Greening the Workforce: The Power of Investing in Human Capital

Aqib, Muhammad and Zaman, Khalid (2023): Greening the Workforce: The Power of Investing in Human Capital. Published in: Archives of the Social Sciences: A Journal of Collaborative Memory , Vol. 1, No. 1 (8 February 2023): pp. 31-51.

Abstract

Experts are interested in creating human capital's role in boosting economic growth. Some research has been done on using human capital to help lessen carbon emissions in developing countries, but more needs to be done. So, the study looked at how developing human capital can make a country more prosperous by making the environment more sustainable through labour-added technology. The study analyzed data from Pakistan from the years 1975 to 2020 and employed robust least squares regression, Granger causality, and innovation accounting matrix methods to estimate parameters. According to the robust least squares regression results, lowering carbon emissions and increasing human capital may be achieved by investing more in environmentally friendly research and development. However, a green development strategy will never materialize since the federal government needs to invest more money in education, healthcare, and improvements to the employment market. The Granger causality analysis confirmed that continued economic growth Granger causes carbon emissions on the one hand while causing increasing life expectancy and net enrolment rates on the other hand. R&D spending and labour-augmented technology Granger cause an increase in life expectancy by fostering the development of cleaner production methods, which in turn helps improve the long-term viability of healthcare in a nation. According to the innovation accounting matrix results, life expectancy and the net enrolment rate will be the essential human capital factors affecting carbon emissions over the next ten years. In addition to human capital, changes in the labour market, spending on research and development, and technology that helps people do their jobs also affect the green development agenda. Pakistan should spend more of its budget on human development through technical knowledge and research and development. This would help the country switch from fossil fuels to clean, green technologies and hybrid-energy efficient methods to reduce carbon emissions.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• English Title: Green Human Capital Development
• Language: English
• Keywords: Human development; Carbon emissions; Labor augmented technology; R&D expenditures; Pakistan.
• Subjects: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods > C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models ; Multiple Variables > C32 - Time-Series Models ; Dynamic Quantile Regressions ; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models ; Diffusion Processes ; State Space Models; J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor > J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity

References

Abbasi, K. R., Hussain, K., Haddad, A. M., Salman, A., &Ozturk, I. (2022). The role of Financial Development and Technological Innovation towards Sustainable Development in Pakistan: Fresh insights from consumption and territory-based emissions. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 176, 121444.

Abid, N., Wu, J., Ahmad, F., Draz, M. U., Chandio, A. A., &Xu, H. (2020).Incorporating environmental pollution and human development in the energy-growth nexus: a novel long run investigation for Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 5154; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145154

Adekoya, O. B., Olabode, J. K., & Rafi, S. K. (2021). Renewable energy consumption, carbon emissions and human development: Empirical comparison of the trajectories of world regions. Renewable Energy, 179, 1836-1848.

Ado, M. B. (2021) Foreign investment and CO2 discharge in Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 5(7), 43-46.

Ahmed, N., Ahmad, M., & Ahmed, M. (2022). Combined role of industrialization and urbanization in determining carbon neutrality: empirical story of Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(11), 15551-15563.

Akbar, M., Hussain, A., Akbar, A., &Ullah, I. (2021). The dynamic association between healthcare spending, CO2 emissions, and human development index in OECD countries: evidence from panel VAR model. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(7), 10470-10489.

Amin, S., Ahmad, N., Iqbal, A., & Mustafa, G. (2021). Asymmetric analysis of environment, ethnic diversity, and international trade nexus: empirical evidence from Pakistan. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(8), 12527-12549.

Anand, S., & Sen, A. (2000). Human development and economic sustainability. World development, 28(12), 2029-2049.

Andal, A. G., PraveenKumar, S., Andal, E. G., Qasim, M. A., & Velkin, V. I. (2022). Perspectives on the Barriers to Nuclear Power Generation in the Philippines: Prospects for Directions in Energy Research in the Global South. Inventions, 7(3), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7030053.

Anser, M. K., Yousaf, Z., Usman, B., Nassani, A. A., Abro, M. M. Q., & Zaman, K. (2020). Management of water, energy, and food resources: go for green policies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 251, 119662.

Anwar, A., Sinha, A., Sharif, A., Siddique, M., Irshad, S., Anwar, W., & Malik, S. (2022). The nexus between urbanization, renewable energy consumption, financial development, and CO2 emissions: evidence from selected Asian countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24, 6556–6576.

Anwar, M. N., Shabbir, M., Tahir, E., Iftikhar, M., Saif, H., Tahir, A., ... & Nizami, A. S. (2021). Emerging challenges of air pollution and particulate matter in China, India, and Pakistan and mitigating solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 416, 125851.

Asongu, S. A. (2018). CO2 emission thresholds for inclusive human development in sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(26), 26005-26019.

Asongu, S. A., &Odhiambo, N. M. (2020). Governance, CO2 emissions and inclusive human development in sub-Saharan Africa. Energy Exploration & Exploitation, 38(1), 18-36.

Awan, U. (2021). Steering for Sustainable Development Goals: A Typology of Sustainable Innovation. In: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A.M., Brandli, L., Lange Salvia, A., Wall, T. (eds) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95873-6_64

Azam, W., Khan, I., & Ali, S. A. (2023). Alternative energy and natural resources in determining environmental sustainability: a look at the role of government final consumption expenditures in France. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(1), 1949-1965.

Balaguer, J., &Cantavella, M. (2018). The role of education in the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Evidence from Australian data. Energy Economics, 70, 289-296.

Balasubramanian, S., Domingo, N. G., Hunt, N. D., Gittlin, M., Colgan, K. K., Marshall, J. D., ... & Hill, J. D. (2021). The food we eat, the air we breathe: a review of the fine particulate matter-induced air quality health impacts of the global food system. Environmental Research Letters, 16(10), 103004.

Bano, S., Zhao, Y., Ahmad, A., Wang, S., & Liu, Y. (2018).Identifying the impacts of human capital on carbon emissions in Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 183, 1082-1092.

Basri, R., Ferdous, J., Ali, M. R., &Basri, R. (2021). Renewable Energy Use, Real GDP, and Human Development Index in Bangladesh: Evidence from Simultaneous Equation Model. International Journal of Management and Economics Invention, 7(4), 2239-2250.

Becker, G. S. (1994). Human capital revisited. In Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education, Third Edition (pp. 15-28). The University of Chicago Press.

Becker, G. S. (2009). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago press.

Bedir, S., & Yilmaz, V. M. (2016). CO2 emissions and human development in OECD countries: granger causality analysis with a panel data approach. Eurasian Economic Review, 6(1), 97-110.

Behl, T., Kaur, I., Sehgal, A., Singh, S., Sharma, N., Bhatia, S., ... & Bungau, S. (2022). The dichotomy of nanotechnology as the cutting edge of agriculture: Nano-farming as an asset versus nanotoxicity. Chemosphere, 288, 132533.

Bibi, A., Khan, I., Zaman, K., Sriyanto, S., & Khan, A. (2022). Does money buy health? evaluation of stock market performance and economic growth in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Plos one, 17(7), e0269879.

Bieth, R. C. E. (2021, March). The influence of gross domestic product and human development index on CO2 emissions. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1808, No. 1, p. 012034). IOP Publishing.

Bogdanovica, S., Zemitis, J., &Bogdanovics, R. (2020). The Effect of CO2 Concentration on Children’s Well-Being during the Process of Learning. Energies, 13(22), 6099; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226099

Boonyasana, P., &Chinnakum, W. (2020). Linkages Among Tourism Demand, Human Development, and Co2 Emissions in Thailand. Abac Journal, 40(3), 78-98.

Bucci, A. (2008). Population growth in a model of economic growth with human capital accumulation and horizontal R&D. Journal of Macroeconomics, 30(3), 1124-1147.

Cai, A., Zheng, S., Cai, L., Yang, H., &Comite, U. (2021). How Does Green Technology Innovation Affect Carbon Emissions? A Spatial Econometric Analysis of China’s Provincial Panel Data. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9:813811. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2021.813811

Chaabouni, S., &Saidi, K. (2017). The dynamic links between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, health spending and GDP growth: A case study for 51 countries. Environmental research, 158, 137-144.

Chien, F., Ajaz, T., Andlib, Z., Chau, K. Y., Ahmad, P., & Sharif, A. (2021). The role of technology innovation, renewable energy and globalization in reducing environmental degradation in Pakistan: a step towards sustainable environment. Renewable Energy, 177, 308-317.

Chun, J. S., Shin, Y., Choi, J. N., & Kim, M. S. (2013). How does corporate ethics contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of collective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of management, 39(4), 853-877.

Cui, Y., Wei, Z., Xue, Q., &Sohail, S. (2022). Educational attainment and environmental Kuznets curve in China: an aggregate and disaggregate analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 45612–45622.

Davy, E., Hansen, U. E., & Nygaard, I. (2021). Dual embeddedness? Innovation capabilities, multinational subsidiaries, and solar power development in South Africa. Energy Research & Social Science, 78, 102145.

Du, K., Cheng, Y., & Yao, X. (2021). Environmental regulation, green technology innovation, and industrial structure upgrading: The road to the green transformation of Chinese cities. Energy Economics, 98, 105247.

Farooq, S., Ozturk, I., Majeed, M. T., & Akram, R. (2022). Globalization and CO2 emissions in the presence of EKC: A global panel data analysis. Gondwana Research, 106, 367-378.

Feher, M. (2009). Self-appreciation; or, the aspirations of human capital. Public Culture, 21(1), 21-41.

Fernández, Y. F., López, M. F., & Blanco, B. O. (2018). Innovation for sustainability: the impact of R&D spending on CO2 emissions. Journal of cleaner production, 172, 3459-3467.

Gulzari, A., Wang, Y., & Prybutok, V. (2022). A green experience with eco-friendly cars: A young consumer electric vehicle rental behavioral model. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 65, 102877.

Hanif, S., Lateef, M., Hussain, K., Hyder, S., Usman, B., Zaman, K., & Asif, M. (2022). Controlling air pollution by lowering methane emissions, conserving natural resources, and slowing urbanization in a panel of selected Asian economies. Plos one, 17(8), e0271387.

Hart, C. S., & Brando, N. (2018). A capability approach to children's well‐being, agency and participatory rights in education. European Journal of Education, 53(3), 293-309.

Hepburn, C., Qi, Y., Stern, N., Ward, B., Xie, C., & Zenghelis, D. (2021). Towards carbon neutrality and China's 14th Five-Year Plan: clean energy transition, sustainable urban development, and investment priorities. Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, 8, 100130.

Hossain, M., & Chen, S. (2021). Nexus between Human Development Index (HDI) and CO2 emissions in a developing country: Decoupling study evidence from Bangladesh. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(41), 58742-58754.

Hsu, C. C., Quang-Thanh, N., Chien, F., Li, L., & Mohsin, M. (2021). Evaluating green innovation and performance of financial development: mediating concerns of environmental regulation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(40), 57386-57397.

Huber, P. J. (1973). Robust regression: asymptotics, conjectures and Monte Carlo. The annals of statistics, 1(5), 799-821.

Iqbal, M. A., Majeed, M. T., &Luni, T. (2021). Human capital, trade openness and CO2 emissions: Evidence from heterogeneous income groups. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 15(3), 559-585.

Khalil, L., Abbas, S., Hussain, K., Zaman, K., Salamun, H., Hassan, Z. B., & Anser, M. K. (2022). Sanitation, water, energy use, and traffic volume affect environmental quality: Go-for-green developmental policies. Plos one, 17(8), e0271017.

Khan, A., Chenggang, Y., Xue Yi, W., Hussain, J., Sicen, L., &Bano, S. (2021). Examining the pollution haven, and environmental kuznets hypothesis for ecological footprints: an econometric analysis of China, India, and Pakistan. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 26(3), 462-482.

Khan, S. A. R., Godil, D. I., Yu, Z., Abbas, F., & Shamim, M. A. (2022). Adoption of renewable energy sources, low‐carbon initiatives, and advanced logistical infrastructure—an step toward integrated global progress. Sustainable Development, 30(1), 275-288.

Kruk, M. E., Gage, A. D., Arsenault, C., Jordan, K., Leslie, H. H., Roder-DeWan, S., ... & Pate, M. (2018). High-quality health systems in the Sustainable Development Goals era: time for a revolution. The Lancet global health, 6(11), e1196-e1252.

Lee, K. H., & Min, B. (2015). Green R&D for eco-innovation and its impact on carbon emissions and firm performance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 534-542.

Lin, J., & Zhao, A. (2022). China Mainland’s Energy Transition: How to Overcome Financial, Societal, and Institutional Challenges in the Long Term. Energy Transition and Energy Democracy in East Asia, 51-65, online available at: https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/54046/978-981-19-0280-2.pdf?sequence=1#page=58 (accessed on 26th November 2022).

Lin, X., Zhao, Y., Ahmad, M., Ahmed, Z., Rjoub, H., & Adebayo, T. S. (2021). Linking innovative human capital, economic growth, and CO2 emissions: an empirical study based on Chinese provincial panel data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8503; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168503

Loos, J., Abson, D. J., Chappell, M. J., Hanspach, J., Mikulcak, F., Tichit, M., & Fischer, J. (2014). Putting meaning back into “sustainable intensification”. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(6), 356-361.

Ma, Q., Tariq, M., Mahmood, H., & Khan, Z. (2022). The nexus between digital economy and carbon dioxide emissions in China: The moderating role of investments in research and development. Technology in Society, 68, 101910.

Mahmood, H., Tanveer, M., Ahmad, A. R., &Furqan, M. (2021). Rule of law and control of corruption in managing CO2 emissions issue in Pakistan. Online available at: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/109250/ (accessed on 22nd November 2022).

Mahmood, N., Wang, Z., & Hassan, S. T. (2019). Renewable energy, economic growth, human capital, and CO2 emission: an empirical analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(20), 20619-20630.

Mani, M., Narayanan Gopalakrishnan, B., &Wadhwa, D. (2020). Regional integration in south asia: Implications for green growth, female labor force participation, and the gender wage gap. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (9119). Online available at: https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-9119 (accessed on 20th December, 2022).

Mehmood, U., Agyekum, E. B., Kamel, S., Shahinzadeh, H., & Moshayedi, A. J. (2022). Exploring the Roles of Renewable Energy, Education Spending, and CO2 Emissions towards Health Spending in South Asian Countries. Sustainability, 14(6), 3549 ; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063549

Mensah, C. N., Long, X., Boamah, K. B., Bediako, I. A., Dauda, L., & Salman, M. (2018). The effect of innovation on CO2 emissions of OCED countries from 1990 to 2014. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(29), 29678-29698.

Murshed, M., Khan, U., Khan, A. M., & Ozturk, I. (2022). Can energy productivity gains harness the carbon dioxide‐inhibiting agenda of the Next 11 countries? Implications for achieving sustainable development. Sustainable Development, 31(1), 307-320.

Murthy, U., Shaari, M. S., Mariadas, P. A., & Abidin, N. Z. (2021).The relationships between CO 2 emissions, economic growth and life expectancy. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 8(2), 801-808.

Naeem, M. Z., Arshad, S., Birau, R., Spulbar, C., Ejaz, A., Hayat, M. A., &Popescu, J. (2021). Investigating the impact of CO2 emission and economic factors on infants health: A case study for Pakistan. IndustriaTextila, 72(1), 39-49.

Nasreen, S., &Rafay, A. (2022). Technological Innovation and Financialization for the Environment: The Case of Pakistan. In Handbook of Research on Energy and Environmental Finance 4.0 (pp. 333-353). IGI Global.

Nizam, H. A., Zaman, K., Khan, K. B., Batool, R., Khurshid, M. A., Shoukry, A. M., ... & Gani, S. (2020). Achieving environmental sustainability through information technology:“Digital Pakistan” initiative for green development. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(9), 10011-10026.

Oad, S., Jinliang, Q., Shah, S. B. H., &Memon, S. U. R. (2022). Tourism: economic development without increasing CO2 emissions in Pakistan. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(3), 4000-4023.

Ogbeide-Osaretin, E. N., & Orhewere, B. (2022). An Empirical Evidence of Energy Consumption and Economic Development Dynamics in Nigeria: What is the Role of Population?. Energy Economics Letters, 9(1), 27-43.

Osawe, C. O. (2015). Increase wave of violent crime and insecurity: A threat to socio-economic development in Nigeria. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 20(1), 123-133.

Ozturk, I., Aslan, A., & Altinoz, B. (2022). Investigating the nexus between CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and pilgrimage tourism in Saudi Arabia. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1), 3083-3098.

Pervaiz, R., Faisal, F., Rahman, S. U., Chander, R., & Ali, A. (2021). Do health expenditure and human development index matter in the carbon emission function for ensuring sustainable development? Evidence from the heterogeneous panel. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 14(11), 1773-1784.

Piwowar-Sulej, K. (2021). Human resources development as an element of sustainable HRM–with the focus on production engineers. Journal of cleaner production, 278, 124008.

Pretty, J., Benton, T. G., Bharucha, Z. P., Dicks, L. V., Flora, C. B., Godfray, H. C. J., ... & Wratten, S. (2018). Global assessment of agricultural system redesign for sustainable intensification. Nature Sustainability, 1(8), 441-446.

Qureshi, M. I., Awan, U., Arshad, Z., Rasli, A. M., Zaman, K., & Khan, F. (2016). Dynamic linkages among energy consumption, air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and agricultural production in Pakistan: sustainable agriculture key to policy success. Natural Hazards, 84(1), 367-381.

Raihan, A., Begum, R. A., Said, M. N. M., & Pereira, J. J. (2022). Relationship between economic growth, renewable energy use, technological innovation, and carbon emission toward achieving Malaysia’s Paris agreement. Environment Systems and Decisions, 42, 586–607.

Rashid Khan, H. U., Awan, U., Zaman, K., Nassani, A. A., Haffar, M., & Abro, M. M. Q. (2021). Assessing hybrid solar-wind potential for industrial decarbonization strategies: Global shift to green development. Energies, 14(22), 7620; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227620

Rehman, A., Ma, H., Ozturk, I., & Ahmad, M. I. (2022a).Examining the carbon emissions and climate impacts on main agricultural crops production and land use: updated evidence from Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(1), 868-882.

Rehman, A., Ma, H., Ozturk, I., & Ulucak, R. (2022b). Sustainable development and pollution: the effects of CO2 emission on population growth, food production, economic development, and energy consumption in Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(12), 17319-17330.

Rousseeuw, P., & Yohai, V. (1984). Robust regression by means of S-estimators. In Robust and nonlinear time series analysis (pp. 256-272). Springer, New York, NY.

Schultz, T. W. (1989). Investing in people: Schooling in low income countries. Economics of Education Review, 8(3), 219-223.

Sezgin, F. H., Bayar, Y., Herta, L., & Gavriletea, M. D. (2021). Do environmental stringency policies and human development reduce CO2 emissions? Evidence from G7 and BRICS economies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 6727; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136727

Shaheen, F., Lodhi, M. S., Rosak-Szyrocka, J., Zaman, K., Awan, U., Asif, M., ... & Siddique, M. (2022). Cleaner Technology and Natural Resource Management: An Environmental Sustainability Perspective from China. Clean Technologies, 4(3), 584-606.

Shamsi, S., Zaman, K., Usman, B., Nassani, A. A., Haffar, M., & Abro, M. M. Q. (2022). Do environmental pollutants carrier to COVID-19 pandemic? A cross-sectional analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(12), 17530-17543.

Sheraz, M., Deyi, X., Ahmed, J., Ullah, S., &Ullah, A. (2021). Moderating the effect of globalization on financial development, energy consumption, human capital, and carbon emissions: evidence from G20 countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(26), 35126-35144.

Smulders, S., & De Nooij, M. (2003). The impact of energy conservation on technology and economic growth. Resource and Energy Economics, 25(1), 59-79.

Sohail, M. T., Majeed, M. T., Shaikh, P. A., & Andlib, Z. (2022). Environmental costs of political instability in Pakistan: policy options for clean energy consumption and environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(17), 25184-25193.

Taylor, L., & Barbosa-Filho, N. H. (2021). Inflation? It’s Import Prices and the Labor Share!. International Journal of Political Economy, 50(2), 116-142.

Tehreem, H. S., Anser, M. K., Nassani, A. A., Abro, M. M. Q., & Zaman, K. (2020). Impact of average temperature, energy demand, sectoral value added, and population growth on water resource quality and mortality rate: it is time to stop waiting around. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(30), 37626-37644.

Turner, K., Hanley, N., & De Fence, J. (2009). Do productivity improvements move us along the environmental Kuznets Curve?. Stirling Economics Discussion Paper, 2009-02. Online available at: https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/handle/1893/712#.Yyw5w1xBzIU (accessed on 22nd September 2022).

Ul-Haq, Z., Mehmood, U., Tariq, S., Qayyum, F., Azhar, A., & Nawaz, H. (2022).Analyzing the role of meteorological parameters and CO2 emissions towards crop production: empirical evidence from South Asian countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 44199–44206.

Van, D. T. B., &Bao, H. H. G. (2018). The role of globalization on CO2 emission in Vietnam incorporating industrialization, urbanization, GDP per capita and energy use. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 8(6), 275-283.

Vence, X., & López Pérez, S. D. J. (2021). Taxation for a circular economy: New instruments, reforms, and architectural changes in the fiscal system. Sustainability, 13(8), 4581; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084581

Wang, Q., & Li, L. (2021). The effects of population aging, life expectancy, unemployment rate, population density, per capita GDP, urbanization on per capita carbon emissions. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 28, 760-774.

Wang, Z., Bui, Q., Zhang, B., Nawarathna, C. L. K., &Mombeuil, C. (2021). The nexus between renewable energy consumption and human development in BRICS countries: The moderating role of public debt. Renewable Energy, 165, 381-390.

Wang, Z., Rasool, Y., Asghar, M. M., & Wang, B. (2019). Dynamic linkages among CO2 emissions, human development, financial development, and globalization: empirical evidence based on PMG long-run panel estimation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(36), 36248-36263.

Wei, T., Zhu, Q., &Glomsrød, S. (2018). How will demographic characteristics of the labor force matter for the global economy and carbon dioxide emissions?. Ecological Economics, 147, 197-207.

World Bank (2022). Word development indicators, World Bank, Washington D.C.

Yohai, V. J. (1987). High breakdown-point and high efficiency robust estimates for regression. The Annals of statistics, 15(2), 642-656.

Zafar, M. W., Saleem, M. M., Destek, M. A., &Caglar, A. E. (2022).The dynamic linkage between remittances, export diversification, education, renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emissions in top remittance‐receiving countries. Sustainable Development, 30(1), 165-175.

Zaman, K., Anser, M. K., Awan, U., Handayani, W., Salamun, H., Abdul Aziz, A. R., ... & Subari, K. (2022a). Transportation-Induced Carbon Emissions Jeopardize Healthcare Logistics Sustainability: Toward a Healthier Today and a Better Tomorrow. Logistics, 6(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics6020027

Zaman, K., Malik, M., Awan, U., Handayani, W., Jabor, M. K., & Asif, M. (2022b). Environmental Effects of Bio-Waste Recycling on Industrial Circular Economy and Eco-Sustainability. Recycling, 7(4), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling7040060

Zeb, R., Salar, L., Awan, U., Zaman, K., & Shahbaz, M. (2014). Causal links between renewable energy, environmental degradation and economic growth in selected SAARC countries: progress towards green economy. Renewable energy, 71, 123-132.