Assessment of Drinking Water Quality: Its Health and Marketing Impacts

Ahmad, Saba (2024): Assessment of Drinking Water Quality: Its Health and Marketing Impacts.

Abstract

Water, essential for all life, is abundantly present in nature and crucial for the environmental health of communities. Pakistan, ranking ninth among countries with limited access to clean water, has 21 million people out of 207 million facing this challenge. The study focuses on analyzing drinking water quality and health impacts in Havelian district. Twenty-one samples from eleven locations were examined for various physical and chemical parameters. Respondents overwhelmingly favored bottled water as safest, while solutions like filters and pipeline upgrades were suggested to address water quality issues. Few health issues were reported due to overall better water quality, with typhoid and diarrhea being most common. The study offers insights valuable for policymakers and researchers, discussed along with recommendations in subsequent sections.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: Drinking water; quality; chemical properties; consumer health; consumer decisions.
• Subjects: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q5 - Environmental Economics > Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling

References

Ahmed, T., Pervez, A., Mehtab, M., & Sherwani, S. K. (2015). Assessment of drinking water quality and its potential health impacts in academic institutions of Abbottabad (Pakistan). Desalination and Water Treatment, 54(7), 1819-1828.

Akhtar, M. M., & Tang, Z. (2013). Identification of contamination sources and TDS concentration in groundwater of second biggest city of Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 4(3), 341.

American Public Health Association. (1926). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (Vol. 6). American Public Health Association.

Aslam, M., & Ahmed, M. (1993). An inquiry into the incidence and prevalence of water borne diseases: a case history of Faisalabad. Journal of Animaland Plant Sciences, 3, 101.

Ayesha, A. (2009). Water quality Assessment of River Ravi around Lahore city. In Pakistan Engineering Congress, 71st Annual Session Proceedings, Paper No. 704.

Bacha, M., Moali, A., Benmansour, N.E., Brylinski, J.M., Mahe, K., & Amara, R. (2010). Relationships between age, growth, diet and environmental parameters for anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L.) in the Bay of Bénisaf (SW Mediterranean, west Algerian coast). Cybium, 34(1), 47-57.

Chilton, P.J., Jamieson, D., Abid, M.S., Milne, C.J., Ince, M.E., & Aziz, J.A. (2001). Pakistan water quality mapping and management project. Scooping study-draft final report, May 2001. Loughborough, UK: Water Engineering Development Centre, Loughborough University & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicines, Publisher: LSHTM, Water, Engineering and Development Centre.

Chitmanat.Traichaiyaporn, M. N. K., Richter, P., &Häder, D. P. (2010). Water pollution in Pakistan and its impact on public health—a review. Environment International, 37(2), 479-497.

Daud, M.K., et al. (2017). Drinking water quality status and contamination in Pakistan.

Daud, M.K., Nafees, M., Ali, S., Rizwan, M., Bajwa, R.A., Shakoor, M.B., Arshad, M.U., Chatha, S.A.S., Deeba, F., Murad, W., & Malook, I. (2017). Drinking water quality status and contamination in Pakistan. BioMed Research International, 2017, Article ID 7908183, 18.

Degen, J., & Nussberger, F.E. (Feb,1956). Notes on the determination of suspended solids. Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 2(28), 237-240.

Ejaz, M., Omm-e-Hany, S.U., Mehmood, K., Ahmed, A., Ali, S., ...& Ghori, M. (2010). Public Health Quality of Drinking Water supply in Orangi Town, Karachi, Pakistan. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 4, 88-94.

Elfaith, A.B., Elthahir, A.B., & Jefferey, D. Niemann. (2004). Prediction of regional water balance components based on climate, soil, and vegetation parameters, with application to the Illinois river basin.

Falkenmark, M., & Lundquist, J. (1994). Towards water security: Political determination and human adaptation crucial. [Online]. Available: [maps.google.com].

Goetz, C.A., & Smith, R.C. (1959). Evaluation of various methods and reagents for total hardness and calcium hardness in water. Iowa State Journal of Science, 34, 81.

Greenburg, J., Gundry, S., & Conroy, R. (2004). Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point‐of‐use. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 9(1), 106-117.

Haydar, S., Arshad, M., & Aziz, J.A. (2016). Evaluation of drinking water quality in urban areas of Pakistan: A case study of Southern Lahore. Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5, 16-23.

Hussain, J., Shah, J., Hussain, W., Ali, R., Soausa, L.J., Lopes, W.A., Khan, I., & Nascimento, I.A. (2006). Evaluation of the Quality of Drinking Water of Mardan District, KPK, Pakistan. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 12(8), 1047-1051.

Iftikhar, B., Bashirullah, N., Ishtiaq, M., Khan, S.A., Siddique, S., & Ayaz, T. (2016). Chemical quality assessment of drinking water in district Peshawar, Pakistan. Khyber Medical University Journal, 8(4), 171.

Ilahia, I., Jamila, R. A., & Kazmib, S. (2014). Financial performance of investment banks: a comparison. Journal of Management Info, 4(1), 35-51.

InamUllah, E., & Alam, A. (2014). Assessment of drinking water quality in Peshawar, Pakistan. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 20(3), 595-600.

Ishaya, S., & Abaje, I.B. (2009). Assessment of bore wells water quality in Gwagwalada town of FCT. Journal of Ecology and The Natural Environment, 1(2), 32-36.

Jackson, R.B., Carpenter, S.R., Dahm, C.N., McKnight, D.M., Naiman, R.J., Postel, S.L., & Running, S.W. (2001). Water in a changing world. Ecological Applications, 11(4), 1027-1045.

Jamil, R. A., & Qayyum, A. (2023). Reciprocal effects of word of mouse and online trust: a Three-Wave longitudinal study. Journal of Internet Commerce, 22(3), 321-348.

JAMIL, R. A., & SHAH, S. T. H. (2016). Organizational Change Management: A Review Study. Discourse, 2(02).

Jamil, R. A., Shah, A. M., & Khan, S. (2021). THE IMPACT OF ENDORSER'S CREDIBILITY ON CONSUMER RESPONSES: AN EMPIRICAL ENDEAVOR. Sarhad Journal of Management Sciences, 7(2), 269-288.

Jamil, R. A., ul Hassan, S. R., Khan, T. I., Shah, R., & Nazir, S. (2024). Influence of personality on skepticism toward online services information, consumer stress, and health: an experimental investigation. Management Research Review, 47(1), 123-140.

Jamil, R., Hassan, S., Farid, A., & Ahmad, N. (2017). Investigating the impact of consumer values and advocacy behavior on buying decision satisfac-tion: A study through gender lens. Management Science Letters, 7(4), 185-196.

Jonnalagadda, S.B., & Mhere, G. (2001). Water quality of the Odzi River in the eastern highlands of Zimbabwe. Water Research, 35(10), 2371-2376.

Karim, M.R., Rhodes, E.R., Brinkman, N., Wymer, L., & Fout, G.S. (2009). New electropositive filter for concentrating enteroviruses and noroviruses from large volumes of water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75(8), 2393-2399.

Karthika, I.N., Thara, K., & Dheenadayalan, M.S. (2018). Physico-Chemical Study of the Ground Water Quality at Selected Locations in Periyakulam, Theni district, Tamilnadu, India. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(1), 422-428.

Khan, I., Khan, A., Naz, A., Shah, W., Khan, A., Ziad, M., & Rizwan, M. Assessment of Drinking Water Quality in Relation to Sanitation in Haripur City, Pakistan. Journal of Science and Technology, University of Peshawar, 40(2), 46-58.

Khan, M.S., & Ahmad, S.R. (2012). Microbiological contamination in groundwater of Wah area. Pakistan Journal of Science, 64(1), 20-23.

Khan, S.S., Tareen, H., Jabeen, U., Mengal, F., Masood, Z., Ahmed, S., Bibi, S., Riaz, M., Rizwan, S., Mandokhail, F., & Irum, U. (2015, July). Quality assessment of drinking water from the different colonies of Quetta city, Pakistan according to WHO Standards. In Biological Forum, 7(2), 699.

Khan, T., Muhammad, S., & Khan, H. (2011). Investigation the levels of selected heavy metals in surface water of Shah Alam River (A tribute of River Kabul, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 442(2), 71-79.

Kosek, M., Bern, C., & Guerrant, R.L. (2003). The magnitude of the global burden of diarrhoeal disease from studies published 1992–2000. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81(3), 197-204.

Kumar, P., Pramanik, R., & Singh, B. (2017). Evaluation of Ground Water and Surface Water of Central University of Jharkhand Campus and Adjoining Areas. Indian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 13(2), 134.

Larson, T.E., & Henley, L. (1955). Determination of low alkalinity or acidity in water. Analytical Chemistry, 27(5), 851-852.

Mahmud, K., & Ayazuddin, A.R. (2007). Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey-2005-06.

Mazhar, R., Qayyum, A., & Jamil, R. A. (2024). The dimensional impact of escapism on users’ eCart abandonment: mediating role of attitude towards online shopping. Management Research Review, 47(3), 374-389.

Mehlich, A., & Monroe, R.J. (1952). Report on potassium analyses by means of flame photometer methods. Journal of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 35(3), 588-596.

Mehmood, S., Ahmad, A., Ahmed, A., Khalid, N., & Javed, T. (2013). Drinking water quality in the capital city of Pakistan. International Journal of Scientific Reports, 2, 637.

Memon, M., Soomro, M.S., Akhtar, M.S., & Memon, K.S. (2011). Drinking water quality assessment in Southern Sindh (Pakistan). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 177(1-4), 39-50.

Meride, Y., & Ayenew, B. (2016). Drinking water quality assessment and its effects on residents' health in Wondo genet campus, Ethiopia. Environmental Systems Research, 5(1), 1.

Michaud, J.P. (1994). Measuring Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity in lakes and streams. A Citizen's Guide to Understanding and Monitoring Lakes and Streams. Publish No. 94-149, State of Washington, Department of Ecology.

Mohsin, M., Safdar, S., Asghar, F., & Jamal, F. (2013). Assessment of drinking water quality and its impact on residents' health in Bahawalpur city. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(15), 114-128.

Mosse, D. (2008). Epilogue: The cultural politics of water–A comparative perspective. Journal of Southern African Studies, 34(4), 939-948.

Nabeela, F., Azizullah, A., Bibi, R., Uzma, S., Murad, W., Shakir, S.K., Ullah, W., Qasim, M., & Häder, D.P. (2014). Microbial contamination of drinking water in Pakistan—a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(24), 13929-13942.

National water quality monitoring program a PSDP project, 2002-2006. Pakistan council of research in water resources (PCRWR).

Ojo, O.A., Bakare, S.B., & Babatunde, A.O. (2007). Microbial And Chemical Analysis Of Potable Water In Public–Water Supply Within Lagos University, Ojo. African Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1(1), 30-35.

Pak-EPA. (1999). Environmental Technology Programme for Industries (Draft Environmental Report), Islamabad: Environmental Protection Agency, Pakistan.

Patel et al. (2010). RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of Amlodipine Besylate and Hydrochlorothiazide in combined dosage forms.

Patil, P.N., Sawant, D.V., & Deshmukh, R.N. (2012). Physico-chemical parameters for testing of water-A review. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3(3), 1194.

PCRWR (2005). Report on Technical Assessment of Water Supply Schemes, 41-42. 23 November 2011 (Accessed 3 January 2011).

Qayyum, A., Jamil, R.A., Shah, A.M., & Lee, K. (2023). Inclusive advertising featuring disability on Instagram: Effect on consumer well-being, brand engagement, and purchase intention. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 75, 103515.

Rodda, N. (2013). Microbial quality of drinking water from ground tanks and tankers at source and point-of-use in eThekwini Municipality, South Africa, and its relationship to health outcomes. Water SA Journal, 39(5), 663-674.

Rout, C., & Sharma, A. (2011). Assessment of drinking water quality: A case study of Ambala cantonment area, Haryana, India. International journal of environmental sciences, 2(2), 933-945.

Shahid, N., Zia, Z., Shahid, M., Faiq Bakhat, H., Anwar, S., Mustafa Shah, G., & Rizwan Ashraf, M. (2015). Assessing Drinking Water Quality in Punjab, Pakistan. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 24(6), 2597-2606.

Simi, S., Arshad, M., & Aziz, J.A. (2011). Evaluation of drinking water quality in urban areas of Pakistan: A case study of Southern Lahore. Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5, 16-22.

Singh, U., Lutchmanariyan, R., Wright, J., Knight, S., Jackson, S., Langmark, J., Vosloo, D., & Rodda, N. (2013). Microbial quality of drinking water from ground tanks and tankers at source and point-of-use in eThekwini Municipality, South Africa, and its relationship to health outcomes. Water SA Journal, 39(5), 663-674.

Snow, R.W., Craig, M.H., Newton, C.R.J.C., & Steketee, R.W. (2003). Disease Control Priorities Project, Bethesda, Maryland, USA: Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health. The public health burden of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Africa. Working Paper No. 11.

Tahir, M.A., Rasheed, H., & Imran, S. (2010). Water quality status in rural areas of Pakistan: publication no. 143-2010. Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), Ministry of Science & Technology. Copyright© 2010 by PCRWR. ISBN 978-969-8469-34-4.

Wayland, R.H. (2002). Office of Wetlands, Oceans and watersheds. 2002 Integrated water quality monitoring and assessment report guidance. Memorandum dated, 5.

West, P.W., Folse, P., & Montgomery, D. (1950). Application of flame spectrophotometry to water analysis. Analytical Chemistry, 22(5), 667-670.

World Health Organization and Unicef. (2013). Ending preventable child deaths from pneumonia and diarrhoea by 2025: The integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD).

World Health Organization. (1999). World health report 1999. Making a difference. Geneva: World Health Organization.

World Health Organization. (2004). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (3rd Ed., Vol. 1). Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO).

World Health Organization. (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Geneva: World Health Organization.

World Health Organization. (2014). UN-water global analysis and assessment of sanitation and drinking-water (GLAAS) 2014 report: investing in water and sanitation: increasing access, reducing inequalities

World Health Organization. (n.d.). Burden of disease and cost-effectiveness estimates.

Zaman, Y., Jamil, R., & Kazmi, Z. (2016). Antecedents of trust in an online environment: A case of Pakistan. Management Science Letters, 6(3), 193-202.