Obesity and Its Related Diseases: A New Escalating Alarming in Global Health

Mohajan, Devajit and Mohajan, Haradhan (2023): Obesity and Its Related Diseases: A New Escalating Alarming in Global Health. Published in: Journal of Innovations in Medical Research , Vol. 3, No. 2 (23 March 2023): pp. 12-23.

Abstract

At present rising of obesity becomes a principal public global health and economic concern. In 1997, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the obesity as global epidemic. About one-third of the world population is now suffering from overweight or obesity. It is estimated that some diseases, such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer disease, asthma, metabolic syndrome, liver steatosis, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, musculoskeletal disorders (joint and muscle pains), and type 2 diabetes are increased globally due to obesity. Obesity can affect nearly every organ system of human body and even may cause of total heart failure. On the other hand, obesity is incurring substantial costs for healthcare that are already affected the society. Obesity can be prevented, avoided, and cured. Prevention of obesity is the best policy, but proper treatment is necessary who are already affected with obesity. This article tries to discuss aspects of obesity, such as causes and prevention of obesity.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: Overweight, obesity, body mass index, exercise, healthy balanced diet
• Subjects: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods > C2 - Single Equation Models ; Single Variables; I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I1 - Health > I12 - Health Behavior; I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I1 - Health > I14 - Health and Inequality; I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I1 - Health > I15 - Health and Economic Development

References

Abarca-Gómez, L., & Abdeen, Z. A. et al. (2017). Worldwide Trends in Body-Mass Index, Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity from 1975 to 2016: A Pooled Analysis of 2416 Population-Based Measurement Studies in 128•9 Million Children, Adolescents, and Adults. Lancet, 390, 2627-2642.

Atlas, S. J., & Kim, K. et al. (2022). Medications for Obesity Management: Effectiveness and Value: Final Evidence Report. Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER), New England.

Bajorek, Z., & Bevan, S. (2019). Obesity and Work: Challenging Stigma and Discrimination. Institute for Employment Studies, Report 256, UK.

Beames, J. R., Black, M. J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2016). Prejudice Toward Individuals with Obesity: Evidence for a Pro-Effort Bias. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 22(2), 184-195.

Bell, M. (2022). The Annual Social Cost of Obesity in the UK. Frontier Economics, London.

Bi, F., & Samantaray, P. (2022). A Study on the Association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Nutritional Knowledge among Adolescent Girls. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 11(5), 62-68.

Blackburn, H., & Jacobs, D. (2014). Commentary: Origins and Evolution of Body Mass Index (BMI): Continuing Saga. International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(3), 665-669.

Bleich, S., Cutler, D., Murray, C., & Adams, A. (2008). Why is the Developed World Obese? Annual Review of Public Health, 29, 273-295.

Booth, K. M., Pinkston, M. M., & Poston, W. S. (2005). Obesity and the Built Environment. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(5 Suppl 1), S110-7.

Bray, G. A., & Kim, K. K. et al. (2017). Obesity: A Chronic Relapsing Progressive Disease Process. A Position Statement of the World Obesity Federation. Obesity Reviews, 18, 715-723.

Cawley, J., & Meyerhoefer, C. (2012). The Medical Care Costs Of Obesity: An Instrumental Variables Approach. Journal of Health Economics, 31(1), 219-230.

CDC (2021). CDC Data Highlights the Urgent Need to Address Widespread National Disparities in Obesity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA.

Chiolero, A. (2018). Why Causality, and Not Prediction, Should Guide Obesity Prevention Policy. The Lancet, Public Health, 3(10), e461-e462.

Chooi, Y. C., Ding, C., & Magkos, F. (2019). The Epidemiology of Obesity. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 92, 6-10.

Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

de la Rosa-Zamboni, D. et al. (2022). Correlation between Body Mass Index and COVID-19 Transmission Risk. International Journal of Obesity, 46, 2068-2069.

Deurenberg, P., Weststrate, J. A., & Seidell, J. C. (1991). Body Mass Index as a Measure of Body Fatness: Age- and Sex- Specific Prediction Formulas. The British Journal of Nutrition, 65(2), 105-114.

Di Angelantonio, E., & Bhupathiraju, S. et al. (2016). Body-Mass Index and All-Cause Mortality: Individual-Participant-Data Meta-Analysis of 239 Prospective Studies in Four Continents. Lancet, 388(10046), 776-786.

Dingemans, A. E., Bruna, M. J., & van Furth, E. F. (2002). Binge Eating Disorder: A Review. International Journal of Obesity, 26, 299-307.

Ferdous, J., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022). Maximum Profit Ensured for Industry Sustainability. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series, 22(3), 317-337.

Field, A. E., & Coakley, E. H. et al. (2001). Impact of Overweight on the Risk of Developing Common Chronic Diseases during a 10-Year Period. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161, 1581-1586.

Foresight (2011). Tackling Obesities: Future Choices. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachm ent_data/file/287937/07-1184x-tackling-obesities-future-choices-report.pdf

Gallagher, D., Heymsfield, S. B., Heo, M., Jebb, S. A., Murgatroyd, P. R., & Sakamoto, Y. (2000). Healthy Percentage Body Fat Ranges: An Approach for Developing Guidelines Based on Body Mass Index. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(3), 694-701.

Gallagher, E. J., & LeRoith, D. (2015). Obesity and Diabetes: The Increased Risk of Cancer and Cancer-Related Mortality. Physiological Reviews, 95(3), 727-748.

Gariepy, G., Nitka, D., & Schmitz, N. (2010). The Association between Obesity and Anxiety Disorders in the Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Obesity, 34(3), 407-419.

Garvey, W. T., & Mechanick, J. I. (2020). Proposal for a Scientifically Correct and Medically Actionable Disease Classification System (ICD) for Obesity. Obesity, 28(3), 484-492.

Genc, F., & Yigitbas, C. (2021). Obesity among University Students and Their Awareness of It With Regards to Some Aspects and the Education They Receive. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 14(1), 558-569.

Goettler, A., Grosse, A., & Sonntag, D. (2017). Productivity Loss Due to Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review of Indirect Costs, BMJ Open, 7, e014632.

Grant, T., & Lott, L. et al. (2018). Mississippi Obesity Action Plan, the Office of Preventive Health and the Office of Health Data & Research. Mississippi State Department of Health, Ridgeland, MS.

Gürbüz, P. (2020). COVID-19 and Obesity: A Systematic Review, Journal of Inonu University Health Services Vocational School, 8(2), 506-514.

Han, T. S., Seidell, J. C., Currall, J. E., Morrison, C. E., Deurenberg, P., & Lean, M. E. (1997). The Influences of Height and Age on Waist Circumference as an Index of Adiposity in Adults. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 21, 83-89.

Haslam, D. W., & James, W. P. (2005). Obesity. Lancet (Review), 366(9492), 1197-1209.

Health Department of South Africa (2015). Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Obesity in South Africa, 2015-2020. Health Department of South Africa.

Ibrahim, S., & Akram, Z. et al. (2021). Overweight and Obesity Prevalence and Predictors in People Living in Karachi. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 33(31), 194-202.

Islam, J. N., Mohajan, H. K., & Moolio, P. (2010a). Utility Maximization Subject to Multiple Constraints. Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences, 4(1), 15-29.

Islam, J. N., Mohajan, H. K., Moolio, P., & Reymond, P. (2010b). A Study on Global Human-Immunodeficiency Virus and its Effect in Bangladesh. KASBIT Business Journal, 3(1), 64-87.

Islam, J. N., Mohajan, H. K., & Moolio, P. (2011). Output Maximization Subject to a Nonlinear Constraint. KASBIT Business Journal, 4(1), 116-128.

Islam, J. N., Mohajan, H. K., & Datta, R. (2012a). Stress Management Policy Analysis: A Preventative Approach. International Journal of Economics and Research, 3(6), 1-17.

Islam, J. N., Mohajan, H. K., & Datta, R. (2012b). Aspects of Microfinance System of Grameen Bank of Bangladesh. International Journal of Economics and Research, 3(4), 76-96.

James, W. P. (2005). Assessing Obesity: Are Ethnic Differences in Body Mass Index and Waist Classification Criteria Justified? Obesity Reviews, 6(3), 179-181.

Justyna, D., & Magdalena, W. et al. (2020). Obesity and Mental Health. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 10(6), 199-205.

Kahraman, G., Bas, T., & Akbolat, M. (2015). The Effect of Health Programs on the Development of Attıtudes and Beliefs in Obesity. Acibadem University Journal of Health Sciences, 6(2), 89-98.

Karamelikli, E., & Gül, H. (2022). The Effects of Childhood Obesity on Health Spending: Evidence from Turkey. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 25(2), 361-372.

Keys, A., Fidanza, F., Karvonen, M. J., Kimura, N., & Taylor, H. L. (1972). Indices of Relative Weight and Obesity. Journal of Chronic Diseases. 25(6), 329-343.

Khan, M. A. B., & Hashim, M. J. et al. (2020). Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes–Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 10(1), 107-111.

Kirk, S. F. L., Penney, T. L., Mchugh, T-L. F, & Sharma, A. M. (2012). Effective Weight Management Practice: A Review of the Lifestyle Intervention Evidence. International Journal of Obesity, 36(2), 178-185.

Kothari, C. R. (2008). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nd Ed.). New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd.

Krishnasamy, S., & Abell, T. L. (2018). Diabetic Gastroparesis: Principles and Current Trends in Management. Diabetes Therapy, 9(Suppl 1), 1-42.

Kristina, S. A., & Ahsan, A. et al. (2021). Health Burden of Overweight and Obesity: Mortality and Years of Life Lost (YLL) of Diseases in Indonesia. Pharmaceutical Sciences Asia, 48(3), 285-290.

Kumanyika, S., Libman, K., & Garcia, A. (2013). Obesity: Strategic Action to Combat the Obesity Epidemic. Report of the Obesity Working Group 2013. WISH Obesity Report 2013, Doha, Qatar.

Lauby-Secretan, B., & Scoccianti, C. et al. (2016). Body Fatness and Cancer-Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. New England Journal of Medicine, 375, 794-798.

Lavie, C. J., Milani, R. V., & Ventura, H. O. (2009). Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 53, 1925-1932.

Lavie, C. J., & McAuley, P. A. et al. (2014). Obesity and Cardiovascular Diseases: Implications Regarding Fitness, Fatness, and Severity in the Obesity Paradox. Journals of the American College of Cardiology, 63(14), 1345-1354.

Lee, Y. S. (2013). Genetics of Nonsyndromic Obesity. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 25(6), 666-673.

Lee, X. Y. B., Yusof, N. W., Pillai, N. K., Yap, C. G., & Jahan, N. K. (2022). Review Paper: Association between Social Network and Obesity among Adult Population. Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 12, 20-46.

Lee, C. M. Y., & Goode, B. et al. (2018). The Cost of Diabetes and Obesity in Australia. Journal of Medical Economics, 21(10), 1001-1005.

Legesse, B. (2014). Research Methods in Agribusiness and Value Chains. School of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Haramaya University.

Lementowski, P. W., & Zelicof, S. B. (2008). Obesity and Osteoarthritis. American Journal of Orthopedics, 37(3), 248-251.

Lim, S. S., & Vos, T., et al. (2012). A Comparative Risk Assessment of Burden of Disease and Injury Attributable to 67 Risk Factors and Risk Factor Clusters in 21 Regions, 1990-2010: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, 380, 2224-2260.

Lombardo, C. (2016). Sleep and Obesity: An Introduction. Eating and Weight Disorders, 21, 1-4.

Magnotti, M., & Futterweit, W. (2007). Obesity and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Medical Clinics of North America, 91(6), 1151-1168.

McKinsey Global Institute (2014). Overcoming Obesity: An Initial Economic Analysis, Discussion Paper. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Economic%20Studies%20TEMP/Our%20Insights/How%20the%20world%20could%20better%20fight%20obesity/MGI_Overcoming_obesity_Full_report.ashx

Mohajan, H. K. (2011). Greenhouse Gas Emissions Increase Global Warming. International Journal of Economic and Political Integration, 1(2), 21-34.

Mohajan, H. K. (2012a). Green Marketing is a Sustainable Marketing System in the Twenty First Century. International Journal of Management and Transformation, 6(2), 23-39.

Mohajan, H. K. (2012b). Aspects of Green Marketing: A Prospect for Bangladesh. International Journal of Economics and Research, 3(3), 1-11.

Mohajan, H. K. (2012c). Importance of Green Marketing at Present and Future. Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany.

Mohajan, H. K. (2012d). Greenhouse Gas Emissions of the USA. Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences, 6(2), 132-148.

Mohajan, H. K. (2012e). Relation between Lease Finance and Purchase. International Journal of Economics and Research, 3(3), 146–158.

Mohajan, H. K. (2013a). Economic Development of Bangladesh. Journal of Business Management and Administration, 1(4), 41-48.

Mohajan, H. K. (2013b). Ethiopia: A Socio-economic Study. Journal of Business Management and Administration, 1(5), 59-74.

Mohajan, H. K. (2013c). Friedmann, Robertson-Walker (FRW) Models in Cosmology. Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, 1(3), 158-164.

Mohajan, H. K. (2013d). Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change. Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany.

Mohajan, H. K. (2013e). Poverty and Economic Development of Kenya. International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management, 18(1), 72-82.

Mohajan, H. K. (2013f). Global Food Price Hike is a Burden to the Poor. International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management, 19(1), 1–15.

Mohajan, H. K. (2013g). Food, Agriculture and Economic Situation of Bangladesh. MPRA Paper No. 54240. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/54240/

Mohajan, H. K. (2014a). Greenhouse Gas Emissions of China. Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, 1(4), 190–202.

Mohajan, H. K. (2014b). Chinese Sulphur Dioxide Emissions and Local Environment Pollution. International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(6), 265-276.

Mohajan, H. K. (2014c). The Most Fatal 2014 Outbreak of Ebolavirus Disease in Western Africa. American Journal of Epidemiology and Infectious Disease, 2(4), 101-108.

Mohajan, H. K. (2015a). Sustainable Development Policy of Global Economy. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 3(1), 12-29.

Mohajan, H. K. (2015b). Present and Future of Nestlé Bangladesh Limited. American Journal of Food and Nutrition, 3(2), 34-43.

Mohajan, H. K. (2015c). Basic Concepts of Differential Geometry and Fibre Bundles. ABC Journal of Advanced Research, 4(1), 57-73.

Mohajan, H. K. (2015d). Tuberculosis is a Fatal Disease among Some Developing Countries of the World. American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, 3(1), 18-31.

Mohajan, H. K. (2016). An Analysis of Knowledge Management for the Development of Global Health. American Journal of Social Sciences, 4(4), 38-57.

Mohajan, H. K. (2017a). Roles of Communities of Practice for the Development of the Society. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 6(3), 27–46.

Mohajan, H. K. (2017b). Two Criteria for Good Measurements in Research: Validity and Reliability. Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series, 17(3), 58-82.

Mohajan, H. K. (2017c). Optimization Models in Mathematical Economics. Journal of Scientific Achievements, 2(5), 30-42.

Mohajan, H. K. (2017d). A Brief Analysis of de Sitter Universe in Relativistic Cosmology. Journal of Scientific Achievements, 2(11), 1–17.

Mohajan, H. K. (2018a). Qualitative Research Methodology in Social Sciences and Related Subjects. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 2(1), 19-46.

Mohajan, H. K. (2018b). Aspects of Mathematical Economics, Social Choice and Game Theory. PhD Dissertation, Jamal Nazrul Islam Research Centre for Mathematical and Physical Sciences (JNIRCMPS), University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Mohajan, H. K. (2018c). The Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar are Victim of Genocide! ABC Journal of Advanced Research, 7(1), 59-72.

Mohajan, H. K. (2018d). Medical Errors Must be Reduced for the Welfare of the Global Health Sector. International Journal of Public Health and Health Systems, 3(5), 91-101.

Mohajan, H. K. (2020a). Quantitative Research: A Successful Investigation in Natural and Social Sciences. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 9(4), 50–79.

Mohajan, H. K. (2020b). COVID-19–The Most Fatal Pandemic Outbreak: An Analysis of Economic Consequences. Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series, 20(2), 127-146.

Mohajan, H. K. (2020c). The COVID-19 in Italy: Remedies to Reduce the Infections and Deaths. Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 7(2), 59-66.

Mohajan, H. K. (2020d). Most Fatal Pandemic COVID-19 Outbreak: An Analysis of Economic Consequences. Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series, 20(2), 127-146.

Mohajan, H. K. (2021a). Aspects of Global COVID-19 Pandemic. Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany.

Mohajan, H. K. (2021b). Global COVID-19 Pandemic: Prevention and Protection Techniques. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 10(1), 51-72.

Mohajan, H. K. (2021c). Estimation of Cost Minimization of Garments Sector by Cobb-Douglass Production Function: Bangladesh Perspective. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series, 21(2), 267-299.

Mohajan, H. K. (2022a). Four Waves of Feminism: A Blessing for Global Humanity. Studies in Social Science & Humanities, 1(2), 1-8.

Mohajan, H. K. (2022b). An Overview on the Feminism and Its Categories. Research and Advances in Education, 1(3), 11-26.

Mohajan, H. K. (2022c). Cost Minimization Analysis of a Running Firm with Economic Policy. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series, 22(3), 317-337.

Mohajan, H. K. (2022d). Mathematical Analysis of SIR Model for COVID-19 Transmission. Journal of Innovations in Medical Research, 1(2), 1-18.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022a). Mathematical Analysis of SEIR Model to Prevent COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 11(4), 5-30.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022b). Utility Maximization Analysis of an Emerging Firm: A Bordered Hessian Approach. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series, 22(4), 292-308.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022c). Sensitivity Analysis among Commodities and Coupons during Utility Maximization. Frontiers in Management Science, 1(3), 13-28.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022d). Importance of Total Coupon in Utility Maximization: A Sensitivity Analysis. Law and Economy, 1(5), 65-67.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022e). Development of Grounded Theory in Social Sciences: A Qualitative Approach. Studies in Social Science & Humanities, 1(5), 13-24.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022f). Exploration of Coding in Qualitative Data Analysis: Grounded Theory Perspective. Research and Advances in Education, 1(6), 50-60.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022g). Memo Writing Procedures in Grounded Theory Research Methodology. Studies in Social Science & Humanities, 1(4), 10-18.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022h). Constructivist Grounded Theory: A New Research Approach in Social Science. Research and Advances in Education, 1(4), 8-16.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022i). Feminism and Feminist Grounded Theory: A Comprehensive Research Analysis. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 11(3), 49-61.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022j). Profit Maximization Strategy in an Industry: A Sustainable Procedure. Law and Economy, 1(3), 17–43.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023a). Sensitivity Analysis among Commodities and Prices: Utility Maximization Perceptions. Law and Economy, 2(2), 1-16.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023b). Straussian Grounded Theory: An Evolved Variant in Qualitative Research. Studies in Social Science & Humanities, 2(2), 33-40.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023c). Sensitivity Analysis between Lagrange Multipliers and Consumer Coupon: Utility Maximization Perspective. Frontiers in Management Science, 2(1), 14-25.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023d). Utility Maximization Analysis of an Organization: A Mathematical Economic Procedure. Law and Economy, 2(1), 1-15.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023e). Classic Grounded Theory: A Qualitative Research on Human Behavior. Studies in Social Science & Humanities, 2(1), 1-7.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023f). Sensitivity Analysis between Commodity and Budget: Utility Maximization Case. Law and Economy, 2(3), 10-21.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023g). Sensitivity Analysis for Profit Maximization with Respect to Per Unit Cost of Subsidiary Raw Materials. Frontiers in Management Science, 2(2), 13–27.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023h). Families of Grounded Theory: A Theoretical Structure for Novel Researchers. Studies in Social Science & Humanities, 2(1), 56-65.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023i). Body Mass Index (BMI) is a Popular Anthropometric Tool to Measure Obesity among Adults. Unpublished Manuscript.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023j). Ponderal Index: An Important Anthropometric Indicator for Physical Growth. Unpublished Manuscript.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023k). A Study on Body Fat Percentage for Physical Fitness and Prevention of Obesity: A Two Compartment Model. Unpublished Manuscript.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023l). Broca Index: A Simple Tool to Measure Ideal Body Weight. Unpublished Manuscript.

Mohajan, H. K., Islam, J. N., & Moolio, P. (2013). Optimization and Social Welfare in Economics. Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany.

Moolio, P., Islam, J. N., & Mohajan, H. K. (2009). Output Maximization of an Agency. Indus Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 3(1), 39-51.

Muscogiuri, G., & Verde, L. et al. (2022). Mediterranean Diet and Obesity related Disorders: What is the Evidence? Current Obesity Reports, 11, 287-304.

Nammi, S., Koka, S., Chinnala, K. M., & Boini, K. M. (2004). Obesity: An Overview on Its Current Perspectives and Treatment Options. Nutrition Journal, 3(1), 1-8.

Nuttall, F. Q. (2015). Body Mass Index: Obesity, BMI and Health: A Critical Review, Nutrition Today, 50(3), 117-128.

Ng, M., & Fleming, T. et al. (2014). Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adults during 1980-2013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Lancet, 384, 766-781.

Obesity Statistics (2023). The European Association for the Study of Obesity. The European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Teddington, UK.

Okunogbe, A., & Nugent, R. et al. (2021). Economic Impacts of Overweight and Obesity: Current and Future Estimates for Eight Countries. BMJ Global Health, 6, e006351.

Pearce, C., & Rychetnik, L. et al. (2019). Obesity Prevention and the Role of Hospital and Community-Based Health Services: A Scoping Review. BMC Health Services Research, 19, 453.

Pearson, G. J., & Thanassoulis, G. et al. (2021). Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults. The Canadian journal of cardiology, 37(8), 1129-1150.

Polit, D. F., & Hungler, B. P. (2013). Essentials of Nursing Research: Methods, Appraisal, and Utilization (8th Ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

Popkin, B. M. (2004). The Nutrition Transition: An Overview of World Patterns of Change. Nutrition Reviews, 62 (7 Pt 2), S140-S143.

Powell-Wiley, T. M., Poirier, P., Burke, L. E., Després, J. P., Gordon-Larsen, P., Lavie, C. J., et al. (2021). Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 143(21), e984-e1010.

Rahman, M. M., & Mohajan, H. K. (2019). Rohingya-The Stateless Community Becoming the Lost Generation. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 8(2), 24-36.

Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2020). Obesity. https://ourworldindata.org/obesity#citation

Roberts, D. L., Dive, C., & Renehan, A. G. (2010). Biological Mechanisms Linking Obesity and Cancer Risk: New Perspectives. Annual Review of Medicine, 61, 301-316.

Rosner, S. (2002). Obesity: The Disease of the Twenty-First Century. International Journal of Obesity, 26(4), S2-S4.

Safaei, M., Sundararajan, E. A., Driss, M., Boulila, W., & Shapi, A. (2021). A Systematic Literature Review on Obesity: Understanding the Causes & Consequences of Obesity and Reviewing Various Machine Learning Approaches Used to Predict Obesity. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 136(2021), 104754.

Scott, K. (Ed.) (2019). Psychological Perspectives on Obesity: Addressing Policy, Practice and Research Priorities. The British Psychological Society, Leicester, UK.

Sheflin, A. M., Whitney, A. K., & Weir, T. L. (2014). Cancer-Promoting Effects of Microbial Dysbiosis. Current Oncology Reports, 16(10), 406.

Shetty, P., & Schmidhuber, J. (2011). Nutrition, Lifestyle, Obesity and Chronic Disease. Population Division, Expert Paper No. 2011/3, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, New York, USA.

Stunkard, A. J., Foch, T. T., & Hrubec, Z. (1986a). A Twin Study of Human Obesity. Journal of the American Medical Association, 256(1), 51-54.

Stunkard, A. J., Sørensen, T. I. et al. (1986b). An Adoption Study of Human Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 314(4), 193-198.

Taylor, R. W., Keil, D., Gold, E. J., Williams, S. M., & Goulding, A. (1998). Body Mass Index, Waist Girth, and Waist-to-Hip Ratio as Indexes of Total and Regional Adiposity in Women: Evaluation Using Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67(1), 44-49.

Tie, Y. C., Birks, M., & Francis, K. (2019). Grounded Theory Research: A Design Framework for Novice Researchers. SAGE Open Medicine, 7, 1-8.

Tseng, E., & Zhang, A. et al. (2018). Effectiveness of Policies and Programs to Combat Adult Obesity: A Systematic Review. Journal of General Internal Medicine volume, 33, 1990-2001.

United Nations Population Division (2023). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2023 Revision. New York: United Nations.

van der Sande, M. A. B., & Walraven, G. E. L. et al. (2001). Family History: An Opportunity for Early Interventions and Improved Control of Hypertension, Obesity and Diabetes. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79(4), 321-328.

Vazquez, G., Duval, S., Jacobs, D. R. Jr., & Silventoinen, K. (2007). Comparison of Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Waist/Hip Ratio in Predicting Incident Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis. Epidemiologic Reviews, 29, 115-128.

Waters, H., & Graf, M. (2020). America’s Obesity Crisis: The Health and Economic Costs of Excess Weight. Milken Institute, USA.

Wang, J. W., Hu, D. Y., Sun, Y. H., Wang, J. H., Wang, G. L., Xie, J., & Zhou, Z. Q. (2009). Obesity Criteria for Identifying Metabolic Risks. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 18(1), 105-113.

Wang, Y. C., McPherson, K., Marsh, T., Gortmaker, S. L., & Brown, M. (2011). Health and Economic Burden of the Projected Obesity Trends in the USA and the UK. Lancet, 378, 815-825.

Whitlock, G., & Lewington, S. et al. (2009). Body-Mass Index and Cause-Specific Mortality in 900 000 Adults: Collaborative Analyses of 57 Prospective Studies. Lancet, 373(9669), 1083-1096.

WHO (2000). Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

WHO Expert Consultation (2004) Appropriate Body-Mass Index for Asian Populations and Its Implications for Policy and Intervention Strategies. Lancet, 363, 157-163.

WHO (2005). The Surveillance of Risk Factors Report Series (SuRF). The SuRF Report 2. World Health Organization.

WHO (2011). Obesity and Overweight: Factsheet. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/.

WHO (2014). Obesity and Inequities; Guidance for Addressing Inequities in Overweight and Obesity. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/247638/obesity-090514.pdf

WHO (2016). Obesity and Overweight. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/

WHO (2020). Obesity and Overweight. https://www.who.int/news-Room/fact-Sheets/detail/obesity-And-Overweigh

WHO (2021). Draft Recommendations for the Prevention and Management of Obesity over the Life Course, Including Potential Targets. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

Williams, E. P., Mesidor, M., Winters, K., Dubbert, P. M., & Wyatt, S. B. (2015). Overweight and Obesity: Prevalence, Consequences, and Causes of a Growing Public Health Problem. Current Obesity Reports, 4(3), 363-370.

Woodhouse, R. (2008). Obesity in Art: A Brief Overview. Frontiers of Hormone Research, 36, 271-286.

World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) (2007). Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Second Expert Report. London.

Yahr, J., Thomas, G., Calle, J., & Taliercio, J. J. (2023). Resistant Hypertension: A Stepwise Approach. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 90(2), 115-125;

Yarborough, C. M., & Brethauer, S. et al (2018). Obesity in the Workplace: Impact, Outcomes and Recommendations. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(1), 97-107.

Yazdi, F.T., Clee, S. M., & Meyre, D. (2015). Obesity Genetics in Mouse and Human: Back And Forth, and Back Again. PeerJ, 3, e856.

Yilmaz, A. (2017). The Effect of Education Given to Obese High School Students According to Health Promotion Model on Healthy Lifestyle Behavior and Quality of Life. Atatürk University Public Health Nursing PhD Thesis.

Zhang, C., Zhang, J., Liu, Z., & Zhou, Z. (2018). More Than an Antidiabetic Bariatric Surgery, Metabolic Surgery Alleviates Systemic and Local Inflammation in Obesity. Obesity Surgery, 28(11), 3658-3668.