The role of inclusive education in governance for inclusive economic participation: gender evidence from sub-Saharan Africa

Asongu, Simplice and Odhiambo, Nicholas (2021): The role of inclusive education in governance for inclusive economic participation: gender evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Published in:

Abstract

This study investigates the relevance of inclusive education in moderating the effect of good governance on female economic inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa. First, inclusive tertiary education modulates: (i) government effectiveness to induce a positive net effect on female labour force participation; (ii) political stability and corruption-control to induce negative net effects on female unemployment; (iii) government effectiveness for a positive net effect on female unemployment and (iv) regulation quality and the rule of law for positive net impacts on female employment. Second, inclusive secondary education moderates: (i) corruption-control for a positive net effect on female labour force participation; (ii) “voice and accountability”, government effectiveness and corruption-control for negative net impacts on female unemployment; (iii) the rule of law for a positive net effect on female unemployment; (iv) “voice and accountability”, government effectiveness and corruption-control for positive net effects on female employment. Policy implications are discussed. Inclusive education thresholds for complementary policy policies are also computed and discussed. At these thresholds, inclusive education becomes a necessary but not a sufficient condition to complement governance in order to promote female economic inclusion.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: Africa; Gender; Inclusive development
• Subjects: G - Financial Economics > G2 - Financial Institutions and Services > G20 - General; I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I1 - Health > I10 - General; I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty > I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity > O40 - General; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O5 - Economywide Country Studies > O55 - Africa

References

Adegboye, A., Ojeka, S. A., Tolase, O., Omoremi, O., & Jude-Okeke, Y. (2021). Technology penetration and human development nexus in middle-income countries: the synergy effect of inclusive resources distribution. Information Technology for Development, DOI: 10.1080/02681102.2021.2008850.

Ajide, K. B, & Raheem, I. D. (2016a). Institutions-FDI Nexus in ECOWAS Countries.Journal of African Business, 17(3), 319-341.

Ajide, K. B, & Raheem, I. D. (2016b). The Institutional Quality Impact on Remittances in the ECOWAS Sub-Region.African Development Review, 28(4), 462–481.

Amari, M., Mouakhar, K., &Jarboui, A. (2021). ICT development, governance quality and the environmental performance: avoidable thresholds from the lower and lower-middleincome countries. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal. DOI: 10.1108/MEQ-12-2020-0299.

Andrés, R. A, Asongu, S. A., & Amavilah, V. H. (2015). The Impact of Formal Institutions on Knowledge Economy.Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 6(4), 1034-1062.

Arellano, M., &Bover, O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of errorcomponents models.Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29-52.

Asongu S. A., & De Moor, L. (2017). Financial globalisation dynamic thresholds for financial development: evidence from Africa.European Journal of Development Research, 29(1), 192–212.

Asongu, S. A., &Kodila-Tedika, O. (2016). Fighting African Conflicts and Crimes: Which Governance Tools Matter?International Journal of Social Economics, 43(5), 466-485.

Asongu, S. A., &Kodila-Tedika, O. (2017). Is Poverty in the African DNA (Gene)?South African Journal of Economics, 85(4), 533-552.

Asongu, S. A., & le Roux, S. (2019). Understanding Sub-Saharan Africa’s Extreme Poverty Tragedy.International Journal of Public Administration,42(6), 457-467.

Asongu, S. A., Nounamo, Y., Njangang, H., &Tadadjeu, S. (2021). Gender inclusive intermediary education, financial stability and female employment in the industry in Sub-Saharan Africa. Finance Research Letters, 43(November), 101968.

Asongu, S. A., le Roux, S., Nwachukwu, J. C., &Pyke, C. (2019). The Mobile Phone as an Argument for Good Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa.Information Technology & People, 32(4), 897-920.

Asongu, S. A., & Nwachukwu, J. (2016a). Revolution empirics: predicting the Arab Spring.Empirical Economics, 51(2), 439-482.

Asongu, S.A, & Nwachukwu, J. C. (2016b). The Mobile Phone in the Diffusion of Knowledge for Institutional Quality in Sub Saharan Africa.World Development, 86(October), 133-147.

Asongu, S. A., & Nwachukwu, J. C. (2016c). The Role of Governance in Mobile Phones for Inclusive Human Development in Sub-Saharan Africa.Technovation, 55-56 (September-October), 1-13.

Asongu, S.A, & Nwachukwu, J. C. (2016d). Foreign aid and governance in Africa.International Review of Applied Economics, 30(1), 69-88.

Asongu, S. A., & Nwachukwu, J. C. (2017). Foreign Aid and Inclusive Development: Updated Evidence from Africa, 2005–2012.Social Science Quarterly, 98(1), 282-298.

Asongu, S. A., & Nwachukwu, J. C. (2018).Educational quality thresholds in the diffusion of knowledge with mobile phones for inclusive human development in sub-Saharan Africa.Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 129(April), 164-172.

Asongu, S. A., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2018). ICT, Financial Access and Gender Inclusion in the Formal Economic Sector: Evidence from Africa.African Finance Journal,20(2), 45-65.

Asongu, S. A., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2019a). Basic formal education quality, information technology, and inclusive human development in sub‐Saharan Africa.Sustainable Development, 27(3), 419-428.

Asongu, S. A., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2019b). Environmental Degradation and Inclusive Human Development in Sub‐ Saharan Africa.Sustainable Development, 27(1), 25-34.

Asongu, S. A., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2019c). How Enhancing Information and Communication Technology has affected Inequality in Africa for Sustainable Development: An Empirical Investigation. Sustainable Development,27(4), 647-656.

Asongu, S. A., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2020). Inequality thresholds, governance and gender economic inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa.International Review of Applied Economics, 34(1), 94-114.

Asongu, S. A., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2021a). Thresholds of income inequality that mitigate the role of gender inclusive education in promoting gender economic inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa. Social Responsibility Journal, 17(1), 106-126.

Asongu, S. A., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2021b).Income Levels, Governance and Inclusive Human Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16, 71-103.

Asongu, S. A., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2021c).The green economy and inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Avoidable thresholds and thresholds for complementary policies. Energy Exploration & Exploitation, 39(3), 838-852.

Aurelien, N. K. A., Nchofoung, T. N., Marcel, T. K. & Jean-Claude, K. (2019). Non-linear Effectof Military Spending on Economic in Africa: A Comparative Study Between Stable and Unstable Countries. International Journal of Development and Conflict, 9(2), 195-215.

Bayraktar, N., &Fofack, H. (2018). A Model for Gender Analysis with Informal Productive and Financial Sectors.Journal of African Development, 20(2), 1-20.

Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Levine, R. (2003). Law and finance: why does legal origin matter?Journal of Comparative Economics, 31(4), 653-675.

Bicaba, Z., Brixiova, Z., & Ncube, M. (2017). Can Extreme Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa be Eliminated by 2030?Journal of African Development, 19(2), 93-110.

Boateng, A., Asongu, S. A.,Akamavi, R., &Tchamyou, V. S. (2018). Information Asymmetry and Market Power in the African Banking Industry.Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 44(March), 69-83.

Bongomin, G. O. C., Ntayi, J. M., Munene J. C., & Malinga, C. A. (2018). Mobile Money and Financial Inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Moderating Role of Social Networks.Journal of African Business,18(4), 361-384.

Bruno, G., De Bonis, R., &Silvestrini, A. (2012). Do financial systems converge? New evidence from financial assets in OECD countries. Journal of Comparative Economics, 40(1), 141-155.

Chankseliani, M., & McCowan, T. (2021). Higher education and the Sustainable Development Goals. Higher Education, 81, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00652-w

Costantini, M., &Lupi, C. (2005). Stochastic Convergence among European Economies”. Economics Bulletin, 3(38), 1-17.

Efobi, U. (2015). Politicians’ Attributes and Institutional Quality in Africa: A Focus on Corruption.Journal of Economic Issues, 49(3), 787-813.

Efobi, U. R., Tanaken, B. V., & Asongu, S. A. (2018). Female Economic Participation with Information and Communication Technology Advancement: Evidence from Sub‐ Saharan Africa.South African Journal of Economics, 86(2), 231-246.

Ejemeyovwi, J. O., &Osabuohien, E. S. (2020). Investigating the relevance of mobile technology adoption on inclusive growth in West Africa. Contemporary Social Science, 15(1), 48-61.

Elu, J. (2018). Gender and Science Education in Sub-Saharan Africa-Keynote address at the African Development Bank/African Finance and Economic Association Luncheon, Chicago, January 7, 2017. Journal of African Development, 20(2), 105-110.

Endoh, O. M., Nchofoung, T. N., & . Anchi, O. E., (2021). The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Household Health Expenditures in Africa. African Governance and Development Institute Working Paper No. 21/80, Yaoundé.

Kairiza, T., Kiprono, P., &Magadzire, V. (2017). Gender differences in financial inclusion amongst entrepreneurs in Zimbabwe. Small Business Economics, 48(1), 259-272.

Mannah-Blankson, T. (2018). Gender Inequality and Access to Microfinance: Evidence from Ghana. Journal of African Development, 20(2), 21-33.

McGeown, J. (2017). Quality inclusive education is at the heart of the Sustainable Development Goals.Global Partnership for Education. https://www.globalpartnership.org/blog/quality-inclusive-education-heart-sustainable-development-goals(Accessed: 08/01/2019).

Meniago, C., & Asongu, S. A. (2018). Revisiting the finance-inequality nexus in a panel of African countries.Research in International Business and Finance, 46 (December), 399-419.

Narayan, P.K., Mishra, S., & Narayan, S. (2011). Do market capitalization and stocks traded converge? New global evidence. Journal of Banking and Finance, 35(10), 2771-2781.

Nkurunziza, M. (2018). Sub-Saharan Africa, losing $2.5 trillion due to gender inequality – World Bank.The New Times https://www.newtimes.co.rw/business/sub-saharan-africa-losing-25-trillion-due-gender-inequality-world-bank(Accessed: 01/01/2018).

Ofori, P. E., Asongu, S. A., &Tchamyou, V. S., (2021). The Synergy between Governance and Economic Integration in Promoting Female Economic Inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa, African Governance and Development Institute. 21/071, Yaoundé.

Oluwatobi, S., Efobi, U.R., Olurinola, O.I., Alege, P. (2015). Innovation in Africa: Why Institutions Matter.South African Journal of Economics, 83(3), 390-410.

Omri, A., & Mabrouk, N. B. (2020). Good governance for sustainable development goals: Getting ahead of the pack or falling behind?Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 83 (July), 106388.

Omwami, E., & Rust, V. (2020). Globalization, nationalism, and inclusive education for all: A reflection on the ideological shifts in education reform. In J. Zajda (Ed.), Globalisation, ideology and neo-liberal higher education reforms (pp. 31-46). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.

Opoku, M., Cuskelly, M., Rayner, C. & Pedersen, S. (2020). The impact of teacher attributes on intentions to practice inclusive education in secondary schools in Ghana. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, DOI: 10.1080/1034912X.2020.1731434.

Osabuohien, E. S., &Efobi, U. R. (2013). Africa’s money in Africa.South African Journal of Economics, 81(2), 292-306.

Peprah, J. A, Ofori , I. K, &Asomani., A. N. 2019. Financial Development, Remittances and Economic Growth: A Threshold Analysis. Cogent Economics & Finance, 7(1), 1-20.

Robinson, M. (2015). Why gender equality is key to sustainable development. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/03/why-gender-equality-is-integral-to-sustainable-development/(Accessed: 02/01/2018).

Roodman, D. (2009a). A Note on the Theme of Too Many Instruments.Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 71(1), 135-158.

Roodman, D. (2009b). How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata.Stata Journal, 9(1), 86-136.

Tchamyou, S. V. (2017). The Role of Knowledge Economy in African Business.Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 8(4), 1189-1228.

Tchamyou, V. S. (2021). Education, Lifelong learning, Inequality and Financial access: Evidence from African countries. Contemporary Social Science, 15(1), 7-25.

Tchamyou, V. S. (2019). The Role of Information Sharing in Modulating the Effect of Financial Access on Inequality. Journal of African Business, 20(3), 317-338.

Tchamyou, V. S., & Asongu, S. A. (2017).Information Sharing and Financial Sector Development in Africa.Journal of African Business, 18(7), 24-49.

Tchamyou, V.S., Erreygers, G., &Cassimon, D. (2019). Inequality, ICT and Financial Access in Africa.Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 139(February), 169-184.

Theriault, V., Smale, M., & Haider, H. (2017). How Does Gender Affect Sustainable Intensification of Cereal Production in the West African Sahel? Evidence from Burkina Faso.World Development, 92(April), 177-191.

Uduji, J.I. &Okolo-Obasi, E. N. (2018). Young rural women’s participation in the e-wallet programme and usage intensity of modern agricultural inputs in Nigeria.Gender, Technology and Development, 22(1), 59-81.

World Bank (2018). Globally, Countries Lose $160 Trillion in Wealth Due to Earnings Gaps Between Women and Men.The World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/05/30/globally-countries-lose-160-trillion-in-wealth-due-to-earnings-gaps-between-women-and-men (Accessed: 03/01/2018).