Poverty and development in historical perspective

Chilosi, Alberto (2008): Poverty and development in historical perspective.

Abstract

Seen in historical perspective the main economic predicaments of the present world (such as poverty, inequality, backwardness) appear in a somewhat different light than in many current discussions, especially by sociologists, radical economists and political scientists. In the present paper the achievements of the modern age, and in particular of the post- World War II period, are considered in the perspective of economic and demographic history, and in their connection with the contemporary systems of production and of international relations. Some considerations concerning future possible developments conclude the paper.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: poverty, population, development, distribution, inequality, extraction rate, international relations, globalization, transition, colonialism, slavery, Zen economy, migration, economic consequences of war and peace, atomic warfare
• Subjects: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O1 - Economic Development; P - Economic Systems > P0 - General; N - Economic History > N0 - General

References

Adas, Michael, “Reconsidering the Macro-narrative in Global History: John Darwin’s After Tamerlane and the Case for Comparison”, Journal of Global History (2009) 4, pp.163–173

Amnesty International, “Mauritania: A Future Free From Slavery?”, 7 November 2002. http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR380032002?open&of=ENG-MRT (as of 14/9/09).

Angell, Norman, The Great Illusion: A Study of the Relation of Military Power to National Advantage. London: William Heinemann, 1913 (reprint in April 1913 of the September 1912 edition).

Arndt, Channing, Sam Jones, and Finn Tarp, “Aid and Growth: Have We Come Full Circle?”, Discussion Paper No. 2009/05, UNU-WIDER, October 2009

Asimov, Isaac, Foundation and Earth. London: Grafton Books, 1986

Bairoch, Paul, Victoires et déboires: Histoire économique et sociale du monde du XVIe siècle à nos jours, Vol. II. Gallimard, 1997

Baldwin, Robert E., and L. Alan Winters, eds., Challenges to Globalization: Analyzing the Economics. Chicago: Un. of Chicago Press, 2004

Bales, Kevin, Disposable people: new slavery in the global economy. Berkeley: Un. Of California Press, 2004

Balint, Jennifer L., “Appendix A: Conflict, Conflict Victimization, and Legal Redress, 1945-1996”, Law & Contemporary Problems, vol. 59, no, 4, Autumn 1996, pp. 231-247; http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?59+Law+&+Contemp.+Probs.+231+%28Fall+1996%29 (as of 18/9/2009).

Bartlett, Albert A., The Essential Exponential! For the Future of Our Planet. Lincoln, Nebraska: Center for Science, Mathematics & Computer Education, University of Nebraska, 2004.

Baten, Joerg, Peter Foldvari, Bas van Leeuwen and Jan Luiten van Zanden, “World Income Inequality 1820-2000”, second, but still preliminary draft, 21 July 2009, http://www.basvanleeuwen.net/bestanden/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20baten%20foldvari%20van%20leeuwen%20van%20zanden%20ai20072009.pdf (as of 18/9/2009)

Bauer, Pete T., “The Economics of Resentment: Colonialism and Underdevelopment”, Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 4 no. 1, January 1969, pp. 51-71.

Bauer, Peter T., Dissent on Development. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, sec. ed. 1976a

Bauer, Peter T., “N.H. Stern on Substance and Method in Development Economics”, Journal of Development Economics, vol 2, no. 4 , pp. 387-405, 1976b

Bellwood, Peter and Marc Oxenham, “The Expansions of Farming Societies and the Role of the NeolithicDemographic Transition”, in Bocquet-Appel and Naji, 2008, pp. 13-34.

Bhagwati, Jagdish, In Defense of Globalization. With a New Afterword Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007 [2004].

Bhalla, Surjit S., Imagine There’s No Country: Poverty, Inequality and Growth in the Era of Globalisation. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 2002.

Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre and Stephan Naji, “Testing the Hypothesis of a Worldwide Neolithic Demographic Transition: Corroboration from American Cemeteries”, Current Anthropology, Vol. 47, Number 2, April 2006, pp. 341-365.

Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre and Ofer Bar-Yosef (eds.), The Neolithic Demographic Transition and Its Consequences. Dordrecht: Springer, 2008.

Boeri, Tito, Gordon Hanson and Barry McCormick, Immigration Policy and the Welfare System. Oxford: Oxford Un. Press, 2002

Boone, Peter D., “Politics and the Effectiveness of Foreign Aid”. NBER Working Paper Series, working paper 5308, October 1995.

Boserup, Ester, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure. London, G. Allen and Unwin, 1965

Bourguignon, Francois, and Christian Morrisson, “Inequality Among World Citizens: 1820-1992”. American Economic Review, vol. 92, no.4 (September 2002), pp. 727-744

Briggs, Asa, “Technology and Economic Development”, in Briggs, Asa et alii (1963)

Briggs, Asa et al., Technology and Economic Development: A Scientific American Book. Penguin: Harmondsworth, 1963

Caldwell, John C. and Bruce K. Caldwell, “Pretransitional Population Control and Equilibrium”. Population Studies, Vol. 57, no. 2, 2003, pp. 199-21

Caldwell, John C. and Thomas Schindlmayr, “Historical Population Estimates: Unraveling the Consensus”. Population and Development Review, Vol. 28, no. 2. (Jun., 2002), pp. 183-204

Chen, Shaohua and Martin Ravaillon, “How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s?", Word Bank Research Observer, vol. 19, n° 2 (Fall 2004), accessed at http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/jsp/Introduction.jsp (as of 18/9/2009)

Chen, Shaohua and Martin Ravaillon, “Absolute Poverty Measures for the Developing World, 1981-2004”, World Bank, 2007, accessed at http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/jsp/Introduction.jsp (as of 18/9/2009)

Chilosi, Alberto, “On the Economics and Politics of Unrestricted Immigration”, Political Quarterly, no. 4, vol. 73, 2002, pp. 431-436

Chu, C. Y. Cyrus, Population Dynamics: A New Economic Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998

CIA, World Factbook, 2007, available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/download/download-2007/index.html

Cipolla, Carlo, The Economic History of World Population. 6-th ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1974 [1962]

Clark, Gregory, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton: Princeton Un. Press, 2007

Clemens, Michael A., Claudio E. Montenegro, Lant Pritchett, “The Place Premium: Wage Differences for Identical Workers across the US Border”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4671, http://ideas.repec.org/p/cgd/wpaper/148.html (as of 4/12/2009).

Cohen Mark N. 1989, “Paleopathology and the Interpretation of Economic Change in Prehistory”. In: CC Lamberg-Karlovsky(ed.), Archeological Thought in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 117–132.

Collier Paul, “Poverty reduction in Africa”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 23 October 2007a, vol. 104, no. 43, pp. 16763–16768

Collier Paul, The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2007b

Collins, Robert O. and James M. Burns, A History of Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge Un. Press, 2007

Commander, Simon, Mari Kangasniemi, and L. Alan Winters, “The Brain Drain: Curse or Boon? A Survey of the Literature”, in Baldwin and Winters (2004), pp. 235-278, http://www.nber.org/chapters/c9540 (as of 6/12/2009)

Conceição, Pedro and Pedro Ferreira, “The Young Person’s Guide to the Theil Index: Suggesting Intuitive Interpretations and Exploring Analytical Applications”, UTIP Working Paper Number 14, 29 February 2000; http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/papers/utip_14.pdf

Cornia, Giovanni Andrea (ed.), Inequality, Growth, and Poverty in an Era of Liberalization and Globalization. Oxford: Oxford Un. Press, 2004

Cornia, Giovanni Andrea, “Income Distribution Changes and Their Impact in the Post-Second World War Period”, in Cornia (ed.), 2004, pp. 26-54.

CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies), “Kargil: What Does It Mean?”, South Asia Monitor, no. 12, 19 July 1999.

Cuffaro, Nadia, Population, Economic Growth and Agriculture in Less Developed Countries. London: Routledge, 2001.

Darwin, John, After Tamerlane: the Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400–2000. Penguin: 2008

Davies, James, Susanna Sandström, Anthony Shorrocks and Edward Wolff, “The World Distribution of Household Wealth”, 5/12/2006a, http://www.weourselves.org/reports/wider-wdhw-report-5-12-2006.pdf (as of 18/9/2009)

Davies, James, Susanna Sandström, Anthony Shorrocks and Edward Wolff, “World Distribution of Household Wealth”, power point presentation, London, 5/12/2006b (downloaded from the site of WIDER, http://www.wider.unu.edu, in 2007)

Demsetz Harold, ‘Information and Efficiency---Another Viewpoint’, Journal of Law and Economics, 12, (1969), pp. 1--22, reprinted in H. Demsetz, The Organization of Economic Activity, Blackwell, Oxford, 1988, volume 2.

Diamond, Jared, “The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race”. Discover Magazine, May 1987, pp. 64-66

Diamond, Jared, Guns, Germs And Steel : A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years. London: Jonathan Cape, 1997

Djankov, Simeon, García Montalvo, José and Reynal-Querol, Marta, “The Curse of Aid”, March 2006. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=893558 (as of 18/9/2009)

Dollar, David and Aart Kray , “Trade, Growth, and Poverty”. The Economic Journal, vol. 114 (493), 2004, pp. F22-F49

Dowrick, Steve, and Muhamad Akmal, “Contradictory Trends in Global Income Inequality: A Tale of Two Biases”, Review of Income and Wealth, no. 2. 2005, pp. 201-229

Easterlin, Richard A., Growth Triumphant: The Twenty-first Century in Historical Perspective. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1996.

Easterly, William, The White Man’s Burden. Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done so Much Ill and So Little Good. New York: Penguin Books, 2006 (Penguin paperback edition 2007).

Easterly, William, “An Ivory Tower Analysis of Real World Poverty”, The Lancet, Vol. 370 No. 9597 pp 1475-1476, http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2807%2961620-1/fulltext (as of 18/9/2009)

Easterly, William, and Ross Levine, Africa’s Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions”, Quarterly Journal of Economics,, November 1997, pp. 1203-1250.

Easterly, William, “Author’s response to JD Sachs review of my book”, n.d., http://www.nyu.edu/fas/institute/dri/Easterly/File/Easterly_response_to_Jeffrey_Sachs_the_Lancet.pdf (as of 18/9/2009)

Ehrlich, Paul, The Population Bomb. Cutchogue (New York): Buccaneer Books, 1968

Eloranta, Jari. "Military Spending Patterns in History". EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples, September 27, 2005. URL http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/eloranta.military (as of 18/9/2009)

Ember, Carol R., “Myths about Hunter-Gatherers”. Ethnology, Vol. 17, no. 4. (Oct., 1978), pp. 439-448

Farr, Warner D., “The Third Temple's Holy Of Holies: Israel's Nuclear Weapons”. The Counterproliferation Papers Future Warfare Series No. 2 USAF Counterproliferation Center Air War College Air University Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, September 1999, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cpc-pubs/farr.htm (as of 19/9/2009)

Federico, Giovanni, "Review of Ester Boserup, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure." EH.Net Economic History Services, Apr 16 2001.URL: http://eh.net/bookreviews/library/federico (as of 19/9/2009)

Federico, Giovanni, “The World Economy 0–2000 AD: A Review Article”. European Review of Economic History, 6 (2002), pp. 111–120

Federico, Giovanni, Feeding the World: An Economic History of Agriculture, 1800-2000. Princeton: Princeton Un. Press, 2005

Findlay, Ronald, and Kevin H. O’Rourke, Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium. Princeton: Princeton Un. Press, 2007.

Fitzhugh, Ben, The Evolution of Complex Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological Evidence from the North Pacific. Dordrecht: Springer, 2003

Friedman, David, “Laissez-Faire in Population: the Least Bad Solution”. An Occasional Paper of the Population Council., 1972. Available at http://daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Laissez-Faire_In_Popn/L_F_in_Population.html (as of 19/9/2009)

Giddens, Anthony, and Christopher Pierson, Conversations with Anthony Giddens: Making Sense of Modernity. Stanford: Stanford Un. Press, 1998

Gartzke, Erik. "Future Depends on Capitalizing on Capitalist Peace." October 1, 2005. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5133 (accessed December 24, 2009).

Gartzke, Erik, “The Capitalist Peace”, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 51, No. 1, January 2007, Pp. 166–191

Gilpin, Robert, War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981

Gomulka, Stanislaw, and Jacek Rostowski, “An International Comparison of Material Intensity”, Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 12, Issue 4, December 1988, Pages 475-501

Haub, Carl, "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?" Population Today, February, 1995.

Hellie, Richard, “Slavery”; Encyclopaedia Britannica’s Guide to Black History, 2007, accessed at http://wiiww.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-9109538

Hu, Timothy, “China marches forward”, Jane’s Security News, 19/4/2007, http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jdw/jdw070419_1_n.shtml

Hujo, Katja and Nicola Piper, “South–South Migration: Challenges for Development and Social Policy”. Development, 2007, 50(4), pp. 19–25

Huxley, Julian, Essays of a Humanist. London: Chatto & Windus, 1964

IMF, World Economic Outlook: Globalization and Inequality. IMF, October 2007a

IMF, Regional Economic Outlook: Sub-Saharan Africa, October 2007b

Kaplan, David, “The Darker Side of the ‘Original Affluent Society’”, Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 56, No. 3 (Autumn, 2000), pp. 301-324

Keeley, Lawrence H., War Before Civilization: the Myth of the Peaceful Savage. Oxford: OUP, 1996

Kenny, Charles, “Were People in the Past Poor and Miserable?”. KYKLOS, Vol. 59, 2006, no. 2, pp. 275–306

Keynes, John Maynard, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London: McMillan, 1973 [1936]

Knack, Stephen, “Aid Dependence and the Quality of Governance: A Cross-Country Empirical Analysis”, November 1999. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2396, November 1999 (revised 2005). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=630769 (as of 19/9/2009)

Kremer, Michael, “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. To 1990”. Quarterly Journal of Economics, August 1993, pp. 681-716

Jamestown Foundation, “China-ASEAN Free Trade Area: A Chinese "Monroe Doctrine" or "Peaceful Rise"?”, China Brief, Volume: 9 Issue: 17, August 20, 2009, http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=35434&tx_ttnews[backPid]=414&no_cache=1 (as of 19/9/2009)

Jervis, Robert, “Theories of War in an Era of Leading-Power Peace”, American Political Science Review Vol. 96, No. 1 March 2002, pp. 1-14.

Jones, Eric, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge Un. Press, 1981

Landes, David S., The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Are Some So Rich and Others So Poor? New York: W.W. Norton, 1998

Lee, Richard B., Irven Devore (eds.), Man the Hunter. Hawthorne (NY): Aldine De Gruyter, 1968

Lee, Ronald Demos, "Population." The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. 2008. Library of Economics and Liberty; http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Population.html (as of 19/9/2009)

Liberman, Peter, Does Conquest Pay? The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies. Princeton: Princeton Un. Press, 1996

Maddison, Angus, The World Economy. Paris: OECD, 2006

Malthus, Thomas, An Essay on the Principle of Population. London: John Murray. Sixth ed. 1826 [first ed. 1798], electronic version at the Library of Economics and Liberty, http://www.econlib.org/library/Malthus/malPlong.html (as of 19/9/2009)

Marvah, Onkar, “India’s Military Intervention in East Pakistan, 1971-1972”, Modern Asian Studies, vol. 13, no. 4, 1979, pp. 549-580.

Marx, Karl, “Critique of the Gotha Programme”. Translation of the original German text in 1875. Available at: http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ (as of 19/9/2009)

Mayr, Karin, Giovanni Peri, “Return Migration As A Channel Of Brain Gain”, NBER Working Paper 14039, May 2008, http://www.nber.org/papers/w14039 (as of 5/12/2009)

McCloskey, Deirdre ,“Bourgeois Dignity and Liberty: Why Economics Can’t Explain the Modern World”. MPRA Paper No. 16805, 2009 http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16805/

McEvedy, Colin and Richard Jones, Atlas of World Population History. New York: Penguin, 1978

Miers, Suzanne, Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Walnut Creek, Calif.: Rowman AltaMira Press, 2003.

Milanovic, Branko, “Can We Discern the Effect of Globalization on Income Distribution? Evidence from Household Budget Surveys”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2876, August 2002

Milanovic, Branko, “The Two Faces of Globalization: Against Globalization as We Know It”. World Development Vol. 31, 2003, no. 4, pp. 667–683

Milanovic, Branko, "An Estimate of Average Income and Inequality in Byzantium Around Year 1000", December 2004. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=647764 (as of 19/9/2009)

Milanovic, Branko, “The Modern World: The effect of democracy, colonialism and war on economic growth 1820-2000”, August 2005a, Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=812144 (as of 19/9/2009)

Milanovic Branko, Words Apart: Measuring International and Global Inequality. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005b

Milanovic, Branko, “Global Income Inequality: What It Is And Why It Matters?”, DESA Working Paper n. 26, August 2006, at http://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2006/wp26_2006.pdf (as of 19/9/2009)

Milanovic, Branko, “Rules of Redistribution and Foreign Aid: A Proposal for a Change in the Rules governing Eligibility for Foreign Aid”. October 2007a, at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDECINEQ/Resources/Rules.pdf (as of 19/9/2009)

Milanovic, Branko, “Ethical case and economic feasibility of global transfers”. November 2007b, at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDECINEQ/Resources/Ethical.pdf (as of 19/9/2009)

Milanovic, Branko, "An Even Higher Global Inequality than Previously Thought: A Note on Global Inequality Calculations Using the 2005 ICP Results", World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, December 28, 2007c; Series Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1081970 (as of 19/9/2009)

Milanovic, Branko, “Global Inequality and Global Inequality Extraction Ratio: The Story of the Last Two Centuries”, July 30, 2009a, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1441538 (as of 19/9/2009)

“Global Inequality of Opportunity: How Much of Our Income is Determined at Birth?”, Febr. 2009b, unpublished; available at http://osc.sciences-po.fr/formation/Milanovic.pdf

Milanovic, Branko, Peter H. Lindert, Jeffrey G. Williamson, “Measuring Ancient Inequality”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4412, November 2007.

Mun, Thomas, “Of Some Different Effects, Which Proceed from Naturall and Artificiall Wealth”, ch. XIX of England’s Treasure by Forraign Trade. Or, the Ballance of Our Forraign Trade is the Rule of Our Treasure. London: Thomas Clark, 1664, pp. 175-207. Downloaded from books.google.com 6/12/2009

Myrskylä, Mikko, Hans-Peter Kohler1 & Francesco C. Billari, “Advances in Development Reverse Fertility Declines”, Nature 460, 741-743 (6 August 2009).

Mueller, John, “Attitudinal Prerequisites for a Capitalist Peace”, paper presented at the Fifth European Consortium for Political Research General Conference, Potsdam, Germany, 10-12 September 2009

North, Douglass C., John Joseph Wallis, Barry R. Weingast, Violence and Social Orders . Cambridge: Cambridge Un. Press, 2009

Nel, Philip, “The Return of Inequality”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp 689 – 706, 2006, available at: http://www.ecineq.org/milano/WP/ECINEQ2006-44.pdf (as of 19/9/2009)

Njinkeu, Dominique and Hugo Cameron (eds.), Aid for Trade and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge Un. Press, 2008

Norberg, Johan, In Defense of Global Capitalism. Washington: Cato Institute, 2003.

Nuti, Domenico Mario, “Markets Can Be Expensive”, Transition (blog), 13/10/2009, http://dmarionuti.blogspot.com/2009/10/markets-can-be-expensive.html

OECD, A Profile of Immigrant Populations in the 21st Century: Data from OECD Countries. Paris: OECD, 2008

OECD, International Migration Outlook: SOPEMI 2009. Paris: OECD 2009

O’ Rourke, Kevin H, “The Era of Free Migration: Lessons for Today”, IIIS Discussion Paper No. 18, January 2004, http://ideas.repec.org/p/iis/dispap/iiisdp018.html

Peng Xizhe, "Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces," Population and Development Review 13, no. 4 (1987), 639-70

Pejovich, Svetozar, “The Problem of Immigration: An Economist’s View”, unpublished typescript, 2010

Petri,.Elio, The 10th Victim (original Italian title: La Decima Vittima), 1965 movie (based on Robert Sheckley’s 1953 short story “The Seventh Victim”)

Pomeranz, Kenneth, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy. Princeton: Princeton Un. Press, 2000

PRB (Population Reference Bureau), World Population Data Sheet 2007; at http://www.prb.org/pdf07/07WPDS_Eng.pdf (as of 19/9/2009)

Ravallion, Martin, Shaohua Chen and Prem Sangraula, “New Evidence on the Urbanization of Global Poverty”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4199, April 2007

Ringrose, David R., Expansion and Global Interaction: 1200-1700. New York: Longman, 2001

Roth, Ariel Ilan, “Nuclear Weapons in Neo-Realist Theory”, International Studies Review, 9 (2007), pp. 369–384

Sachs, Jeffrey, Review of Easterly (2006). Lancet, vol 367 April 22, 2006, pp. 1309-1310

Sahlins, Marshall, in Lee and Devore (eds.), 1968, pp. 85-89

Simon, Julian L.,The Ultimate Resource. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.

Simon, Julian L., “Lebensraum: Paradoxically, Population Growth May Eventually End Wars”, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Mar., 1989), pp. 164-180.

Stiglitz, Joseph E., Making Globalization Work. London: Penguin Books, 2007 [2006]

United Nations, “Annex II - Methods of Aggregation” Handbook of the International Comparison Programme. New York: ONU, 1992, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/icp/ipc7_htm.htm (as of 19/9/2009)

United Nations, “The World at Six Billion”, 1999, at http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbillion.htm.(as of 19/9/2009)

United Nations, “World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database”, 2006, http://ecoglobe.ch/population/e/p2k07407.htm (as of 19/9/2009)

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), Human Development Report 2007-2008. New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2007. Downloadable at http://hdr.undp.org/en/ (as of 19/9/2009)

US Census Bureau, “Historical Estimates of World Population”, 13 July 2007a, at http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html (as of 19/9/2009)

US Census Bureau, “World Population Information”, 18 July 2007b, at http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/ (as of 19/9/2009)

Valli Vittorio, ‘Book Review of: A. Maddison, Contours of the World Economy, 1-2030 AD’, The European Journal of Comparative Economics, 5, 2008, pp. 292-294

Wagener, Hans-Jürgen, ‘Why Europe? On Comparative Long-Term Growth’, The European Journal of Comparative Economics, 6, 2009, pp. 287-323

Weede, Eric, “Capitalism, Democracy and Peace”, in: Ulrike Schumacher (ed.), Structure, Order and Disorder in World Politics. Frankfurt: Lang. 1999, pp. 61-73. http://poli.vub.ac.be/publi/orderbooks/myth/05Weede.pdf (accessed 2/10/2010)

White, Michael J. and Inku Subedi, The Demography of China and India: Effects on Migration to High-Income Countries through 2030. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2008

Winterhalder, Bruce, “Work, Resources and Population in Foraging Societies”, Man, New Series, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Jun., 1993), pp. 321-340

WHO (World Health Organization), World Health Statistics, 2007. downloaded at http://www.who.int/entity/whosis/whostat2007.pdf (as of 19/9/2009)

WHO, National Burden of Disease Studies: A Practical Guide. Geneva; WHO, 2001

World Bank,World Development Indicators, 2005

World Bank, Global Monitoring Report, 2007

World Bank, Poverty Data: A Supplement to World Development Indicators 2008. Washington: The World Bank, December 2008. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/WDI08supplement1216.pdf (as of 19/9/2009)

World Bank,World Development Indicators, 2009

Woodruff, William, Impact of Western Man: A Study of Europe’s Role in the World Economy 1750-1960. Washington: University Press of America, 1982 [1966]

Wright, Quincey, "War: the study of war," in David L. Sills (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan-Free Press, 1968.

Yao, Shujie, “A Note on the Causal Factors of China’s Famine in 1959–1961”, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 107, no. 6, Part 1. (Dec., 1999), pp. 1365-1369

Zacher, Mark W., “The Territorial Integrity Norm: International Boundaries and the Use of Force”, International Organization, vol. 55 (2001), no. 2 (Spring), pp. 215-250.

Zolo, Danilo, Globalisation: An Overview. Colchester: ECPR press, 2007