La Teoría del Capitalismo de Karl Marx. Exposición, Crítica y Evaluación

Escudé, Guillermo J. (2021): La Teoría del Capitalismo de Karl Marx. Exposición, Crítica y Evaluación. Published in: BUBOK (2021): pp. 1-679.

Abstract

This book gives a clear synthesis of Marx’s theory of Capitalism and its relation with economic theory as it evolved over the course of the last 300 years. It places Marx’s though in perspective, comparing it with the main aspects of the economic theories that preceded it, including not only the Classical Adam Smith and David Ricardo but also economists like Cantillon, Turgot, and Ramsay that Marx chose to ignore with respect to the crucial issue of entrepreneurship because it was incompatible with his Theory of Surplus Value. But the book also contrasts Marx’s theory with Walras’, the Neoclassical economist whose influence on contemporary mainstream economic theory was most lasting. The analytical aspects of Marx’s theory are rigorously expressed by means of the technique of Input-Output Analysis, which is explained from the most elementary level in order to make the book self-contained. Each of the multiple topics of Marx’s complex and refined theory is explained in detail, including his theory of money, the heterogeneity in kinds of labor and in productive techniques, the turnover of capital, Simple and Extended Reproduction, his theory of the economic cycle, his theory of ground rent, his theory of productive and unproductive labor, and his view of the main tendencies of capitalist society. The book is structured in accordance with the development process of Marx’s thought. Hence, it begins with the life project he generated in his youth and drove him from the study of history and philosophy to that of Political Economy, on the one hand, and political praxis, on the other. Hence, Parts I, II, and IV of the book respectively address A) the philosophical-methodological foundations of his scientific endeavor (his Historical Materialism); B) his scientific theory of capitalist society as expressed in Capital; and C) his political thought and praxis, which had enormous effects over the course of the 20th century. Part III of the book addresses our critique of Marx’s theory of Capitalism. Beyond our criticisms, however, the book shows that Marx made important contributions to the comprehension of the functioning of Capitalism in the more conventional part of his theory, which we denominate ‘exoteric’ in order to contrast it with his ‘esoteric’ Theory of Surplus Value which was the foundation of his view of the exploitation of wage labor in Capitalism.

RESUMEN Este libro brinda una síntesis clara de la teoría del Capitalismo de Marx y de su relación con la teoría económica que se desarrolló en el curso de los últimos 300 años. Pone al pensamiento de Marx en perspectiva, comparándola con los aspectos principales de la teoría económica que le precedió, incluyendo no sólo los clásicos Adam Smith y David Ricardo sino también los de economistas como Cantillon, Turgot y Ramsay, cuya crucial cuestión del aporte del empresario Marx eligió ignorar era incompatible con su Teoría de la Plusvalía. Pero también se contrasta la teoría de Marx con la de Walras, el economista neoclásico que tuvo más perdurable influencia sobre la teoría económica contemporánea del mainstream. En lo analítico, la teoría de Marx es expuesta rigurosamente utilizando la técnica del Análisis de Insumo-Producto, que se explica desde el nivel más elemental para hacer al libro auto-contenido. Se explica cada uno de los múltiples tópicos de la refinada y compleja teoría de Marx, incluyendo su teoría del dinero, la heterogeneidad de tipos de trabajo y de técnicas productivas, la rotación del capital, la Reproducción Simple y Ampliada del capital, su teoría del ciclo económico, su teoría de la renta de la tierra, su teoría del trabajo productivo e improductivo y su visión de las principales tendencias de la sociedad capitalista. El libro está estructurado en base al proceso de desarrollo del pensamiento de Marx. Por eso parte del proyecto de vida que éste elaboró en su juventud y que lo llevó del estudio de la historia y la filosofía al estudio de la Economía Política, por un lado, y a la práctica política, por el otro. Por ello, las Partes I, II, y IV del libro encaran respectivamente A) los fundamentos filosófico-metodológicos de su quehacer científico (el Materialismo Histórico); B) su teoría científica de la sociedad capitalista, según la expresó en El Capital; y C) su pensamiento y accionar político, que tuvo enormes efectos en el curso del siglo 20. La Parte III del libro encara nuestras críticas a la teoría del Capitalismo de Marx. Más allá de nuestra crítica, sin embargo, el libro muestra que Marx hizo importantes contribuciones a la comprensión del funcionamiento del Capitalismo en la parte más convencional de su teoría, que denominamos ‘exotérica’ para contrastarla con su ‘esotérica’ Teoría de la Plusvalía, núcleo de su concepción de la explotación del trabajo asalariado en el Capitalismo.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• English Title: Karl Marx's Theory of Capitalism. Exposition, Critique, and Appraisal
• Language: Spanish
• Keywords: Karl Marx, Theory of capitalism, Surplus value theory, Labor value theory, Historical Materialism, Entrepreneurship
• Subjects: B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches > B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925 > B14 - Socialist ; Marxist; B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches > B3 - History of Economic Thought: Individuals; B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches > B4 - Economic Methodology; Z - Other Special Topics > Z1 - Cultural Economics ; Economic Sociology ; Economic Anthropology > Z13 - Economic Sociology ; Economic Anthropology ; Social and Economic Stratification

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