Analysis of Trends in Emission of Criteria Air Pollutants and Human Health in an Era of Regulation

Mariam, Yohannes (2001): Analysis of Trends in Emission of Criteria Air Pollutants and Human Health in an Era of Regulation.

Abstract

Several studies have shown the environmental and health impacts of emission of criteria air pollutants such as SO2, NOx, PM, and VOCs. These pollutants are primarily associated with acid rain, ground level ozone or smog, and formation of inhalable particulate. The present study will examine trends in emissions of these pollutants, and selected indicators of human health affected by these pollutants over the past two decades. Furthermore, the study will implement a method called linear structural relationship or causal analysis to identify the impact of factors that may affect ambient concentration of pollutants and the human health. Finally, the study will determine whether or not the changes observed over the past two decades with respect to reduction in emissions, improvements in human health indicators, and environmental expenditures are statistically significant. The study is expected to make contribution towards identification of factors or issues that policy makers and regulators should focus on and whether or not regulations have made significant difference in influencing emissions, environmental and human health risk factors.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: Key Words: LISREL; Path; Causal; Emissions; Environmental; Health; Time-series; Econometrics; Chow
• Subjects: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q5 - Environmental Economics > Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q5 - Environmental Economics > Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q5 - Environmental Economics > Q58 - Government Policy; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q5 - Environmental Economics > Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services ; Biodiversity Conservation ; Bioeconomics ; Industrial Ecology

References

1. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 1992a. Health. Chapter 18 in The world environment 1972-1992: Two decades of challenge, ed. M. K. Tolba, O. A. El-Kholy, E. El-Hinnawi, M. W. Holdgate, D. F. McMichael, and R. E. Munn, 529-67. New York: Chapman & Hall. 2. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 1992b. Human Health. Chapter 18 in Saving our planet: Challenges and hopes, 198-207. London: Chapman & Hall. 3. H. S. Brown, R. Goble and H. Kirschner, Environ. Health Perspect., 1995,103, 64. 4. J. F. Gamble and R. J. Lewis Environ. Health Perspect., 1996, 104, 838. 5. W. Jedrychowski, Environ. Health Perspect., 1995, 103,15. 6. Romieu, F. Meneses, J. J. L. Sienramonge, J. Huerta, S. R. Velasco, M. C. White, R. A. Etzel and M. Hernandezavila, American Journal of Epidemiology, 1995, 141,546. 7. K. Katsouyanni, Environ. Health Perspect., 1995, 103,.23. 8. Schwartz, D. W. Dockery and L. M. Neas, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 1996, 46, 927. 9. X. P. Xu, D. W. Dockery, D. C. Christiani, B. L. Li and H. Y. Huang, Archives of Environmental Health, 1995, 50,214. 10. Last, J. M. 1993. Annual Review of Public Health. 1993, 14, 115-36. 11. Moan, J., and A. Dahlback. British Journal of Cancer, 1992, 65, 916-21. 12. Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act, 1970 to 1990. Revised draft report. October. 13. Hohmeyer,O., Ottinger, R.L., and Rennings, K. (eds) Social Costs and Sustainability. Springer: New York, 1997. 14. J. V. Hall, Atmospheric Environment, 1996, 30,743. 15. Joreskog, K.G. and Sorbom, D. Advances in Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Models. Cambridge: Abt Books, 1979. 16. Sarris, W.E. Causal Modelling in Non-Experimental Research: An Introduction to the LISREL Approach. Amsterdam: Sociometrics Research Foundation, 1984. 17. Hayduk, L.A. Structural Equation Modelling with LISREL: Essentials and Advances. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1987. 18. Arbuckle, J. L. AMOS User’s Guide, Version 3.6. SmallWaters Corporation, 1997. 19. Goldberger, A.S. and Duncan, O.D. Structural Equation Models in the Social Sciences (eds). New York: Seminar Press, 1973. 20. Joreskog, K.G. Scandinavian J. of Statistics. 1981, 8, 65-92. 21. Engle, R.F. and Granger, C.W.J. Econometrica, 1987, 55, 251-276. 22. Granger, C.W.J, and Newbold, P. Forecasting Economic Time Series; Academic Press, Inc., 1986 23. Johansen, S. In Time series models in econometrics, finance and other fields; Cox, D.R., Hinkley, D.V. and Barndorf-nielsen, O.E. Ed.; 1996. 24. Pindyck, R.S. and Rubinfeld, D.L. Econometric Models and Economic Forecasts. McGraw-Hill Book ,Company. New York, 1981. 25. QMS, Eviews: User’s Guide, Quantitative Micro Software, 1995. 26. SPSS, Inc. Advanced Statistics. User’s manual and Trends, 1996. 27. Theil, H. Principles of Econometrics. New York: Wiley, 197. 28. OECD health data, 1998.OECD, Paris. 29. Mariam, Y., et al., Proceedings of the 91th AW&MA meeting, June, San Diego, 1998.