaches Zusammenspiel und Überwachung komplexer medizinischer und administrativer Klinik IT-Systeme,” https://www.telekomhealthcare.com/fileadmin/user_upload/t-health/dokumente/3_referenzen/DL_Referenz_Wilke-Stift.pdf.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2014b): “Mobiler Zugriff auf das KIS für das Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bottrop,” https://www.telekom-healthcare.com/fileadmin/user_upload/t-health/dokumente/3_referenzen/DL_Referenz_Knappschaftskrankenhaus-Bottrop.pdf.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2014c): “Optimierung der HR-Ressourcen durch Outsourcing der Personalwirtschaft mit SAP ERP HCM,” https://www.telekom-healthcare.com/fileadmin/user_upload/t-health/dokumente/3_referenzen/DL_Referenz_St-Josef.pdf.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2014d): “Personalwirtschaft als Outsourcing-Dienstleistung im Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf,” https://www.telekom-healthcare.com/fileadmin/user_upload/t-health/dokumente/3_referenzen/DL_Referenz_UKE-Hamburg.pdf.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2014e): “Systeme per Integrationsserver kontrolliert und flexibel verbinden,” https://www.telekom-healthcare.com/fileadmin/user_upload/t-health/dokumente/3_referenzen/DL_Referenz_St-Katharinen.pdf.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2015a): “Bilddaten in multizentrischen klinischen Studien durchgängig verarbeiten,” https://www.t-systems.com/de/de/referenzen/cloudund-infrastructure/deutsches-herzzentrum-berlin-dhzbtrialcomplete.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2015b): “Erolgreiches Miteinander für eine einrichtungsübergreifende ITI-nfrastruktur,” https://www.telekom-healthcare.com/fileadmin/user_upload/t-health/dokumente/3_referenzen/DL_Referenz_Dernbach.pdf.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2015c): “Telekom sorgt für Unterhaltung von Krankenhauspatienten,” https://www.telekom.com/de/medien/medieninformationen/detail/telekom-sorgt-fuer-unterhaltung-von-krankenhauspatienten-349276.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2019a): “Entlastung für Pflegekräfte,” https://www.telekomhealthcare.com/mediathek/news/detail/healthcare-hackathonin- mainz.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2019b): “Flexibles und sicheres Applikationsmanagement für Kliniken,” https://www.telekom-healthcare.com/fileadmin/user_upload/t-health/dokumente/3_referenzen/DL_Referenz_Klinikum-Esslingen.pdf.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2021a): “Cloud gegen Schlaganfall,” https://www.telekomhealthcare.com/fileadmin/user_upload/t-health/dokumente/ 3_referenzen/DL_Referenz_apoplex.pdf.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2021b): “Der Nächste, bitte...,” https://www.t-systems.com/de/de/referenzen/digital/staedtisches-krankenhaus-heinsberg.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2021c): “Führender Anbieter für Healthcare Digital Services,” https://www.telekom-healthcare.com/mediathek/news/detail/fuehrenderanbieter-fuer-healthcare-digital-services-1.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2021d): “Fuse AI: Künstliche Intelligenz aus der Open Telekom Cloud,” https://www.telekom-healthcare.com/fileadmin/user_upload/t-health/dokumente/3_referenzen/DL_Referenz_FUSE-AI.pdf.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2021e): “IT-Lösung mit Herz,” https://www.t-systems.com/de/de/referenzen/cloud-und-infrastructure/mhh-trial-complete.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2021f): “Patientenservice im Fokus,” https://www.telekomhealthcare.com/ostseeklinik-schoenberg-holm.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2022a): “Der IT-Provider für das Gesundheitswesen,” https://www.telekom-healthcare.com.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2022b): “Ludewig übernimmt Leitung von T-Systems Health Industry,” https://www.kma-online.de/aktuelles/koepfe/detail/ludewiguebernimmt-leitung-von-t-systems-health-industry-47222.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (2022c): “Versorgungsmanagement für Krankenkassen,” https://www.telekom-healthcare.com/e-health/e-health-anwendungen/versorgungsmanagement-krankenkasse.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (w.y.a): “Elektronischer Heilberufsausweis - Der Schlüssel für Fachanwendungen,” https://www.telekom-healthcare.com/klinik-it/telematikgesundheitswesen/elektronischer-heilberufsausweis-ehba.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (w.y.b): “Fortschrittliche Medizin braucht fortschrittliche Prozesse,” https://www.telekom-healthcare.com/fileadmin/user_upload/thealth/dokumente/3_referenzen/DL_Referenz_Agaplesion-Diakonieklinikum-Rotenburg.pdf.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (w.y.c): “Internet of Medical Things - Asset Tracking im Krankenhaus,”https://www.telekom-healthcare.com/e-health/internetof-medical-things/asset-tracking-krankenhaus.

DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (w.y.d): “Selbstmonitoring-Portal für Krankenversicherte,” https://www.telekom-healthcare.com/e-health/e-health-anwendungen/selbstmonitoring.

DHI NEWS TEAM (2004): “NHS signs national deal with Oracle,” https://www.digitalhealth.net/2004/01/nhs-signs-national-dealwith- oracle/.

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DIABETOLOGIE ONLINE (2016): “GSK und Google-Schwester gründen Galvani Bioelectronics,” https://www.diabetologie-online.de/a/gsk-und-googleschwester-gruenden-galvani-bioelectronics-1782525.

DIAZ, D. (2021): “MSP Recovery and Palantir Partner to Transform Connectivity Across the U.S. Healthcare System,” https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20211011005178/en/MSP-Recovery-and-Palantir-Partner-to-Transform-Connectivity-Across-the-U.S.-Healthcare-System.

DIE BUNDESREGIERUNG (w.y.): “Corona-Warn-App - Die wichtigsten Fragen und Antworten,” https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/themen/ corona-warn-app/corona-warn-app-faq-1758392.

DIGITAL HEALTH PORTAL (2011a): “CompuGroup Medical baut Präsenz in Skandinavien weiter aus,” https://www.digitalhealthportal.de/compugroup/60-compugroup-medical-baut-praesenz-in-skandinavien-weiteraus.

DIGITAL HEALTH PORTAL (2011b): “CompuGroup Medical steigt in den Schweizer Gesundheitsmarkt ein,” https://www.digitalhealthportal.de/ compugroup/33-compugroup-medical-steigt-in-den-schweizergesundheitsmarkt-ein.

DIGITAL HEALTH PORTAL (2012a): “CompuGroup Medical stärkt Marktposition in Italien,” https://www.digitalhealthportal.de/compugroup/300-compugroupmedical-staerkt-marktposition-in-italien.

DIGITAL HEALTH PORTAL (2012b): “Synchronizing Healthcare: In der Türkei - im Mittleren Osten -weltweit,” https://www.digitalhealthportal.de/compugroup/396-synchronizing-healthcare-in-der-tuerkei-im-mittlerenosten-weltweit.

DIGITAL HEALTH PORTAL (2013): “CGM Polen bei der elektronischen Patientenakte beauftragt,” https://www.digitalhealthportal.de/compugroup/492-cgmpolen-bei-der-elektronischen-patientenakte-beauftragt.

DIGNAN, L. (2015): “IBM buys Merge for $1 billion, gives Watson medical imaging heft,” https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-buys-merge-for-1- billion-gives-watson-medical-imaging-heft/.

DIGNAN, L. (2021): “Top cloud providers: AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud, hybrid, SaaS players,” https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-top-cloudproviders-of-2021-aws-microsoft-azure-google-cloud-hybridsaas/.

DMITRIENKO, A., L. FR¨O HLICH, M. MIETTINEN, T. D. NGUYEN, AND A.- R. SADEGHIT (2020): “Sinn und Unsinn der Corona-Warn-App,” https:// tracecorona.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/20201013_Sinnund-Unsinn_Corona-Warn-App.pdf.

DNANEXUS (2013): “DNAnexus and the Human Genome Sequencing Center at Baylor College of Medicine Announce Ultra Large-Scale Collaboration to Advance the Clinical Analysis of Genomic Data,” https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20131025005063/en/DNAnexus-and-the-Human-Genome-Sequencing-Center-at-Baylor-College-of-Medicine-Announce-Ultra-Large-Scale-Collaboration-to-Advance-the-Clinical-Analysis-of-Genomic-Data.

DNANEXUS (2020): “DNAnexus Completes $100 Million Financing,” https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200609005217/en/DNAnexus- Completes-100-Million-Financing.

DOLAN, B. (2011): “10 Reasons why Google Health failed,” https://www.mobihealthnews.com/11480/10-reasons-why-google-healthfailed.

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DÖLFS, G. (2022): ““Wir sind ein Unternehmen im Aufbruch”,” https://www.kmaonline.de/aktuelles/it-digital-health/detail/interviewdedalus- winfried-post-investitionen-47474.

D’ONFRO, J. (2018a): “Alphabet puts another $375 million into Josh Kushner’s Oscar Health, just months after previous investment,” https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/14/alphabet-invests-375-million-in-josh-kushnerfounded-oscar-health.html.

D’ONFRO, J. (2018b): “Google’s Nest reportedly went to great lengths to hide its health ambitions when it acquired a Seattle start-up last summer,” https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/19/nest-not-google-bought-senosishealth-start-up-summer-2017.html.

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DOSING GMBH (2021): “Dedalus übernimmt Dosing, einen führenden Experten für Medikationssicherheit,” https://www.dosing-gmbh.de/dedalusuebernimmt-dosing-einen-fuehrenden-experten-fuermedikationssicherheit/.

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DREES, J. (2021a): “Change Healthcare, Amazon team up on health data research offering for vulnerable patient populations,” https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/digital-health/change-healthcare-amazon-team-up-onhealth-data-research-offering-for-vulnerable-patientpopulations.html.

DREES, J. (2021b): “EHR market share 2021: 10 things to know about major players Epic, Cerner, Meditech & Allscripts,” https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/ehrs/ehr-market-share-2021-10-things-to-know-aboutmajor-players-epic-cerner-meditech-allscripts.html.

DUKE INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH INFORMATION (w.y.): “Autism & Beyond,” https://dihi.org/project/autism-beyond/.

DÜSENER, M. (2020): “Wenn Apps wie virtuelle Medikamente wirken,” https://www.telekom-healthcare.com/mediathek/news/detail/wennapps- wie-virtuelle-medikamente-wirken.

DW (2021): “Kampf gegen die Pandemie – Denkfabrik fordert gesetzliche Pflicht für Corona-Warn-Apps,” https://www.dw.com/de/denkfabrik-fordertgesetzliche-pflicht-f%c3%bcr-corona-warn-apps/a-56269362.

ECKMANN, S. (2018): “Neue Ideen für Pharma finden: Alexa Diabetes Challenge,”https://www.healthrelations.de/alexa-diabetes-challenge/.

EDITAS MEDICINE (w.y.): “What if we could repair broken genes?,” https://www.editasmedicine.com.

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EISEN, M. (2008b): “Epic Systems: Epic tale,” https://isthmus.com/news/cover-story/epic-systems-epic-tale/.

EISEN, M. (2014): “Epic Systems makes strategic next moves for expansion,” https://isthmus.com/news/news/epic-systems-makes-strategic-nextmoves-for-expansion/.

ELIAS, J., AND C. FARR (2019): “Google has a trust problem, and it could kill the company’s cloud ambitions,” https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/13/googletrust-deficit-could-kill-the-companys-cloud-ambitions.html.

EPIC COSMOS (w.y.): “What is Cosmos?,” https://cosmos.epic.com.

EPIC SYSTEMS (2018): “Epic Goes Live in Saudi Arabia,” https://www.epic.com/epic/post/epic-goes-live-saudi-arabia.

EPIC SYSTEMS (2021): “Three Hospitals in Australia Launch Epic in the Midst of the Pandemic,” https://www.epic.com/epic/post/three-hospitals-inaustralia-launch-epic-in-the-midst-of-the-pandemic#:˜: text=The%20Royal%20Melbourne%20Hospital%2C%20the,COVID-19%20response%20for%20months.

EVANS, M. (2021): “Google Strikes Deal With Hospital Chain to Develop Healthcare Algorithms,” https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-strikesdeal- with-hospital-chain-to-develop-healthcare-algorithms-11622030401.

EVELETH, R. (2018): “Google Glass Wasn’t a Failure. It Raised Crucial Concerns,” https://www.wired.com/story/google-glass-reasonableexpectation-of-privacy/.

FACEBOOK (2020): “How AI Is Accelerating MRI Scans,” https://about.fb.com/news/2020/08/how-ai-is-accelerating-mri-scans/.

FACEBOOK (2020) (w.y.): “Suizidprävention,” https://www.facebook.com/safety/wellbeing/suicideprevention.

FACHER, L. (2018): “Facebook to redirect users searching for opioids to federal crisis help line,” https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/19/facebook-toredirect-users-searching-for-opioids-to-federal-crisishelp-line/.

FARR, C. (2017a): “Facebook is making a big push this summer to sell ads to drugmakers,” https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/26/facebook-health-summitjune-6-will-focus-on-pharma-cannes-to-follow.html.

FARR, C. (2017b): “Why Amazon invested in this cancer-testing startup founded by a Google exec,” https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/26/amazon-sees-grail-asa-special-opportunity-for-its-cloud-business.html.

FARR, C. (2018a): “Amazon and start-up Xealth are planning a pilot where doctors would ’prescribe’ products to be delivered after patients leave the hospital,” https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/11/amazon-providence-xealthpilot-hospital-discharge.html.

FARR, C. (2018b): “Apple’s first hires for its health clinics show how it’s thinking differently about health care,” https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/02/apples-firsthires-for-its-clinics-are-delivering-care-and-not-just-.html.

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FARR, C. (2019a): “Amazon acquires start-up Health Navigator, its first health-related purchase since PillPack,” https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/23/amazonacquires-digital-health-start-up-health-navigator.html.

FARR, C. (2019b): “Apple is offering free genetic tests to all its Silicon Valley employees,” https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/13/apple-teams-withcolor-to-offer-free-dna-tests-to-employees.html.

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FARR, C. (2019e): “Facebook will allow patients in support groups to post questions anonymously,” https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/30/facebookadds-health-support-groups-with-anonymous-posting.html.

FARR, C. (2019f): “Fitbit wins contract with Singapore to supply trackers to potentially hundreds of thousands of citizens,” https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/21/fitbit-to-supply-trackers-to-hundreds-of-thousands-insingapore.html.

FARR, C. (2019g): “The inside story of why Amazon bought PillPack in its effort to crack the $500 billion prescription market,” https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/10/whyamazon-bought-pillpack-for-753-million-and-what-happensnext.html.

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FARR, C. (2020d): “Amazon is secretly working on a cure for the common cold,” https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/06/amazon-is-secretlyworking- on-a-cure-for-the-common-cold.html.

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FRANCISCO PARTNERS (2022): “Francisco Partners Completes Acquisition of IBM’s Healthcare Data and Analytics Assets; Launches Healthcare Data Company Merative,” https://www.franciscopartners.com/news/franciscopartners-completes-acquisition-of-ibm-s-healthcare-dataand- analytics-assets-launches-healthcare-data-companymerative.

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(2021b): “Microsoft’s move into healthcare - a timeline,” https://healthcare-digital.com/technology-and-ai/microsofts-move-healthcare-timeline.

HCA HEALTHCARE (2021): “HCA Healthcare Partners With Google Cloud to Accelerate Digital Transformation,” https://investor.hcahealthcare.com/news/news-details/2021/HCA-Healthcare-Partners-With-Google-Cloud-to-Accelerate-Digital-Transformation/default.aspx.

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(2021): “Amazon beendet Bienen-Projekt,” https://www.apotheke-adhoc.de/nachrichten/detail/markt/amazon-beendet-bienen-projekt-prime-now-wird-eingestellt/.

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(2013): “Caradigm Relaunches Amalga Health Care Intelligence Platform for the Cloud,” https://www.eweek.com/cloud/caradigm-relaunches-amalga-health-care-intelligence-platform-for-the-cloud/.

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(2021b): “Facebook Shares New Insights on the Effectiveness of its Blood Donation Alerts Program,” https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/facebook-shares-new-insights-on-the-effectiveness-of-its-blood-donation-ale/601780/.

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(2019): “IBM Client Center locations by country,” https://www.ibm.com/ibm/clientcenter/img/IBM-Client-Center-locations-by-country.pdf.

(2021a): “Digital Solutions Help Support New York State with Reopening Plans,” https://newsroom.ibm.com/Digital-Solutions-Help-Support-New-York-State-with-Reopening-Plans.

(2021b): “IBM Tops U.S. Patent List for 28th Consecutive Year with Innovations in Artifi cial Intelligence, Hybrid Cloud,Quantum Computing and Cyber-Security,” https://newsroom.ibm.com/2021-01-12-IBM-Tops-U-S-Patent-List-for-28th-Consecutive-Year-with-Innovations-in-Artificial-Intelligence-Hybrid-Cloud-Quantum-Computing-and-Cyber-Security.

(2021c): “IBM Watson Health Introduces New Opportunities for Imaging AI Adoption,” https://newsroom.ibm.com/2021-11-30-IBM-Watson-Health-Introduces-New-Opportunities-for-Imaging- AI-Adoption.

(w.y.a): “Chronological History of IBM,” https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1910.html.

(w.y.b): “Hardin Memorial Health,” https://www.ibm.com/case-studies/hardin-memorial-health-watson-health.

(w.y.c): “IBM Benefits Mentor with Watson,” https://www.ibm.com/products/benefits-mentor-with-watson.

(w.y.d): “IBM Phytel is now Merative Phytel,” https://www.ibm.com/watson-health/about/phytel.

(w.y.e): “IBM TRIRIGA, part of Watson Works,” https://mediacenter.ibm.com/media/IBM+TRIRIGA%2C+part+of+Watson+Works/1_ d5kipzpr.

(w.y.f): “IBM Watson Annotator for Clinical Data,” https://www.ibm.com/cloud/watson-annotator-for-clinical-data.

(w.y.g): “IBM Worker Insights,” https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/OMXBA5RA.

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JOHNS HOPKINS (2013): “The Facebook Effect: Social Media Dramatically Boosts Organ Donor Registration,” https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/the_facebook_effect_social_media_dramatically_ boosts_organ_donor_registration.

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KANSTEINER, F. (2021): “Bristol Myers Squibb, after massive Celgene takeover, plots $15B buyback plan,” https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/bristol-myers-squibb-hot-off-celgene-takeover-plots-15b-buyback-plan.

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KIM, E., AND C. FARR (2017): “Amazon has a secret health tech team called 1492 working on medical records, virtual doc visits,” https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/26/amazon-1492-secret-health-tech-project.html.

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(2022b): “Amazon wagt drittgrößten Zukauf seiner Geschichte: Erneuter Vorstoß in einen Multimilliarden-Markt,” https://www.handelsblatt.com/technik/thespark/us-konzern-amazon-wagt-drittgroessten-zukauf-seiner-geschichte-erneuter-vorstoss-in-einen-multimilliarden-markt/28540342.html.

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(2020b): “Gaia-X: Big-Data-Firma Palantir aus den USA ist bei EU-Cloud vorn mit dabei,” https://www.heise.de/news/Gaia-X-Big-Data-Firma-Palantir-aus-den-USA-ist-bei-EU-Cloud-vorn-mit-dabei-4995921.html.

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KURAITIS, V., E. ANDERSON, AND G. PARKER (2021): “Will Google Health Platformize the Electronic Health Record Market?,” https://thehealthcareblog.com/blog/2021/05/26/will-google-health-platformize-the-electronic-health-record-market/.

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LAKSHMANAN, R. (2019): “Period tracker apps caught sharing sensitive health data with Facebook,” https://thenextweb.com/news/period-tracker-apps-caught-sharing-sensitive-health-data-with-facebook.

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(2019b): “Mayo Clinic taps Google Cloud as strategic partner to accelerate innovation in AI, analytics and digital tools,” https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/tech/mayo-clinic-taps-google-cloud-as-strategic-partner-to-accelerate-innovation-ai-digital.

(2019c): “Xealth lands $11M funding round from investors Novartis, ResMed and Philips,” https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/tech/xealth-lands-11m-funding-round-from-investors-novartis-resmed-and-philips.

(2020a): “Amazon launches new tool to help healthcare organizations standardize data,” https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/tech/amazon-launches-new-tool-to-help-healthcare-organizations-standardize-data.

(2020b): “Babylon teams up with Mount Sinai to launch AI-based app in New York City,” https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/tech/babylon-health-partners-mount-sinai-to-launch-ai-based-app-new-york-city.

(2020c): “How Walgreens leveraged its Microsoft partnership to respond to COVID-19,” https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/tech/how-walgreens-leveraged-its-microsoft-partnership-to-respond-to-covid-19.

(2020d): “Lyft deepens its healthcare ties with Epic integration,” https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/tech/lyft-deepens-its-healthcare-ties-epic-integration.

(2020e): “Startup PatientPing lands $60M funding round backed by Google Ventures, Andreessen Horowitz,” https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/tech/startup-patientping-lands-60m-funding-round-backed-by-google-ventures-andreessen-horowitz.

(2021a): “Amazon, Crossover Health expand employee health clinics to 2 more states,” https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/tech/amazon-crossover-health-expand-employee-health-clinics-to-two-more-states.

(2021b): “Amazon plans to expand Amazon Care virtual health service nationally to employees, other companies,” https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/tech/amazon-plans-to-expand-amazon-care-virtual-health-service-nationally-to-employees-other.

(2022): “IBM sells Watson Health assets to investment firm Francisco Partners,” https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/tech/ibm-sells-watson-health-assets-to-investment-firm-francisco-partners.

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LINDQUIST, M. (2021): “This vaccine-safety app built for COVID-19 offers a model for people-friendly health data collection,” https://www.oracle.com/news/connect/v-safe-app-people-friendly-health-data-collection.html.

LINEAWEAVER, N. (2018): “Amazon will begin selling an exclusive line of health devices,” https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-arcadia-group-choice-medical-devices-2018-10.

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LOOMIS, A., A. O’BRIEN, L. DUNBRACK, J. BEAUVAIS, AND C. BURGHARD (2020): “IBM Watson Works on Reinforcing a Safe Return to the Workplace,” https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/ZN7RA8DQ.

LOVELL, T. (2022): “Google and DeepMind face legal claim for unauthorised use of NHS medical records,” https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/emea/google-and-deepmind-face-legal-claim-unauthorised-use-nhs-medical-records.

LOVETT, L. (2020a): “Health insurtech company Oscar scores $225M in new funding,” https://www.mobihealthnews.com/news/health-insurtech-company-oscar-scores-225m-new-funding.

(2020b): “Verily launches new health insurance venture,” https://www.mobihealthnews.com/news/verily-launches-new-health-insurance-venture.

LUNDEN, I. (2013): “Amazon Gets Into Voice Recognition, Buys Ivona Software To Compete Against Apple’s Siri,” https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/24/amazon-gets-into-voice-recognition-buys-ivona-software-to-compete-against-apples-siri/.

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MACKENZIE HEALTH (2017): “Mackenzie Health Launches First in Canada Epic End-to-End Electronic Medical Record,” https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/mackenzie-health-launches-first-in-canada-epic-end-to-end-electronic-medical-record-635053073.html.

MACMILLAN, D. (2015): “Google Backs Startup Oscar Health Insurance,” https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-backs-startup-oscar-health-insurance-1442374756.

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MAGEIT, S. (2021): “Software giant Palantir made £22M profit after NHS data deal,” https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/emea/software-giant-palantir-made-22m-profit-after-nhs-data-deal.

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