Benchmarking agri-food sustainability certifications: evidences from applying SAFA in the Ecuadorian banana agri-system

Bonisoli, Lorenzo and Piedra-Muñoz, Laura and Galdeano-Gómez, Emilio and Pérez Mesa, Juan Carlos (2019): Benchmarking agri-food sustainability certifications: evidences from applying SAFA in the Ecuadorian banana agri-system. Published in: Journal of Cleaner Production , Vol. 1, No. 236

Abstract

Certified products are a possible way to obtain and improve sustainability. Nevertheless, their effectiveness in enhancing agri-system sustainability is strongly questioned in the academic arena. This study aims to examine in depth the effect of certification on sustainability achievement. For this purpose, organic and Fairtrade Ecuadorian banana is analysed against the conventional banana. This study employs an original approach that operationalises SAFA (Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture). This tool was chosen for the analysis because of the wide spectrum of sustainability issues considered in the evaluation, along with the fact that it is easy for producers and decision makers to implement and understand, and offers the consequential possibility to identify precise measures to enhance sustainability in the short term. Results show that organic and Fairtrade farms achieve more sustainable performance than those of conventional farms in terms of governance, environmental and economic dimensions. Nevertheless, conventional farms display better outcomes in matters of social sustainability. The reason most likely lies in the size and processes of farms rather than their certification standards. This study may be used by practitioners as a valid benchmark for the implementation of SAFA to other agri-systems and by decision-makers as a guide for the regulation of agri-sector processes.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: Certifications, SAFA, Fairtrade, Organic, Ecuador
• Subjects: F - International Economics > F1 - Trade > F18 - Trade and Environment; M - Business Administration and Business Economics ; Marketing ; Accounting ; Personnel Economics > M2 - Business Economics; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation

References

AEBE, 2017. Anuario 2017. Guayaquil.

Al Shamsi, K.B., Timpanaro, G., Cosentino, S.L., Guarnaccia, P., Compagnoni, A., 2018. A sustainable organic production model for “food sovereignty” in the United Arab Emirates and Sicily-Italy. Sustain. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030620

Annunziata, A., Mariani, A., Vecchio, R., 2019. Effectiveness of sustainability labels in guiding food choices: Analysis of visibility and understanding among young adults. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 17, 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2018.09.005

Annunziata, A., Scarpato, D., 2014. Factors affecting consumer attitudes towards food products with sustainable attributes. Agric. Econ. Ekon. 60, 353–363.

Apaolaza, V., Hartmann, P., D ’souza, C., López, C.M., 2017. Eat organic – Feel good? The relationship between organic food consumption, health concern and subjective wellbeing. Food Qual. Prefer. 63, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.07.011

Asif, M., Xuhui, W., Nasiri, A., Ayyub, S., 2018. Determinant factors influencing organic food purchase intention and the moderating role of awareness: A comparative analysis. Food Qual. Prefer. 63, 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.08.006

Ayuya, O.I., Gido, E.O., Bett, H.K., Lagat, J.K., Kahi, A.K., Bauer, S., 2015. Effect of Certified Organic Production Systems on Poverty among Smallholder Farmers : Empirical Evidence from Kenya Effect of Certified Organic Production Systems on Poverty among Smallholder Farmers : Empirical Evidence from Kenya. World Dev. 67, 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.10.005

Azadi, H., Schoonbeek, S., Mahmoudi, H., Derudder, B., De Maeyer, P., Witlox, F., 2011. Organic agriculture and sustainable food production system: Main potentials. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 144, 92–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.08.001

Bacon, C., 2005. Confronting the coffee crisis: Can Fair Trade, organic, and specialty coffees reduce small-scale farmer vulnerability in Northern Nicaragua? World Dev. 33, 497–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.10.002

Bacon, C.M., Méndez, V.E., Fox, J.A., 2008. Cultivating Sustainable Coffee: Persistent Paradoxes, in: Confronting the Coffee Crisis: Fair Trade, Sustainable Livelihoods and Ecosystems in Mexico and Central America. https://doi.org/DOI:10.7551/mitpress/9780262026338.003.0014

Barham, B.L., Weber, J.G., 2012. The Economic Sustainability of Certified Coffee: Recent Evidence from Mexico and Peru. World Dev. 40, 1269–1279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.11.005

Bassett, T.J., 2010. Slim pickings: Fairtrade cotton in West Africa. Geoforum 41, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.03.002

BCE, 2017a. Reporte de pobreza, ingreso y desigualdad. Quito.

BCE, 2017b. Estadísticas macroeconómicas presentación estructural., Banco Central del Ecuador. Quito. https://doi.org/10.1515/ibero-2013-0044

Bellamy, A.S., Svensson, O., van den Brink, P.J., Tedengren, M., 2016. What is in a label? Rainforest-Alliance certified banana production versus non-certified conventional banana production. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 7, 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2016.05.002

Bellucci, M., Bagnoli, L., Biggeri, M., Rinaldi, V., 2012. Performance Measurement In Solidarity Economy Organizations: The Case Of Fair Trade Shops In Italy. Ann. Public Coop. Econ. 83, 25–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.2011.00453.x

Beuchelt, T.D., Zeller, M., 2011. Profits and poverty: Certification’s troubled link for Nicaragua’s organic and fairtrade coffee producers. Ecol. Econ. 70, 1316–1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.01.005

Birkhofer, K., Bezemer, T.M., Bloem, J., Bonkowski, M., Christensen, S., Dubois, D., Ekelund, F., Fließbach, A., Gunst, L., Hedlund, K., Mäder, P., Mikola, J., Robin, C., Setälä, H., Tatin-Froux, F., Van der Putten, W.H., Scheu, S., 2008. Long-term organic farming fosters below and aboveground biota: Implications for soil quality, biological control and productivity. Soil Biol. Biochem. 40, 2297–2308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.05.007

Boggia, a., Paolotti, L., Castellini, C., 2010. Environmental impact evaluation of conventional, organic and organic-plus poultry production systems using life cycle assessment. Worlds. Poult. Sci. J. 66, 95. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933910000103

Bonanomi, G., De Filippis, F., Cesarano, G., La Storia, A., Ercolini, D., Scala, F., 2016. Organic farming induces changes in soil microbiota that affect agro-ecosystem functions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 103, 327–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.09.005

Bonisoli, L., Galdeano-Gómez, E., Piedra-Muñoz, L., 2018. Deconstructing criteria and assessment tools to build agri-sustainability indicators and support farmers’ decision-making process. J. Clean. Prod. 182, 1080–1094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.055

Borland, M.E., Bailey, M., 2019. A tale of two standards: A case study of the Fair Trade USA certified Maluku handline yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) fishery. Mar. Policy 100, 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.12.004

Castro, L.M., Calvas, B., Knoke, T., 2015. Ecuadorian Banana Farms Should Consider Organic Banana with Low Price Risks in Their Land-Use Portfolios. PLoS One 10, e0120384. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120384

Chekima, B., Oswald, A.I., Wafa, S.A.W.S.K., Chekima, K., 2017. Narrowing the gap: Factors driving organic food consumption. J. Clean. Prod. 166, 1438–1447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.086

Clercx, L., Huyghe, B., 2013. Towards a More Sustainable Banana - Limitations and Strengths of a Territorial Approach. Int. Ishs-Promusa Symp. Banan. Plantains Towar. Sustain. Glob. Prod. Improv. Use 986, 353–362.

Clercx, L., Zambrano, M.A., Bejarano, J.D., Espinoza, B.F., 2015. Towards biological control of red rust banana thrips in organic and conventional banana. Acta Hortic. 1105, 73–80. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1105.11

Connor, D.J., 2008. Organic agriculture cannot feed the world. F. Crop. Res. 106, 187–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2007.11.010

Dabkiene, V., 2016. the Scope of Farms Sustainability Tools Based on Fadn Data. Sci. Pap. Manag. Econ. Eng. Agric. Rural Dev. 16, 121–128. de Olde, E.M., Bokkers, E.A.M., de Boer, I.J.M., 2017. The Choice of the Sustainability Assessment Tool Matters: Differences in Thematic Scope and Assessment Results. Ecol. Econ. 136, 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.02.015

de Olde, E.M., Oudshoorn, F., Bokkers, E., Stubsgaard, A., Sørensen, C., de Boer, I.J.M., 2016. Assessing the Sustainability Performance of Organic Farms in Denmark. Sustainability 8, 957. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090957

De Ponti, T., Rijk, B., Van Ittersum, M.K., 2012. The crop yield gap between organic and conventional agriculture. Agric. Syst. 108, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2011.12.004

Dettmann, R.L., Dimitri, C., 2010. Who’s buying organic vegetables? Demographic characteristics of U.S. consumers. J. Food Prod. Mark. 16, 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454440903415709

Dietz, T., Auffenberg, J., Estrella Chong, A., Grabs, J., Kilian, B., 2018. The Voluntary Coffee Standard Index (VOCSI). Developing a Composite Index to Assess and Compare the Strength of Mainstream Voluntary Sustainability Standards in the Global Coffee Industry. Ecol. Econ. 150, 72–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.03.026

Dimitri, C., Dettmann, R.L., 2012. Organic food consumers: what do we really know about them? Br. Food J. 114, 1157–1183. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070701211252101

El Telegrafo, 2017. La caja del banano se pagará en $ 6,20.

FAO, 2015. SAFA - Smallholders App. Roma. https://doi.org/10.2144/000113056

FAO, 2014. Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture systems: Tool. Roma.

FAO, 2013a. SAFA Guidelines v 3.0. Roma. https://doi.org/10.2144/000113056

FAO, 2013b. Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agricultural System: indicators. Roma. https://doi.org/10.2144/000113056

Fess, T.L., Benedito, V.A., 2018. Organic versus conventional cropping sustainability: A comparative system analysis. Sustain. 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010272

FLO, 2017. Annual Report 2016-17 [WWW Document]. URL https://annualreport16-17.fairtrade.net/en/ (accessed 4.17.18).

Flocert, 2018. About Us [WWW Document]. URL https://www.flocert.net/about-flocert/ (accessed 4.17.18). Focus Economics, 2018. Economic Snapshot for Latin America [WWW Document]. URL https://www.focus-economics.com/regions/latin-america (accessed 4.8.18).

Foteinis, S., Chatzisymeon, E., 2015. Life cycle assessment of organic versus conventional agriculture . A case study of lettuce cultivation in Greece. J. Clean. Prod. 112, 2462–2471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.075

Fridell, M., Hudson, I., Hudson, M., 2008. With friends like these: The corporate response to fair trade coffee. Rev. Radic. Polit. Econ. 40, 8–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0486613407311082

Friedmann, H., McMichael, P., 1989. Agriculture and the state system: The rise and decline of national agricultures, 1870 to the present. Sociol. Ruralis 29, 93–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1989.tb00360.x

Froehlich, A.G., Melo, A.S.S.A., Sampaio, B., 2018. Comparing the Profitability of Organic and Conventional Production in Family Farming: Empirical Evidence From Brazil. Ecol. Econ. 150, 307–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.04.022

Gasso, V., Oudshoorn, F.W., de Olde, E.M., Sørensen, C.A.G., 2015. Generic sustainability assessment themes and the role of context: The case of Danish maize for German biogas. Ecol. Indic. 49, 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.10.008

Gaviglio, A., Bertocchi, M., Demartini, E., 2017. Lessons learned from a process of farm sustainability assessment: literature review, methodology and governance opportunities. Riv. Di Stud. Sulla Sostenibilita’ 129–139. https://doi.org/10.3280/RISS2016-002012

Gayatri, S., Gasso-tortajada, V., Vaarst, M., 2016. Assessing Sustainability of Smallholder Beef Cattle Farming in Indonesia: A Case Study Using the FAO SAFA Framework. J. Sustain. Dev. 9, 236. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n3p236

GlobalGap, 2018. The GLOBALG.A.P. System [WWW Document]. URL https://www.globalgap.org/uk_en/what-we-do/the-gg-system/ (accessed 4.14.18).

Goodman, M.S., Goodman, D., DuPuis, E.M., 2011. Alternative Food Networks Knowledge, Practice, and Politics. Routledge, London.

Gracia, A., de Magistris, T., 2008. The demand for organic foods in the South of Italy: A discrete choice model. Food Policy 33, 386–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2007.12.002

Haggar, J., Soto, G., Casanoves, F., Virginio, E. de M., 2017. Environmental-economic benefits and trade-offs on sustainably certified coffee farms. Ecol. Indic. 79, 330–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.04.023

Hellmeister, A., Richins, H., 2019. Green to gold: Beneficial impacts of sustainability certification and practice on tour enterprise performance. Sustain. 11, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030709

Hole, D.G., Perkins, A.J., Wilson, J.D., Alexander, I.H., Grice, P. V., Evans, A.D., 2005. Does organic farming benefit biodiversity? Biol. Conserv. 122, 113–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.07.018

Howard, P.H., Jaffee, D., 2013. Tensions between firm size and sustainability goals: Fair trade coffee in the united states. Sustain. 5, 72–89. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5010072

Hřebíček, J., Faldík, O., Kasem, E., Trenz, O., 2015. Determinants of sustainability reporting in food and agriculture sectors. Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 63, 539–552. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563020539

Hřebíček, J., Trenz, O., Vernerova, E., 2013. Optimal set of agri-environmental indicators for the agricultural sector of Czech Republic. Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 61, 2171–2181. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072171

Hwang, J., 2016. Organic food as self-presentation: The role of psychological motivation in older consumers’ purchase intention of organic food. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 28, 281–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.01.007

Ibanez, M., & Blackman, A., 2016. Is eco-certification a win–win for developing country agriculture? Organic coffee certification in Colombia. 82, 14-27. World Dev. 82, 14–27.

IFOAM, 2016. the Future Consolidated Annual Report of Ifoam - Organics International 2015.

Ingenbleek, P.T.M., Reinders, M.J., 2013. The Development of a Market for Sustainable Coffee in The Netherlands: Rethinking the Contribution of Fair Trade. J. Bus. Ethics 113, 461–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1316-4

Jawtusch, J., Schader, C., Stolze, M., Baumgart, L., Niggli, U., 2013. Sustainability Monitoring and Assessment Routine : Results from pilot applications of the FAO SAFA Guidelines, in: Réseau – Echanges- Développement Durable (REDD) (Ed.), International Symposium on Mediterranean Organic Agriculture and Quality Signs Related to the Origin (Agadir, Morocco, 2-4 December 2013). Losanna, Svizzera, pp. 1–8.

Kassem, E., Trenz, O., Hřebíček, J., Faldík, O., 2017. Sustainability Assessment and Reporting in Agriculture Sector. Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 65, 1359–1369. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765041359

Kleemann, L., Abdulai, A., 2013. Organic certification, agro-ecological practices and return on investment: Evidence from pineapple producers in Ghana. Ecol. Econ. 93, 330–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.06.017

Kleemann, L., Abdulai, A., Buss, M., 2014. Certification and access to export markets: Adoption and return on investment of organic-certified pineapple farming in Ghana. World Dev. 64, 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.05.005

Krumbiegel, K., Maertens, M., Wollni, M., 2018. The Role of Fairtrade Certification for Wages and Job Satisfaction of Plantation Workers. World Dev. 102, 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.09.020

La Rosa, a. D., Siracusa, G., Cavallaro, R., 2008. Emergy evaluation of Sicilian red orange production. A comparison between organic and conventional farming. J. Clean. Prod. 16, 1907–1914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.01.003

Lambin, E.F., Thorlakson, T., 2018. Interactions Between Private Actors, Civil Society, and Governments. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 43, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ

Landert, J., Schader, C., Moschitz, H., Stolze, M., 2017. A Holistic Sustainability Assessment Method for Urban Food System Governance. Sustainability 9, 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040490

Leifeld, J., 2012. How sustainable is organic farming? Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 150, 121–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.01.020

Lyon, S., Bezaury, J.A., Mutersbaugh, T., 2010. Gender equity in fairtrade-organic coffee producer organizations: Cases from Mesoamerica. Geoforum 41, 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.04.006

Melo, C.J., 2005. Empirical Assessment of Eco-Certification: The Case of Ecuadorian Bananas. Organ. Environ. 18, 287–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026605279461

Melo, C.J., Hollander, G.M., 2013. Unsustainable development: Alternative food networks and the Ecuadorian Federation of Cocoa Producers, 1995-2010. J. Rural Stud. 32, 251–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.07.004

Melo, C.J., Wolf, S. a., 2007. Ecocertification of Ecuadorian bananas: Prospects for progressive North-South linkages. Stud. Comp. Int. Dev. 42, 256–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-007-9009-1

Milder, J., Newsom, D., 2015. 2015 SAN / Rainforest Alliance Impacts Report. New York.

Minten, B., Dereje, M., Engida, E., Tamru, S., 2018. Tracking the Quality Premium of Certified Coffee: Evidence from Ethiopia. World Dev. 101, 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.08.010

Moberg, M., 2014. Certification and neoliberal governance: Moral economies of fair trade in the eastern caribbean. Am. Anthropol. 116, 8–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.12073

Monier-Dilhan, S., Bergès, F., 2016. Consumers’ motivations driving organic demand: Between selfinterest and sustainability. Agric. Resour. Econ. Rev. 45, 522–538. https://doi.org/10.1017/age.2016.6

Monier, S., Hassan, D., Nichèle, V., Simioni, M., 2009. Organic Food Consumption Patterns. J. Agric. Food Ind. Organ. 7. https://doi.org/10.2202/1542-0485.1269

Mutersbaugh, T., Lyon, S., 2010. Transparency and democracy in certified ethical commodity networks. Geoforum 41, 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.11.013

Niggli, U., Earley, J., Ogorzalek, K., 2007. Organic Agriculture and Stability of Food Supply, in: International Conference on Organic Agriculture and Food Security.

Oroian, C., Safirescu, C., Harun, R., Chiciudean, G., Arion, F., Muresan, I., Bordeanu, B., 2017. Consumers’ Attitudes towards Organic Products and Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Romania. Sustainability 9, 1559. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091559

Parvathi, P., Waibel, H., 2016. Organic Agriculture and Fair Trade: A Happy Marriage? A Case Study of Certified Smallholder Black Pepper Farmers in India. World Dev. 77, 206–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.08.027

Patil, S., Reidsma, P., Shah, P., Purushothaman, S., Wolf, J., 2014. Comparing conventional and organic agriculture in Karnataka, India: Where and when can organic farming be sustainable? Land use policy 37, 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.01.006

Peschel, A.O., Orquin, J.L., Mueller Loose, S., 2019. Increasing consumers’ attention capture and food choice through bottom-up effects. Appetite 132, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.09.015

Pimentel, D., Hepperly, P., Hanson, J., Douds, J., Seidel, R., 2005. Environmental, Energetic, and Economic Comparisons of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems. Bioscience 55, 573. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0573:EEAECO]2.0.CO;2

Pritchett, K., Kennedy, A.C., Cogger, C.G., 2011. Management Effects on Soil Quality in Organic Vegetable Systems in Western Washington. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75, 605. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2009.0294

Rainforest Alliance, 2018. Who we are [WWW Document]. URL https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/about (accessed 4.15.18).

Rana, J., Paul, J., 2017. Consumer behavior and purchase intention for organic food: A review and research agenda. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 38, 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.06.004

Raynolds, L.T., 2008. The organic agro-export boom in the Dominican Republic. Maintaining Tradition or Fostering Transformation ? Lat. Am. Res. Rev. 43, 261–272.

Raynolds, L.T., 2000. Re-embedding global agriculture: The international organic and fair trade movements. Agric. Human Values 17, 297–309. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007608805843

Raynolds, L.T., Ngcwangu, S.U., 2010. Fair Trade Rooibos tea: Connecting South African producers and American consumer markets. Geoforum 41, 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.02.004

Rodrigues, D.B., Dalmarco, D. de A.S., Aoqui, C., Marinho, B. de L., 2016. The meaning of the organic certification label for the consumer: a cluster analysis. REGE - Rev. Gestão 23, 316–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rege.2016.08.001

Ruben, R., Cepeda, D., de Hoop, T., 2008. Fair Trade impact of banana production in El Guabo Association, Ecuador: a production function analysis, in: Impact of Fair Trade. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, pp. 155–167.

Santos, E., Sa, E., Hidalgo, L., Cha, T., Villao, L., Pacheco, R., Navarrete, O., 2016. Status and challenges of genetically modified crops and food in Ecuador. Acta Hortic. 1110, 229–235. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1110.33

Schader, C., Baumgart, L., Landert, J., Muller, A., Ssebunya, B., Blockeel, J., Weisshaidinger, R., Petrasek, R., Mészáros, D., Padel, S., Gerrard, C., Smith, L., Lindenthal, T., Niggli, U., Stolze, M., 2016. Using the Sustainability Monitoring and Assessment Routine (SMART) for the systematic analysis of trade-offs and synergies between sustainability dimensions and themes at farm level. Sustain. 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8030274

Schader, C., Grenz, J., Meier, M.S., Stolze, M., 2014. Scope and precision of sustainability assessment approaches to food systems. Ecol. Soc. 19. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06866-190342

Scialabba, N.E.-H., Müller-Lindenlauf, M., 2010. Organic agriculture and climate change. Renew. Agric. Food Syst. 25, 158–169. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170510000116

Şen, G., Güngör, E., 2018. Local Perceptions of Forest Certification in State ‑ Based Forest Enterprises. Small-scale For. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-018-9404-7 SENPLADES, 2013. Plan Nacional para el Buen Vivir. Quito.

Ssebunya, B.R., Altenbuchner, C., Schmid, E., Schader, C., Landert, J., Baumgart, L., Stolze, M., 2018. Sustainability Performance of Certified and Non-certified

Smallholder Coffee Farms in Uganda. Ecol. Econ. 156, 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.09.004

Ssebunya, B.R., Schmid, E., van Asten, P., Schader, C., Altenbuchner, C., Stolze, M., 2016. Stakeholder engagement in prioritizing sustainability assessment themes for smallholder coffee production in Uganda. Renew. Agric. Food Syst. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170516000363 T empler, N., Hauser, M., Owamani, A., Kamusingize, D., Ogwali, H., Mulumba, L., Onwonga, R., Adugna, B.T., Probst, L., 2018. Does certified organic agriculture increase agroecosystem health? Evidence from four farming systems in Uganda. Int. J. Agric. Sustain. 0, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2018.1440465

Theurl, M.C., Hörtenhuber, S.J., Lindenthal, T., Palme, W., 2017. Unheated soil-grown winter vegetables in Austria: Greenhouse gas emissions and socio-economic factors of diffusion potential. J. Clean. Prod. 151, 134–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.016

Thierfelder, C., Wall, P.C., 2009. Effects of conservation agriculture techniques on infiltration and soil water content in Zambia and Zimbabwe. Soil Tillage Res. 105, 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2009.07.007

Torres, J., Valera, D.L., Belmonte, L.J., Herrero-sánchez, C., 2016. Economic and Social Sustainability through Organic Agriculture : Study of the Restructuring of the Citrus Sector in the “ Bajo Andarax ” District ( Spain ). Sustainability 8, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090918

Tröster, R., Hiete, M., 2018. Success of voluntary sustainability certification schemes – A comprehensive review. J. Clean. Prod. 196, 1034–1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.240

Tuomisto, H.L., Hodge, I.D., Riordan, P., Macdonald, D.W., 2012. Does organic farming reduce environmental impacts?--a meta-analysis of European research. J. Environ. Manage. 112, 309–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.018

Underwood, T., McCullum-Gomez, C., Harmon, A., Roberts, S., 2011. Organic Agriculture Supports Biodiversity and Sustainable Food Production. J. Hunger Environ. Nutr. 6, 398–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/19320248.2011.627301

van Calker, K.J., Berentsen, P.B.M., de Boer, I.J.M., Giesen, G.W.J., Huirne, R.B.M., 2007. Modelling worker physical health and societal sustainability at farm level: An application to conventional and organic dairy farming. Agric. Syst. 94, 205–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2006.08.006

Vehapi, S., Dolićanin, E., 2016. Consumers Behavior on Organic Food : Evidence From. Econ. Agric. 3, 871–889.

Veldstra, M.D., Alexander, C.E., Marshall, M.I., 2014. To certify or not to certify? Separating the organic production and certification decisions. Food Policy 49, 429–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.05.010

Wibowo, A., Pratiwi, S., Giessen, L., Wibowo, A., 2018. Comparing management schemes for forest certification and timber-legality verification : Complementary or competitive in indonesia ? timber-legality veri fi cation : Complementary or competitive in. J. Sustain. For. 00, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2018.1498359

Wier, M., O’Doherty Jensen, K., Andersen, L.M., Millock, K., 2008. The character of demand in mature organic food markets: Great Britain and Denmark compared. Food Policy 33, 406–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.002

Wilson, B.R., 2010. Indebted to Fair Trade? Coffee and crisis in Nicaragua. Geoforum 41, 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.06.008

Wilson, M., Jackson, P., 2016. Fairtrade bananas in the Caribbean: Towards a moral economy of recognition. Geoforum 70, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.01.003

Yadav, R., 2016. Altruistic or egoistic : Which value promotes organic food consumption among young consumers ? A study in the context of a developing nation. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 33, 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.08.008

Yadav, R., Pathak, G.S., 2016. Intention to purchase organic food among young consumers: Evidences from a developing nation. Appetite 96, 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.017