Makovi, Michael (2015): George Orwell as a Public Choice Economist. Published in: American Economist , Vol. 60, No. 2 (2015): pp. 1-25.
Preview |
PDF
MPRA_paper_64161.pdf Download (356kB) | Preview |
Abstract
George Orwell is famous for his two final fictions, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. These two works are sometimes understood to defend capitalism against socialism. But as Orwell was a committed socialist, this could not have been his intention. Orwell's criticisms were directed not against socialism per se but against the Soviet Union and similarly totalitarian regimes. Instead, these fictions were intended as Public Choice-style investigations into which political systems furnished suitable incentive structures to prevent the abuse of power. This is demonstrated through a study of Orwell's non-fiction works, where his opinions and intentions are more explicit.
Item Type: | MPRA Paper |
---|---|
Original Title: | George Orwell as a Public Choice Economist |
English Title: | George Orwell as a Public Choice Economist |
Language: | English |
Keywords: | Orwell, Public Choice, socialism, totalitarianism, Neoconservatism |
Subjects: | B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches > B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925 > B24 - Socialist ; Marxist ; Sraffian B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches > B3 - History of Economic Thought: Individuals > B31 - Individuals D - Microeconomics > D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making > D72 - Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior P - Economic Systems > P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies > P20 - General P - Economic Systems > P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions > P30 - General Z - Other Special Topics > Z1 - Cultural Economics ; Economic Sociology ; Economic Anthropology > Z11 - Economics of the Arts and Literature |
Item ID: | 67244 |
Depositing User: | Mr. Michael Makovi |
Date Deposited: | 16 Oct 2015 13:42 |
Last Modified: | 03 Oct 2019 18:25 |
References: | Bakunin, Mikhail. “The Capitalist System.” Ed. unknown, trans. compiled from various trans. by Maximoff and Stein. Champagne: Libertarian Labor Review, 1993 / Los Angeles: ICC, 1999. (Rpt. at <http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bakunin/capstate.html> [accessed: 4 April 2014]) Beichman, Arnold. “The Invitational at Columbia.” The Washington Times. 31 March 2003. <http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=18999> [accessed: 14 April 2014] Bowker, Gordon. Inside George Orwell. New York / Houndsmills, Basingstroke, Hampshire, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Buchanan, James M. “Interview with James M. Buchanan.” The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, 1 Sept. 1995. <https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications/the-region/interview-with-james-buchanan> [accessed: 9 January 2015] Buchanan, James M. “Politics Without Romance: A Sketch of Positive Public Choice Theory and Its Normative Implications.” The Logical Foundations of Constitutional Liberty, volume 1 of The Collected Works of James M. Buchanan. Indianapolis, Indiana: Liberty Fund, 1999: 45-59. (Rpt. from a lecture of 1979.) Buchanan, James M. and Gordon Tullock. The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy. Michigan UP, 1962. Buchanan, James M. and Richard E. Wagner. Democracy in Deficit: The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes. Indianapolis, Indiana: Liberty Fund, 1977. (Rpt. 2000.) Butler, Eamonn. Public Choice - A Primer. London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 2012 <http://www.iea.org.uk/publications/research/public-choice-a-primer> [accessed: 22 July 2014]. Calder, Jenni. “Orwell's Post-War Prophecy.” George Orwell: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Raymond Williams. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1974: 133-55 (Rpt. from Jenni Calder. Chronicles of Conscience. London: Seeker and Warburg, 1968) Caplan, Bryan. “Anarchist Theory FAQ,” version 5.2. <http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/bcaplan/anarfaq.htm> [accessed: 1 April 2014]. Coase, Ronald H. “The Problem of Social Cost.” The Journal of Law and Economics 3:1 (Oct. 1960): 1-69. Considine, John. “The Simpsons: Public Choice in the Tradition of Swift and Orwell.” The Journal of Economic Education 37:2 (Spring, 2006) 217-228. Crossman, Richard (ed.). The God that Failed: A Confession. New York: Harper, 1949. Crothers, Lane. “George Orwell and the Failure of Democratic Socialism: The Problem of Political Power.” Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal 77:3/4 (Fall/Winter 1994): 389-407. Deutscher, Isaac. “1984–The Mysticism of Cruelty.” George Orwell: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Raymond Williams. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1974: 119-32. (Rpt. from Isaac Deutscher. Heretics and Renegades. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1956.) Eckstein, Arthur. “1984 and George Orwell's Other View of Capitalism.” Modern Age (March 1985): 11-9. <http://www.unz.org/Pub/ModernAge-1985q1-00011> [accessed: 2 February 2014]. Fyvel, T. R. “A Writer's Life.” Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four: Texts, Sources, Criticism. Ed. Irving Howe. 2nd. ed. New York: Harcourt, 1982: 377-91. (Orig. World Review, June 1950: 7-27.) “George Orwell’s statement on Nineteen Eighty-Four.” <http://georgeorwellnovels.com/books/george-orwell-statement-on-nineteen-eighty-four/> [accessed: 23 May 2014] Greenblatt, Stephen J. “Orwell as Satirist.” George Orwell: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Raymond Williams. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1974: 103-18. (Rpt. from Stephen J. Greenblatt, Three Modern Satirists. New Haven: Yale UP, 1965). Guild, Nicholas. “In Dubious Battle: George Orwell and the Victory of the Money-God.” George Orwell: Modern Critical Views. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1987: 77-84. (Rpt. from Modern Fiction Studies 21:1, Spring 1975.) Gwartney, James. “The Public Choice Revolution in the Textbooks.” Cato Policy Report May/June 2013 <http://www.cato.org/policy-report/mayjune-2013/public-choice-revolution-textbooks> [accessed: 22 July 2014]. Gwartney, James. “What Should We Be Teaching in Basic Economics Courses?” Journal of Economic Education 43:3 (2012): 300-7. Gwartney, James and Rosemarie Fike. “Public Choice versus the Benevolent Omniscient Planner Model of Government: Evidence from Principles Textbooks.” Forthcoming in the Journal of Economic Education (Spring 2015). Draft of working paper at <http://mailer.fsu.edu/~jgwartne/garnet-jgwartne/Documents/Gwartney%20Fike%20Public%20Choice.pdf> [accessed: 22 July 2014]. Hayek, F. A. “Individualism: True and False.” Individualism and the Economic Order. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1948: 1-32. Hayek, F. A. The Road to Serfdom. Chicago: Chicago UP, 2007. (Orig. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1944.) Hayek, F. A. Socialism and War .Ed. Bruce Caldwell. Chicago: Chicago UP: 1997. Hayek, F. A. “The Use of Knowledge in Society.” The American Economic Review 35:4 (Sept. 1945): 519-30. Hill, P. J. “Public Choice: A Review.” Faith and Economics vol. 34 (Fall 1999): 1-10. <https://www.gordon.edu/ace/pdf/Hill=F&E34.pdf> [accessed: 11 Jan. 2015] Higgs, Robert. Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government. Oakland: Independent Institute, 2013 (rpt. from 1987). Holcombe, Randall G. “Make Economics Policy Relevant: Depose the Omniscient Benevolent Dictator.” The Independent Review 17:2 (Fall 2012): 165-76. Hollander, Paul. The End of Commitment: Intellectuals, Revolutionaries, and Political Morality. Chicago: Dee, 2006. Hollander, Paul. Political Pilgrims: Western Intellectuals in Search of the Good Society. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1997. (Expanded from orig. subtitled Travels of Western Intellectuals to the Soviet Union, China, and Cuba, 1928-1978. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1981.) Howe, Irving. “1984: Enigmas of Power.” Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four: Texts, Sources, Criticism. Ed. Irving Howe. 2nd. ed. New York: Harcourt, 1982: 95-107. (Rpt. from Irving Howe, ed. 1984 Revisited: Totalitarianism in our Century. Harper & Row, 1983.) Howe, Irving. “1984: History as Nightmare.” Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four: Texts, Sources, Criticism. Ed. Irving Howe. 2nd. ed. New York: Harcourt, 1982: 320-32. (Orig. The American Scholar 25:2 (Spring 1956):193-207.) Jefferson, Thomas. “The Kentucky Resolution of 1798.” <http://www.constitution.org/cons/kent1798.htm> [accessed: 11 Jan. 2015] Jewkes, John. The New Ordeal By Planning: The Experience of the Forties and Sixties. London/Melbourne/Toronto: Macmillan & NY: St. Martin's, 1968. (Updated from The Ordeal by Planning. NY: Macmillan, 1948.) Kamm, Oliver. “It takes an intellectual to find excuses for Stalinism.” The Times. 23 July 2004. <https://web.archive.org/web/20080516090127/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/thunderer/article460555.ece> [accessed: 14 April 2014] Koestler, Arthur. Darkness at Noon. Trans. Daphne Hardy. London: Cape, 1950. Lemieux, Pierre. “The Public Choice Revolution.” Regulation 27:3 (Fall 2004): 22-29. López, Rolando A. “The Despot and the Poet: On the Duty of the Intellectual.” The Reader's Response 20 (2011): 83-103. Madison, James. The Federalist, no. 51. New York, The Independent Journal, 6 February 1788. <http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa51.htm> [accessed: 2 February 2014] McElroy, Wendy. “A Webb of Lies.” The Free Market 18:2 (February 2000). <http://www.wendymcelroy.com/mises/webboflies.html> [accessed: 17 July 2014]. Meyers, Jeffrey. Ed. George Orwell: The Critical Heritage. New York / London: Routledge 1975. Rpt. 1997, 2002. Mueller, Dennis C. Public Choice III. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. Newsinger, John. Orwell's Politics. Houndsmills, Basingstroke, New Hamphsire and New York: Palgrave, 1999. Novak, Michael. Will it Liberate? Questions about Liberation Theology. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1986. Orwell, George (pseud. for Eric Blair). Animal Farm. (Orig. Secker and Warburg, 1945; rpt. 1987.) The Complete Novels of George Orwell 1-73. Orwell, George. “As I Please 63.” (Orig. Tribune, 29 November 1946.) Essays 1135-1139. Orwell, George. Burmese Days. (Orig. London: Gollancz, 1935.) The Complete Novels of George Orwell 75-309. Orwell, George. “Catastrophic Gradualism.” (Orig. C. W. Review, November 1935.) Essays 923-927. Orwell, George. A Clergyman's Daughter. (Orig. London: Gollancz, 1935.) The Complete Novels of George Orwell 311-538. Orwell, George. The Complete Novels of George Orwell. (No editor listed.) Penguin Modern Classics. London: Penguin, 2009. (Orig. Secker and Warburg, 1976; rpt. Penguin Books, 1983; Penguin Classics, 2000.) Orwell, George. “The English People.” (Orig. written 1944, publ. 1947.) Essays: 608-648. Orwell, George. Essays. Ed. John Carey. Everyman's Library. New York: Knopf, 2002. (Based on Complete Works, Vols. 10-20, publ. 2000-2002 by Secker and Warburg.) Orwell, George. “The Freedom of the Press (Animal Farm).” Essays 888-97. (According to Essays 888, orig. London, 17 August 1945 and New York, 26 August 1946. But according to “Appendix I” of the 2000 Penguin standalone edition of Animal Farm, this essay was proposed by Orwell as a preface to Animal Farm and first published by Bernard Crick as “How the essay came to be written,’ in The Times Literary Supplement, 15 September 1972.) Orwell, George. “A Hanging.” (Orig. The Adelphi, August 1931; rpt. The New Savoy, 1946.) Essays: 16-20. Orwell, George. Homage to Catalonia. (Orig. Martin Secker and Warburg, 1938; rpt. 1986.) Penguin Classics. London: Penguin, 2000. (Orig. London: Penguin Books, 1962.) Orwell, George. “Inside the Whale.” (Orig. 11 March 1940) Essays: 211-49 Orwell, George. “James Burnham and the Managerial Revolution.” (Orig. Polemic 3, 1 May 1946.) Essays: 1052-73. Orwell, George. Keep the Aspidistra Flying. (Orig. London: Gollancz, 1936.) The Complete Novels of George Orwell: 725-938. Orwell, George. “Letter to Francis A. Henson.” The Complete Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell [CEJL] [volume] IV: In Front of Your Nose 1945-1950. Ed. Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus. New York: Harcourt, 1968: 502. (The note in CEJL IV 502 states: Part of a letter, since lost, written on 16 June 1949 by Orwell to Francis A. Henson of the United Automobile Workers answering questions about Nineteen Eighty-Four. Excerpts from the letter were also published in Life, 25 July 1949, and the New York Times Book Review, 31 July 1949; the following is an amalgam of these. CEJL IV 502 also notes, Nineteen Eighty-Four was published in London by Secker & Warburg on 8 June 1949 and in New York by Harcourt, Brace on 13 June 1949. The letter is rpt. in its entirety in Jeffrey Meyers, George Orwell: The Critical Heritage 24 (which cites CEJL) and again in Anonymous, “George Orwell’s statement on Nineteen Eighty-Four,” and partially quoted in Newsinger, Orwell's Politics 122, in Howe, “1984: History as Nightmare” 324 note, and in Howe “1984: Enigmas of Power” 107.) Orwell, George. “Letter to Noel Willmett.” Orig. 18 May 1944. Rpt. in George Orwell: A Life in Letters. Ed. Peter Davison. New York / London: Liveright, 2013 (Rpt. from 2010): 232-3. Orwell, George. “The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius.” (Orig. 19 February 1941.) Essays 291-348. Orwell, George. “Literature and Totalitarianism.” (Orig. broadcast 21 May 1941.) Essays 360-4. Orwell, George. “Looking Back on the Spanish Civil War.” (Orig. approx. 1942.) Essays 431-51. Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. (Orig. Secker and Warburg, 1949; rpt. 1987.) The Complete Novels of George Orwell 939-1186. Orwell, George. “Preface to the Ukranian Edition of Animal Farm.” (Trans. from the Ukranian, March 1947; original English lost.) Essays 1210-5. Orwell, George. “The Prevention of Literature” (Orig. Polemic, January 1946; The Atlantic Monthly, March 1947.) Essays 931-45. Orwell, George. “Review of Communism and Man by F. J. Sheed.” (Orig. Peace News, 27 Jan. 1939.) Essays 111-3. Orwell, George. “Review of The Machiavellians by James Burnham.” (Orig. Manchester Evening News, 20 January 1944.) Essays: 523-6. Orwell, George. “Review of The Road to Serfdom by F.A. Hayek / The Mirror of the Past by K. Zilliacus.” (Orig. The Observer, 9 April 1944.) The Collected Essays, Journalism, and Letters of George Orwell. Nonpareil, 2000. (Orig. New York: Harcourt, 1968.) Vol. 3, 117-9. (Rpt. from Complete Works, publ. 2000-2002 by Secker and Warburg, vol. 6, 149-50.) Orwell, George. “Review of Russia under Soviet Rule by N. de Basily.” (Orig. New English Weekly, 12 Jan. 1939.) Essays 108-11. Orwell, George. “Shooting an Elephant.” (Orig. New Writing, 2, Autumn 1936.) Essays 42-9. Orwell, George. “The Spike.” (Orig. The Adelphi, April 1931.) Essays 8-16. Orwell, George. “Spilling the Spanish Beans.” (Orig. New English Weekly, 29 July and 2 September 1937.) Essays 66-73. Orwell, George. “Such, Such Were the Joys.” (Orig. approx. 1939 - June 1948.) Essays:1291-333. Orwell, George. “Will Freedom Die with Capitalism?” The Left News. April 1941: 1682-1685. (Rpt. in The Complete Works of George Orwell. Ed. Peter Davison. London: Secker & Warburg, 1998: 458-464) Orwell, George. “Why I Write.” (Orig. Gangrel, no. 4, summer 1946.) Essays:1079-85. Orwell, George. “You and the Atom Bomb.” (Orig. Tribune, 19 October 1945.) Essays: 903-907. Rackman, Emanuel. One Man's Judaism. Jerusalem: Gefen, 2000. (Orig. Tel Aviv: Greenfield, 1970.) Rahv, Philip. “The Unfuture of Utopia.” George Orwell: Modern Critical Views. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea, 1987, 13-20. (Orig. Partisan Review 16:7 [1949]. Rpt. Philip Rahv. Literature and the Sixth Sense. Boston: Houghton, 1969.) Richman, Sheldon. “From 1944 to Nineteen Eighty-Four: A Tale of Two Books.” The Freeman. The Foundation for Economic Education, 16 Dec. 2011 (rpt. from vol. 59, December 2009). <http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/from-1944-to-nineteen-eighty-four> [accessed: 2 February 2014] Riggenbach, Jeff. “The Brilliant but Confused Radicalism of George Orwell.” 24 June 2010. <http://mises.org/daily/4513> [accessed: 21 February 2013] Roback, Jennifer. “The Economic Thought of George Orwell.” The American Economic Review 75:2 (May 1985): 127-32. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1805583> [accessed: 2 February 2014] Shughart II, William F. “Public Choice.” The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Library of Economics and Liberty, 2008. <http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/PublicChoice.html> [accessed: 12 January 2015] Sillen, Samuel. “Maggot-of-the-Month.” Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four: Text, Sources, Criticism. Ed. Irving Howe. 2nd ed. New York: Harcourt, 1982: 297-99. (Orig. Masses and Mainstream 1949.) Simmons, Randy T. Beyond Politics: The Roots of Government Failure. Oakland, CA: Independent Institute, 2011. Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Ed. Edwin Canaan. London: Methuen, 1904. (Rpt. from 1776.) <http://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN.html> [accessed: 2 February 2014] Stevens, Joe B. The Economics Of Collective Choice. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993. Symons, Julian. “Introduction.” In George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia. London: Penguin Classics, 2000 (“Introduction” orig. 1989), v-xiii. Trilling, Lionel. “George Orwell and the Politics of Truth: Portrait of the Intellectual as a Man of Virtue.” Commentary (March 1952): 218-27 <http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/Orwell_09242007.pdf> [accessed: 2 April 2014]. (Rpt. as the introduction to George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia. New York: Harcourt, 1952.) Tullock, Gordon. “Public Decisions as Public Goods.” Journal of Political Economy 79:4 (July-August 1971): 913-8. Tullock, Gordon. The Vote Motive. London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 2006. (Rpt. from 1976.) <http://www.iea.org.uk/publications/research/the-vote-motive> [accessed: 22 July 2014]. Tullock, Gordon, Arthur Seldon, and Gordon L. Brady. Government Failure: A Primer in Public Choice. Washington, DC: Cato, 2002. Wain, John. “George Orwell as a Writer of Polemic.” George Orwell: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Raymond Williams. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1974: 89-102. (Rpt. from John Wain, Essays on Literature and Ideas. London: Macmillan, 1963: 180-93.) Walsh, James. “George Orwell.” Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four: Text, Sources, Criticism. Ed. Irving Howe. New York: Harcourt, 1963, 212-6. (Orig. 1956.) Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. Soviet Communism: A New Civilization? London: Longmans Green, 1935. (The 2nd and 3rd ed. of 1941 and 1944 omitted the “?” from the title.) West, Anthony. Untitled article. Orig. New Yorker, 28 January 1956: 86-92. Rpt. in Jeffrey Meyers (ed.) George Orwell: The Critical Heritage 71-79. White, Richard. “George Orwell: Socialism and Utopia.” Utopian Studies 19:1 (2008): 73-95. Yergin, Daniel and Joseph Stanislaw. The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy. New York: Free Press, 2002. (Updated edition from the original edition by same publisher, 1998, with the previous subtitle of “The Battle Between Government and the Marketplace That Is Remaking the Modern World.”) Winter, Ella. Red Virtue: Human Relationships in the New Russia. London: Gollancz, 1933. Zamiatin, Yevgeny. We. Many translators and publishers; written 1921 in Russian, first published as: Trans. Gregory Zilboorg. New York: Dutton, 1924. |
URI: | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/67244 |
Available Versions of this Item
-
George Orwell as a Public Choice Economist. (deposited 07 May 2015 10:08)
- George Orwell as a Public Choice Economist. (deposited 16 Oct 2015 13:42) [Currently Displayed]