Asongu, Simplice and Biekpe, Nicholas (2017): Globalization and Terror in Africa. Forthcoming in: International Economics
Preview |
PDF
MPRA_paper_85056.pdf Download (283kB) | Preview |
Abstract
This study examines the role of globalization on terrorism in 51 African countries for the period 1996-2011. Four terrorism indicators are used, namely: domestic, transnational, unclear and total terrorism. Political, economic, social and general globalisation variables are employed and the empirical evidence is based on Fixed Effects regressions and Generalised Method of Moments (GMM). Whereas the FE regressions are overwhelmingly not significant, the following findings are established from GMM estimations. Political globalisation increases both domestic and transnational terrorism. Social globalisation and general globalisation increase transnational terrorism. Economic globalisation reduces domestic terrorism. Political globalisation, social globalisation and general globalization positively affect unclear terrorism. Social globalisation has a positive impact on total terrorism. Possible channels and policy implications are discussed.
Item Type: | MPRA Paper |
---|---|
Original Title: | Globalization and Terror in Africa |
Language: | English |
Keywords: | Terrorism; Globalization; Africa |
Subjects: | C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods > C5 - Econometric Modeling > C52 - Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection D - Microeconomics > D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making > D74 - Conflict ; Conflict Resolution ; Alliances ; Revolutions F - International Economics > F3 - International Finance > F30 - General F - International Economics > F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance > F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O5 - Economywide Country Studies > O55 - Africa |
Item ID: | 85056 |
Depositing User: | Simplice Asongu |
Date Deposited: | 08 Mar 2018 04:51 |
Last Modified: | 26 Sep 2019 09:09 |
References: | Alfa-Wali, M., Sritharan, K., Mehes, M., Abdullah, F., & Rasheed, S., (2015). “Terrorism-related trauma in Africa, an increasing problem”, Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 5(2), pp. 201-203. Akcinaroglu, S., & Radziszewski, E., (2013). “Private Military Companies, Opportunities, and Termination of Civil Wars in Africa”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 57(5), pp. 5795-5821. Arellano, M., & Bond, S., (1991). “Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations”, The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), pp. 277-297. Arellano, M., & Bover, O., (1995). “Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), pp. 29-52. Argomaniz, J., (2015). “European Union responses to terrorist use of the Internet”, Cooperation and Conflict, 50 (2), pp. 250-268. Asongu, S. A., (2014). “Financial development dynamic thresholds of financial globalisation: evidence from Africa”, Journal of Economics Studies, 41(2), pp. 166-195. Asongu, S. A., (2016). “Sino-African relations: a review and reconciliation of dominant schools of thought”, Politics & Policy, 44(2), pp. 351-383. Asongu, S. A., (2017). “Assessing marginal, threshold, and net effects of financial globalisation on financial development in Africa”, Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 40(June), pp. 103-114. Asongu, S. A., & De Moor, L., (2017). “Financial globalisation dynamic thresholds for financial development: evidence from Africa”, The European Journal of Development Research, 29(1), pp. 192-212. Asongu, S. A., & Nwachukwu, J. C., (2016a). “Conditional linkages between iron ore exports, foreign aid and terrorism”, Mineral Economics, 29(2-3), pp. 57–70. Asongu, S. A., & Nwachukwu, J. C., (2016b). “Revolution empirics: predicting the Arab Spring”, Empirical Economics, 51(2), pp. 439-482. Asongu, S. A., & Nwachukwu, J. C., (2016c). “Foreign aid and governance in Africa”, International Review of Applied Economics, 30(1), pp. 69-88. Asongu, S. A., & Nwachukwu, J. C., (2017a). “Fighting terrorism: empirics on policy harmonization”, German Economic Review. DOI: 10.1111/geer.12126. Asongu, S. A., & Nwachukwu, J. C., (2017b). “The Impact of Terrorism on Governance in African Countries”, World Development, 99(November), pp. 253-270. Asongu, S. A., & Ssozi, J., (2016). “Sino-African relations: some solutions and strategies to the policy syndromes”, Journal of African Business, 17(1), pp. 35-51. Asongu, S. A., Tchamyou, V. S., Asongu, N., & Tchamyou, N. P., (2017). “The Comparative African Economics of Inclusive Development and Military Expenditure in Fighting Terrorism”. Journal of African Development, 19(2), pp. 77-91. Asongu, S. A., Tchamyou, V. S., Asongu, N., & Tchamyou, N. P., (2018a). “Fighting terrorism in Africa: evidence from bundling and unbundling institutions”, Empirical Economics. DOI :10.1007/s00181-017-1378-3. Asongu, S. A., Tchamyou, V. S., Jules R. Minkoua N., & Tchamyou, N. P., (2018b). “Fighting terrorism in Africa: Benchmarking policy harmonization”, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 492(February), pp. 1931-1957. Baltagi, B. H., (2008). “Forecasting with panel data”, Journal of Forecasting, 27(2), pp. 153-173. Bandyopadhyay, S., Sandler, T., &Younas, J., (2014). “Foreign direct investment, aid, and terrorism”, Oxford Economic Papers, 66(1), pp. 25-50. Bangura, A. K., (2010). “Terrorism and Islam in Africa,” in J. Davis, ed., Terrorism in Africa: The Evolving Front in the War on Terror. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 103-132. Barros, C. P., Faira, J. R., & Gil-Alana, L. A., (2008). “Terrorism against American citizens in Africa: Related to poverty?”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 30(1), pp. 55-69. Basile, M., (2004). “Going to the Source: Why Al Qaeda's Financial Network Is Likely to Withstand the Current War on Terrorist Financing”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 27(3), pp. 169-185. Bass, L., (2014). “What Motivates European Youth to Join ISIS?”, Syria Comment, http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/push-factors-helping-isil-recruitment-loretta-bass/ (Accessed: 01/12/2015). Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Levine, R., (2003), “Law and finance: why does legal origin matter?”, Journal of Comparative Economics, 31(4), pp. 653-675. Bellamy, A. J., (2011). “Libya and the Responsibility to Protect: The Exception and the Norm”, Ethics & International Affairs, 25(3), pp. 263-269. Bhavnani, R., (2011), “Three Two Tango: Territorial Control and Selective Violence in Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55(1), pp. 133-158. Blundell, R., & Bond, S., (1998). “Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models”, Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), pp. 115-143. Boateng, A., Asongu, S., Akamavi, R., & Tchamyou, V., (2017). “Information Asymmetry and Market Power in the African Banking Industry”, Journal of Multinational Financial Management. Forthcoming. Bond, S., Hoeffler, A., & Tample, J., (2001). “GMM Estimation of Empirical Growth Models”, University of Oxford. Bravo, A. B. S., & Dias, C. M. M., (2006). “An Empirical Analysis of Terrorism: Deprivation, Islamism and Geopolitical Factors”, Defence and Peace Economics, 17(4), pp. 329-441. Bussman, M., & and Schneider, G., (2007). “When Globalization Discontent Turns Violent: Foreign Economic Liberalization and Internal War,” International Studies Quarterly, 51(1), pp. 79–97. Chang, H-J., (2008). Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism. Bloomsbury Press; Reprint edition (December 23, 2008). Choi, S-W., & Salehyan , I., (2013). “No Good Deed Goes Unpunished: Refugees, Humanitarian Aid, and Terrorism”, Conflict Management and Peace Sciences, 30(1), pp. 53-75. Clavarino, T., (2014). “Africa, the new outpost of terrorism”, RT op-edge. https://www.rt.com/op-edge/180996-africa-outpost-islamic-terrorism/ (Accessed: 20/01/2016). Davis, J., (2010). “Understanding' terrorism' in' Africa,"' in J. Davis, ed., Terrorism in Africa: The Evolving Front in the War on Terror. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 133-158. Dewan, S., & Ramaprasad, J., (2014). “Social media, traditional media and music sales”, MIS Quarterly, 38(1), pp. 101-128. Drakos, K., & Gofas. A., (2006). “In Search of the Average Transnational Terrorist Attack Venue”, Defence and Peace Economics, 17(2), pp. 73-93. Dreher, A., Gaston, N., Martens, P., & Van Boxem, L., (2010). “Measuring Globalization – Opening the Black Box. A Critical Analysis of Globalization Indices”, Journal of Globalization Studies, 1(1), pp. 166-185. Efobi, U., Asongu, S., A., (2016). “Terrorism and capital flight from Africa”, International Economics. 148(December), pp. 81-94. Efobi, U., Asongu, S., & Beecroft, I., (2015). “Foreign Direct Investment, Aid and Terrorism: Empirical Insight Conditioned on Corruption Control”, African Governance and Development Institute Working Paper No. 15/007, Yaoundé. Enders, W., & Sandler, T., (2006). The Political Economy of Terrorism. New York: Cambridge University Press. Enders W, Sandler T & Gaibulloev K., (2011). “Domestic versus transnational terrorism: Data, decomposition, and dynamics”, Journal of Peace Research, 48(3), pp. 319–337. Eveslage, B. S. (2013). “Clarifying Boko Haram's Transnational Intentions, Using Content Analysis of Public Statements in 2012”, Perspectives on Terrorism, 7(5), pp. 47-67. Ewi, M., & Aning, E., (2006). “Assessing the role of the African Union in preventing and combating terrorism in Africa”, African Security Review, 15(3), pp. 32-46. Eyerman, J., (1998). “Terrorism and Democratic States: Soft Targets or Accessible Systems.” International Interactions, 24(2), pp.151–70. Fazel, A., (2013). “The growing terrorism threat in Africa”, Mail & Guardian, http://mg.co.za/article/2013-12-17-the-growing-terrorism-threat-in-africa (Accessed: 20/01/2016). Feridun, M., & Shahbaz, M., (2010). “Fighting Terrorism: Are Military Measures Effective? Empirical Evidence from Turkey”, Defence & Peace Economics, 21(2), pp. 193-205. Flaten, R. D., & De Soysa, I.,(2012). “Globalization and Political Violence, 1970-2008,” International Interactions, 38(4),pp. 622-646. Forest, J. J. F. (2011). “Al-Qaeda's Influence in Sub-Saharan Africa: Myths, Realities and Possibilities,” Perspectives on Terrorism, 5(3-4), pp. 63-80 Foster, P., (2014). “Jihadists from around the world flock to fight with Isil; UN”, The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11200701/Jihadists-from-around-the-world-flock-to-fight-with-Isil-UN.html (Accessed: 01/12/2015). Gaibulloev, K., & Sandler, T., (2009). “The impact of terrorism and conflicts on growth in Asia”, Economics and Politics, 21(3), pp. 359-383. Gailbulloev, K., Sandler, T., & Santifort, C., (2012). “Assessing the Evolving Threat of Terrorism”, Global Policy, 3(2), pp. 135-144. GTI (2014). “Global Terrorism Index: Measuring and Understanding the Impact of Terrorism”, Institute for Economics and Peace, pp. 2-90. http://www.visionofhumanity.org/sites/default/files/Global%20Terrorism%20Index%20Report%202014_0.pdf (Accessed: 28/04/2015). Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D., & Perraton, J., (1999). Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture. Stanford University Press, Stanford CA. Hehir, A., (2015). “Assessing the influence of the Responsibility to Protect on the UN Security Council during the Arab Spring”, Cooperation and Conflict. DOI: 10.1177/0010836715612849. Holbrook, D., (2015). “A critical analysis of the role of the internet in the preparation and planning of acts of terrorism”, Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward terrorism and genocide, 8(2), pp. 121-133. Kavanagh, J., (2011), “Selection, Availability, and Opportunity: The Conditional Effect of Poverty on Terrorist Group Participation”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55(1), pp. 106-132. Krieger, T., & Meierrieks, D., (2015). “Does Income Inequality Lead to Terrorism? Evidence from the Post-9/11 Era”, Discussion Paper Series, Wilfried Guth Endowed Chair for Constitutional Political Economy and Competition Policy, University of Freiburg, No. 2015-04. Lee, C-Y., (2013). “Democracy, civil liberties and hostage-taking terrorism”, Journal of Peace Research, 50(2), pp. 235-248. Li, Q., & Schaub, D., (2004). “Economic Globalization and Transnational Terrorism: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48( 2), pp. 230-258. Love, I., & Zicchino, L., (2006). “Financial Development and Dynamic Investment Behaviour: Evidence from Panel VAR”, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 46(2), pp. 190-210. Lum, C., Kennedy, L.W., & Sherley, A. J. (2006). “The effectiveness of counter-terrorism strategies. A Campbell Systematic Review”, Crime and Justice, 2(2), pp.1-49. Lutz, B. J., & Lutz, J. M., (2014). “Economic, Social and Political Globalization and Terrorism”, The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies, 39(2), pp. 186-218. Lutz, B. J., & Lutz, J. M., (2015). “Globalisation and Terrorism in the Middle East”, Perspectives on Terrorism, 9(5), pp. 27-46. McMillan, M,S., (2013). “The Changing Structure of Africa’s Economies.” Background Paper for African Economic Outlook 2013. African Development Bank, OECD Development Center, and United Nations Development Program, Tunis. Motelle, S., & Biekpe, N., (2015). “Financial integration and stability in the Southern African development community”, Journal of Economics and Business, 79(May-June, 2015), pp. 100-117. Mshomba, R. E., (2011). Africa and the World Trade Organization. Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition (February 21, 2011). Omand, D., (2005). “Countering international terrorism: the use of strategy”, Survival, 47(4), pp. 107-116. Price, G. N., & Elu, J. U., (2014). “Does regional currency integration ameliorate macroeconomic shocks in sub-Saharan Africa? The case of the 2008-2009 global financial crisis”, Journal of Economic Studies, 41(5), pp. 737-750. Raphaeli, N., (2003). “Financing of terrorism: sources, methods, and channels”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 15(4), pp. 59-82. Rodrik, D., & Subramanian, A., (2009). “Why Did Financial Globalization Disappoint?”, IMF Staff Papers, 56(1), pp. 112-138. Roodman, D., (2009a). “A Note on the Theme of Too Many Instruments”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 71(1), pp. 135-158. Roodman, D., (2009b). “How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata”, Stata Journal, 9(1), pp. 86-136. Sandler, T. (2005). “Collective versus unilateral responses to terrorism”. In Policy Challenges and Political Responses, Springer USA, pp. 75-93. DOI: 10.1007/0-387-28038-3_5. Savun, B., & Phillips, B. J., (2009). “Democracy, foreign policy, and terrorism”. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53(6), pp. 878-904. Straus, S., (2012). “Wars do end. Changing Patterns of Political Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa”, African Affairs, 111(443), pp. 179-201. Stiglitz, J. E., (2007). Making Globalization Work. W. W. Norton & Company; Reprint edition (September 17, 2007). Tavares, J., (2004). “The Open Society Assesses Its Enemies: Shocks, Disasters and Terrorist Attacks”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 51(5), pp. 1039-1070. Tchamyou, V. S., & Asongu, S. A., (2017). “Information Sharing and Financial Sector Development in Africa”, Journal of African Business, 18(1), pp. 24-49. Zimmermann, E., (2011). “Globalisation and terrorism”, European Journal of Political Economy, 27 (2011), pp. S152–S161. |
URI: | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/85056 |